Salivary Changes Research Articles

Effect of various types of milk on salivary pH among children: a pilot randomized controlled crossover trial

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate salivary pH changes after consuming three types of milk in children aged 3–5 years. The null hypothesis was that no statistically significant difference would be noted in the salivary pH between high-protein, full-fat, and sweetened milk groups at different time points.Materials and methodsThis was a double-blind, pilot randomized controlled crossover trial. 30 Children have undergone three experimental sessions with a 1-week washout period. Each child was given 250 mL of one of the following types of milk: high-protein, full-fat, or sweetened milk. The salivary pH was measured at the baseline (t0) after 5 (t1), 10 (t2), 15 (t3), 30 (t4), and 60 (t5) minutes of milk consumption, using a pH saliva indicator strip.ResultsThere is a sharp drop in salivary pH after 5 min of sweetened (P < 0.05) and full-fat milk consumption (p < 0.05). However, the initial drop in the salivary pH was found to remain above the critical level. For the high-protein milk group, salivary pH decreased slightly after 5 min but was similar to that at the baseline (p = 0.573). In the high-protein milk group (p < 0.05), the salivary pH was slightly greater than the baseline value at t5.ConclusionsThe study shows an initial suggestion that milk is a non-cariogenic beverage, even when sugar is added. Furthermore, high-protein milk has a protective effect from dental caries.

Periodontal Status and Saliva Metabolic Signature in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

Characterizing the periodontal status of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), investigating differences in salivary metabolism between patients with and without AD under the same periodontal conditions, and understanding how it is related to oral flora are critical. We aimed to examine the periodontal condition of patients with AD and to screen salivary metabolic biomarkers from the saliva of individuals with and without AD with matched periodontal conditions. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the possible relationship between salivary metabolic changes and oral flora. In total, 79 individuals were recruited into the experiment for periodontal analysis. Especially, 30 saliva samples from the AD group and 30 from healthy controls (HCs) with matched periodontal conditions were selected for metabolomic analysis. The random-forest algorithm was used to detect candidate biomarkers. Among these, 19 AD saliva and 19 HC samples were selected to investigate the microbiological factors influencing the alterations in saliva metabolism in patients with AD. The plaque index and bleeding on probing were considerably higher in the AD group. Further, Cis-3-(1-carboxy-ethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol, dodecanoic acid, genipic acid, and N, N-dimethylthanolamine N-oxide were determined as candidate biomarkers, based on the area under the curve (AUC) value (AUC = 0.95). The results of oral-flora sequencing showed that dysbacteriosis may be a reason for the differences in AD saliva metabolism. Dysregulation of the proportion of specific bacterial flora in saliva plays a vital role in metabolic changes in AD. These results will contribute to further improving the AD saliva biomarker system.

Effects of Denture Treatment on Salivary Metabolites: A Pilot Study.

Symptoms of oral discomfort such as dry mouth are common in older people wearing dentures. Such symptoms are mainly treated symptomatically. Many of these symptoms are related to saliva, and associations with salivary volume have been reported. Although denture treatment improves symptoms by increasing the amount of saliva, the effects on salivary components remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of denture treatment on salivary metabolite changes based on salivary metabolome analyses. We enrolled 21 patients requiring denture treatment. At the first visit, and after completion of denture treatment, saliva outflow was measured under resting and stimulated conditions, samples for salivary metabolite analysis were collected, and masticatory efficiency was tested. In all participants, masticatory efficiency increased after denture treatment. Moreover, the amounts of resting and stimulated saliva were increased. Using salivary metabolome analysis, 61 salivary metabolites were detected. Substantial concentration changes were observed for 4 and 21 metabolites in resting and stimulated saliva, respectively. The four metabolites common to both saliva tests had significantly lower concentrations after treatment. These results suggest that the improvement in masticatory function by dentures is related not only to salivary secretion volume, but also to salivary metabolite composition.

Changes in the pH and the Flow Rate of Saliva During Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aimed to assess salivary flow and pH changes at various stages of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. A comprehensive searches in electronic databases, including Medline, ResearchGate, Web of Science, SAGE Journals, Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, and ScienceDirect, without any publication date restrictions until January 2022 was conducted. The Pre-ferred Reporting Items for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA 2020 version) protocol was adopted and the risk of bias assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Out of 4902 articles, 25 were fully evaluated, and seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. The results showed that orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances increased the stimulated salivary flow rate during various stages of treatment. However, the unstimulated salivary flow rate showed different changes. Furthermore, stimulated salivary pH increased, whereas unstimulated salivary pH significantly decreased, depending on the specific period of orthodontic treatment. Overall, fixed orthodontic appliances have an impact on salivary flow rate and pH during different stages of treatment. Nevertheless, the current literature is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. More well-designedrandomized studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm these findings.

Salivary Changes in Patients Hospitalized for Complications of HIV Infection/AIDS: A Study Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the salivary flow and levels of major salivary ions of HIV-infected individuals. Methods: One hundred and two participants (18 - 74 years of age) were divided into two groups (51 HIV - infected patients and 51 controls) and had a saliva sample collected. Salivary flow rate was measured gravimetrically. Levels of salivary sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The mean salivary flow of subjects with HIV infection was significantly higher when compared to controls (Case group = 1.0 mL/min + 0.63 / Control group = 0.7 mL/min + 0.46; p = 0.012). Sodium, potassium and calcium levels were significantly higher in the saliva of the patients HIV infection when compared to controls. There was no difference between the salivary levels of magnesium and phosphorus ions between groups. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that individuals with HIV / AIDS develop salivary changes. Thus, these patients need a greater attention to oral health by dentists, since salivary changes induced by the disease can lead to impairment in the oral condition.

EVALUATING CHANGES IN SALIVARY FLOW RATE, PH &amp; MICROBIAL COUNT DURING FIXED ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT - AN IN VIVO STUDY

Aim of the study: Aim of this study is to assess the changes in salivary flow rate, salivary pH, plaque index, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, before and after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Method: In present study salivary samples from 60 patients (30 Males and 30 Females) with age group of 14-25 years would be undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at the department of orthodontics. Salivary flow rate, pH, plaque index and microbial colony count were measured. Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans colony counts were measured using mitis salivarius agar, rogosa agar and sabouraud dextrose agar respectively. Saliva collected for 5 mins and measured in ml/min. salivary pH measured with digital pH meter. Salivary samples obtained from the same patients at intervals of 8 weeks and 16 weeks after commencement of orthodontic treatment and evaluated for the same. Result: This study showed fixed orthodontic appliances increases salivary flow rate (p=0.0001), decreases salivary pH (p=0.03), increases plaque index (p=0.0001), also increases Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans colony count (p=0.0003, p=0.0001and p=0.019 respectively). Independent t test reported salivary flow rate significantly increases more in male patients at 16 weeks interval (p=0.03). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances plaque retention increases, which sequentially decrease the salivary pH and decreased salivary pH promote the growth of microbiota.

Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol Changes During a Game in Professional Male Basketball Players.

Cabarkapa, D, Eserhaut, DA, Cabarkapa, DV, Philipp, NM, and Fry, AC. Salivary testosterone and cortisol changes during a game in professional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1687-1691, 2023-The purpose of this study was to examine acute changes in salivary testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) during a simulated 5-on-5 basketball game. Seven professional male basketball players volunteered to participate in this study. Repeated-measures analysis design was used to examine changes in hormonal concentrations across 8 testing time points: immediately upon arrival to the gymnasium-baseline (BS); post-warm-up (PW); post-first (P1Q), second (P2Q), third (P3Q), and fourth quarter (P4Q); and 30 (P30) and 60 minutes (P60) postgame. The findings of this study indicate that a simulated 5-on-5 basketball game provoked significant changes in salivary T, C, and T/C. When compared to the BS levels (x̄ ± SD [nmol·L-1]; 6.72 ± 2.53), salivary C concentration experienced a notable increase P3Q (16.20 ± 7.70) and remained elevated throughout the rest of the sampling periods, with values failing to return to BS levels P60 (11.88 ± 5.58). Conversely, a significant increase in salivary T occurred P1Q (0.76 ± 0.21) when compared to the BS levels (0.58 ± 0.12) and remained elevated up to P30 (0.75 ± 0.20), with values returning to BS levels P60 (0.63 ± 0.14). In addition, despite no significant intragame alterations, T/C exhibited a notable decrease P30 (0.06 ± 0.02) and P60 (0.07 ± 0.04), when compared to BS values (0.10 ± 0.04). Overall, these findings provide additional insight into the physiological stress that basketball players are exposed to during 5-on-5 competitive play and can be used to appropriately adjust and monitor training loads to optimize recovery and on-court basketball performance.

The relationships between expressed emotion, cortisol, and EEG alpha asymmetry

Families can express high criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement towards a person with or at risk of mental health problems. Perceiving such high expressed emotion (EE) can be a major psychological stressor for individuals, especially those at risk of mental health problems. To reveal the biological mechanisms underlying the effect of EE on health, this study investigated physiological response (salivary cortisol, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA)) to verbal criticism and their relationship to anxiety and perceived EE. Using a repeated-measures design, healthy participants attended three testing sessions on non-consecutive days. On each day, participants listened to one of three types of auditory stimuli, namely criticism, neutral or praise, and Electroencephalography (EEG) and salivary cortisol were measured. Results showed a reduction in cortisol following criticism but there was no significant change in FAA. Post-criticism cortisol concentration negatively correlated with perceived EE after controlling for baseline mood. Our findings suggest that salivary cortisol change responds to criticism in non-clinical populations and this response might be largely driven by individual differences in the perception of criticism (e.g., arousal and relevance). Criticisms expressed by audio comments may not be explicitly perceived as an acute emotional stressor, and thus, physiological response to criticisms could be minimum.

THE EFFECT OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN AFTER RADICAL URANOPLASTY

Introduction. Among the causes of many functional disorders in cleft palate abnormalities there are imperfections of the anatomical structures of the upper jaw, formed at the stage of facial embryogenesis. Inadequate capacity of protective mechanisms in the oral cavity is manifested by a decrease in the proper functioning of the major and minor salivary glands and changes in the level of biologically active components in the oral fluid that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis, which requires a certain correction.&#x0D; Purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the treatment and preventive measures after radical uranoplasty. Materials and Methods. 23 children aged 4 to 6 years with congenital cleft palate were involved in the study. Salivation rate, physicochemical and biochemical properties of the oral fluid were studied one month after surgery and after the completion of the monthly treatment course and receiving preventive measures.&#x0D; Results. The study has shown a decrease in salivation rate, pH level, and activity of α-amylase in oral fluid compared to the control group. Bilateral cleft defects showed more significant changes in the parameters. After one month of treatment and preventive measures, the salivation rate increased, and the physicochemical and biochemical properties of oral fluid improved. However, all values did not reach the control values, indicating the need for periodic repeated courses of treatment and prevention.&#x0D; Conclusion. Children with congenital cleft palate demonstrate decreased functioning of salivary glands that leads to a deterioration of the mechanical and chemical self-cleaning of the oral cavity. Changes in the physicochemical and biochemical properties of oral fluid disrupt its physiological balance thus, contributing to a deterioration of pH level and metabolic processes. Repeated treatment courses are necessary to maintain proper conditions for the mineralizing potential of oral fluid.

Association between salivary microbiota and renal function in renal transplant patients during the perioperative period.

Renal transplantation is an effective treatment for the end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, how salivary microbiota changes during perioperative period of renal transplant recipients (RTRs) has not been elucidated. Five healthy controls and 11 RTRs who had good recovery were enrolled. Saliva samples were collected before surgery and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after surgery. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. There was no significant difference in the composition of salivary microbiota between ESRD patients and healthy controls. The salivary microbiota of RTRs showed higher operational taxonomic units (OTUs) amount and greater alpha and beta diversity than those of ESRD patients and healthy controls, but gradually stabilized over time. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and Spirochaetes was about ten times different from ESRD patients or healthy controls for RTRs overall in time. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Patescibacteria, Leptotrichiaceae and Streptococcaceae was correlated with serum creatinine (Scr) after renal transplantation. In short, salivary microbiota community altered in the perioperative period of renal transplantation and certain species of salivary microbiota had the potential to be a biomarker of postoperative recovery.

Macrovascular and microvascular type 2 diabetes complications are interrelated in a mouse model

AimEvaluate the development of multiple complications, their interactions, and common mechanisms in the same individual with T2D. Material and methods4-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into: control (n = 6) and T2D (n = 6). T2D was induced through a high-carbohydrate-diet and low doses of streptozotocin. T2D was validated by metabolic parameters. Diabetic neuropathy was evaluated by mechanical and thermal sensitivity tests. We performed a histopathological analysis of the heart, kidney, liver, and parotid salivary glands and changes in bone microarchitecture by μCT. We calculated the relative risk (RR), odd ratios (OR) and Pearson correlation coefficients between the different complications and metabolic features. ResultsT2D mice have cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, liver steatosis and fibrosis, structural damage in parotid salivary glands, and bone porosity. RR analysis shows that all complications are interrelated by hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and systemic inflammation. ConclusionsT2D mice develop multiple complications simultaneously, which are related to each other, and this is associated with metabolic alterations. Our findings open up new approaches for the study and new therapeutic approaches of the pathophysiology of T2D and its complications.

Salivary Alterations in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a dysregulation of the immune system that causes an attack on the thyroid gland. Two major clinical manifestations are Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Saliva performs many functions and, importantly, has the potential for easy, non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. This systematic review was designed to answer the question whether salivary alterations are reliable for the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, fifteen studies were included. Due to their heterogeneity, saliva analysis was divided into two subgroups: quantitative assessment analysing salivation and qualitative assessment concerning potential salivary biomarkers for AITD. In addition to detecting altered levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies, salivary changes were also observed in the concentrations of total protein, cytokines and chemokines, as well as markers of oxidative status. According to the saliva flow rate values, significantly reduced saliva secretion was observed in patients with HT. In conclusion, it is not possible to unequivocally state if salivary biomarkers can potentially be used in autoimmune thyroid disease diagnosis. Therefore, further investigations, including salivation disorders, are necessary to validate these findings.

Evaluation of Stress Response in Middle-Aged Male Diabetic Hypertensive Patients.

Stress triggers a cascade of reactions that alter the organism's dynamic steady state. There is a scarcity of interventional studies that show cortisol variability upon stress over time in groups of patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases and comorbidities. We aimed to examine salivary cortisol changes in the cognitive stress response of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus (HT&DM) and patients with hypertension (HT) and to determine differences between them. The study was conducted using a stress test of solving an arithmetic task in 62 patients with HT&DM and HT who were being treated in the outpatient clinic of the Medical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Department in Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty Hospital. There was no statistically significant difference between the HT&DM and HT groups for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values (P = .331 and P = .058). When measured by repeated ANOVA, salivary cortisol level [F (1.842, 60) = 8.771, P < .0001], SBP [F (2.185, 60) = 12.080, P < .0001], DBP [F (2.793, 60) = 6.043, P = .001], and heart rate [F (2.073, 60) = 13.259, P < .0001] were statistically significant for the main effect (time), while the effect of the group × time interaction factor was statistically not significant (P = .773; P = .751; P = .713 and P = .506, respectively). The arithmetic problem-solving task used with the HT&DM and HT patients was useful as an acute stress test in the laboratory environment. There was no statistically significant difference for group × time interaction factor between the HT&DM and HT groups; however, the salivary cortisol and BP values increased significantly after acute stress within each group.

P263 Raman spectroscopy analysis of saliva combined with an artificial neural network algorithm could discriminate between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease

Abstract Background Early and accurate detection of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is crucial for proper intervention.The IBD diagnostic process can be both time-consuming and invasive and lacks a gold standard in disease differentiation. Saliva analysis has gained interest as a potential non-invasive source of disease biomarkers due to its positive correlation with blood-based constituents (e.g. interleukins) at a molecular level. We systematically studied the molecular fingerprint of saliva and tissue biopsy, including how they compare as well as changes associated with disease state-IBD vs non-IBD and Ulcerative colitis (UC) vs Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods After obtaining informed consent Saliva and colon biopsies were collected from patients undergoing endoscopy as a standard of care procedure at University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. The samples were correlated with their tissue pathology markers and findings of the endoscopic evaluation. By combining Raman spectroscopy and an artificial neural network algorithm, Self-Optimising Kohonen Index Network (SKiNET), we have developed a non-destructive molecular profiling tool that assesses both salivary and colonic biopsy changes, which helps to determine the diseased state of the sample source. The collected Raman spectra were analysed using SKiNET as a decision support tool to identify spectral markers and discriminate between healthy and IBD disease classes [1]. Results This pilot study characterised the spectral signatures of 101 saliva samples (healthy = 50, UC = 27 and CD =24) and 44 tissue biopsy samples (healthy = 12, UC = 17 and CD = 15). The algorithm reached 87.5% sensitivity and 89% specificity when classifying saliva and 83.9% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity when classifying tissue biopsy. When comparing the spectral fingerprints of saliva to tissue biopsy, the UC spectra are of similar forms with comparable intensities at each of the primary peaks; 1003 cm1(phenylalanine), 1440 cm-1 (Lipids) and 1656 cm-1 (Amide I). In contrast, CD saliva and tissue biopsy indicate significant variance throughout the Raman spectral fingerprint region, with intensity changes observed at each of the primary peaks and the presence of additional shoulder peaks associated with proteins and lipids. In identifying markers of disease IL-4, IL-8 and IL-10 were identified as having important and designatory Raman bands which could serve in the discrimination of IBD in individuals. Conclusion This unique combination of Raman spectroscopy and advanced machine learning represents significant progress towards improved, non-invasive and rapid classification of IBD.This technique also lays the foundation for future applications in disease diagnosis, monitoring and therapeutics.

Prevalence of oral injuries and salivary changes in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether individuals with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis treatment have more salivary and oral mucosa alterations when compared to healthy individuals, through a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. A systematic literature review was performed, evaluating randomized clinical trials found in the Proquest, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Lilacs and Pubmed databases, using MeSH terms and other keywords. Initially, 40 articles were included in the study and, after reading the complete articles, only 15 clinical trials that analyzed oral lesions and salivary changes in patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis treatment were eligible. Most of the clinical studies included were cross-sectional and composed of a study group and a control group. The mean age of participants in the study group was 50.19 years and in the control group, 48.95 years. The most common oral alterations found in the CRF group in relation to the control group were xerostomia, uremic breath, dysgeusia, coated tongue, gingival bleeding and pale mucosa. The salivary flow of patients with CRF was 46.6% lower than the control group. The salivary pH in the study group was also more alkaline when compared to the control group. Greater amounts of urea, phosphate, C-reactive protein and total proteins were found in the saliva of individuals with CRF. Individuals with CRF undergoing hemodialysis are more prone to changes in both the quantity and quality of saliva, as well as having a greater amount of oral changes.

Nutritional status and its effect on dental health among children

Nutritional status has a significant role in oral health and disease. Protein deficiency is the key deficiency in intermediate malnutrition. Malnutrition can disrupt homeostasis, resulting in disease progression of the oral cavity, decreased resistance to microbial biofilm, and decreased tissue healing capacity. This paper examines the association between malnutrition, protein-energy malnutrition, and dental health. Malnutrition is a risk factor for several dental diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Studies have suggested that enamel hypoplasia, salivary gland hypofunction, and compositional changes in the saliva may be the mechanisms through which malnutrition is associated with caries. The exfoliation and eruption of teeth are impacted by malnutrition, or protein energy malnutrition (PEM), starting in the early years and continuing throughout infancy. The risk of hypoplasia was higher in malnourished children. The development of hypocalcemia as a result of diarrhoea in chronic undernutrition may explain the link between PEM and poor enamel formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and D are found to be associated with hypoplasia. Protein-deficit malnutrition and low vitamin D levels, as well as obesity, are risk factors for dental caries in children. Early childhood malnutrition affects salivary gland hypofunction and compositional changes in the saliva, and these might be the mechanisms through which malnutrition is associated with caries. Early childhood protein-energy malnutrition (ECPEM) is associated with poor periodontal status and causes cancrum oris, necrotizing gingivitis, and other periodontal disease conditions, as well as symptoms that mimic periodontal conditions.

Reactivity of the Oxytocinergic and Neuroendocrine System Following the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System in Men of Recent Fatherhood: Results from an Exploratory Pilot Study with a Cross-Sectional Design.

The attachment representation (AR) of individuals affects emotional and cognitive information processes and is considered an important modulating factor of neuroendocrine stress responses. The neuropeptide oxytocin is studied as one biomolecular component underpinning this modulation. A validated procedure used in attachment-related research is the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP). To date, only a limited number of studies investigated oxytocin and neuroendocrine reactivity in the context of an attachment-related stimulus similar to the APP. In this pilot study, N = 26 men of recent fatherhood were exposed to the AAP to classify AR and to investigate salivary changes in oxytocin, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after AAP stimulation. We observed increased oxytocin levels in response to AAP exposure, and this increase was more pronounced in fathers with unresolved/disorganized AR. No significant changes in cortisol and DHEA concentrations were observed in response to AAP administration. Interestingly, differences in basal cortisol levels (before the AAP) also depended on AR classification. Here, the group of men with unresolved/disorganized AR showed higher levels of cortisol compared to fathers with organized AR. To conclude, the finding of increased salivary oxytocin levels in response to the AAP further indicates its validity as an instrument to stimulate the attachment system.

Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma based on salivary protein glycopatterns and machine learning algorithms.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to diagnose early and progresses rapidly, making it one of the most deadly malignancies worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate whether salivary glycopattern changes combined with machine learning algorithms could help in the accurate diagnosis of HCC. Firstly, we detected the alteration of salivary glycopatterns by lectin microarrays in 118 saliva samples. Subsequently, we constructed diagnostic models for hepatic cirrhosis (HC) and HCC using three machine learning algorithms: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). Finally, the performance of the diagnostic models was assessed in an independent validation cohort of 85 saliva samples by a series of evaluation metrics, including area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. We identified alterations in the expression levels ofsalivary glycopatterns in patients with HC and HCC. The results revealed that the glycopatterns recognized by 22 lectins showed significant differences in the saliva of HC and HCC patients and healthy volunteers. In addition, after Boruta feature selection, the best predictive performance was obtained with the RF algorithm for the construction ofmodels for HC and HCC. The AUCs of the RF-HC model and RF-HCC model in the validation cohort were 0.857 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.780-0.935) and 0.886 (95% CI: 0.814-0.957), respectively. Detecting alterations in salivary protein glycopatterns with lectin microarrays combined with machine learning algorithms could be an effective strategy for diagnosing HCC in the future.

LIMITED EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEMODIALYSIS MAY IMPACT SALIVARY FLOW RATE AND COMPOSITION.

Rodrigues RP, Vidigal MT, Vieira WA, Nascimento GG, Sabino-Silva R, Blumenberg C, Siqueira MF, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. Salivary changes in chronic kidney disease and in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nephrology. 2022 Mar 2:1-29. The work has been partially funded by CAPES-Finance Code 001. The authors have also acknowledged The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Minas Gerais State Agency for Research and Development, Brazil (FAPEMIG) for the support. Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.

Exploring salivary biomarkers and swallowing perceptions in Sjogren's syndrome: A case–control feasibility study

AbstractBackgroundThe autoimmune disease Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is often characterized by salivary changes that may affect swallowing. No known study has investigated the association between salivary biomarkers and perceptions of swallowing in individuals with SS. Our objectives were to explore: (1) the operational feasibility of investigating saliva volume and composition, along with perceptions of swallowing, in those with and without SS; and (2) the relationship between saliva composition and perceptions of oral dryness, swallowing, and quality of life.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, case–control feasibility study, collecting feasibility data (recruitment rate and optimal saliva collection methods) and whole mouth saliva samples (unstimulated and stimulated). We measured total protein content and conducted sialochemical (α‐amylase, cortisol, C‐reactive protein [CRP], and mucins), sialometric (flow rate), and perceptual (oral dryness and swallowing‐related quality of life [SWAL‐QOL]) assessments. Our exploratory analyses focused on the main and fixed effects. We summarized all data descriptively, comparing: (a) outcomes between groups (t tests or Mann–Whitney U) and (b) salivary and perceptual data across participants (partial least‐squares correlation [PLSC]).ResultsWe enrolled 12 (N) participants (6 per group), all providing analyzable saliva. Cases had lower flow rate (p = 0.003) and higher total protein, cortisol, and CRP concentrations (p &lt; 0.02) than controls. PLSC revealed inverse covariance between sialochemical and SWAL‐QOL data across participants.ConclusionOur study was feasible as designed. We explored novel relationships between salivary outcomes and participant‐reported perceptions, distinguishing individuals with and without SS. Our findings support further study of saliva's role in perceptions of swallowing, specifically analytes with lubricative properties.