Salivary Calcium Research Articles

Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis.

Background and Objectives: Diagnostic evaluation with the aid of biomarkers has reached newer heights to assess disease activity. Salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH are one of the biochemical parameters which can be helpful in assessing the progression of periodontal disease. Smokers are at topnotch threat for having oral diseases, predominantly periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH levels in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted on 210 individuals affected with generalized chronic periodontitis, with the age group between 25 and 55 years. Based on their smoking habit, an equal number of patients were categorized into two groups; namely, group I consisted of non-smokers and group II consisted of smokers. The clinical parameters that were measured included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). The biochemical variables that were evaluated in the current study included salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH using an AVL9180 electrolyte analyzer (Roche, Germany). The gathered data were analyzed with an unpaired t test was using SPSS 20.0. Results: A statistically significant higher PPD (p < 0.01), CAL (p < 0.05), and salivary calcium levels (p < 0.001) were observed in the smokers' compared with their non-smoking counterparts. Among the biochemical parameters, calcium showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher level in smokers (5.79 ± 1.76) in contrast to non-smokers (3.87 ± 1.03). Additionally, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between calcium and PPD was observed in non-smokers, whereas a non-significant inverse relation (p > 0.05) was seen in smokers. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the salivary calcium level can be a potential biochemical parameter to assess the progression of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers. Within the limitations of the current study, the salivary biomarkers appear to have an essential role in the identification and indication of the status of periodontal diseases.

Salivary Protein and Electrolyte Profiles during Primary Teeth Eruption: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess the qualitative changes in the saliva during the process of primary teeth eruption. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 147 children from 2 to 48 months, of which 49 were in group A (no erupted primary teeth), 53 were in group B (at least one active erupting primary tooth), and 45 were in group C (eruption of all 20 primary teeth was completed). Salivary proteins were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gel, while the concentrations of salivary sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium ions were evaluated by ion selective electrodes. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (alpha = 0.05). The concentration of proteins with molecular weights of 20-30 KDa was significantly higher in group A, and it gradually decreased with age. The concentration of proteins with molecular weights of 50-60 KDa in group B was significantly lower than those of groups A and C. The calcium ion concentration in group A was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The concentration of potassium ions was minimal in group C. The proteins and electrolyte profiles of the subjects' saliva changed in the process of primary tooth eruption. The highest concentrations of proteins such as statherin, histatin, P-B peptide, and cystatin and the lowest concentrations of proteins such as amylase were present in group B.

Effect of Salivary Flow on Bleached Enamel Roughness and Mineral Content: an In Situ and In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of human saliva in vitro and salivary flow in situ on the roughness and mineral content of bleached enamel. Dental specimens were divided into five groups (n=15): not bleached (NB); bleached (35% hydrogen peroxide) and exposed to distilled water (DW); human saliva in vitro (IV); normal salivary flow in situ (NSF); and low salivary flow (LSF) in situ. Enamel roughness (Ra, Rz) and calcium/phosphorus contents were evaluated with laser profilometry and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively, at baseline (T1), after bleaching (T2), and after seven days (T3). Salivary pH and buffer capacity were evaluated with colorimetric strips and salivary calcium and phosphorus with absorbance spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests and linear regression (α=0.05). After contact with saliva, Ra and Rz of LSF=DW>IV=NSF=NB was found. For DW and LSF, the roughness of T1<T2=T3 was found. For IV, T1<T3<T2; for NSF, T1=T3<T2. Enamel calcium/phosphorus content did not change with bleaching or with saliva contact (p≥0.05). Buffer capacity and calcium concentration did not differ between LSF and NSF. Phosphorus was higher, and pH was lower in LSF. Ra and Rz were, respectively, 0.14 and 1.95 lower with NSF than LSF. The conclusions were that NSF in situ and human saliva in vitro recovered original enamel roughness. The experimental conditions did not affect enamel mineral content. Recovery of bleached enamel roughness was higher in NSF when compared to LSF, regardless of salivary pH, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, and buffer capacity.

The effect of conventional and self-ligating brackets on salivary biochemical indicators

The use of orthodontic fixed systems is often accompanied by physical discomfort, pain of varying intensity, psycho-emotional stress, and sleep disturbances. Treatment also affects salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, magnesium, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus concentrations, although data are conflicting and scarce. The aim of our study was to compare of electrolytes and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in oral fluid after 2 months of treatment (conventional and self-ligating braces respectively). In total40 patients (20 in each group) were studied. According to the obtained results, the concentrations of calcium and alkaline phosphatase differ significantly between standard and self-ligating treatments, while magnesium and phosphorus ions do not change. Based on the results of the study, calcium and alkaline phosphatase indicators can be used to prevent expected side effects of treatment.

Correlation Depending on Age Between Saliva and Plasma Parameters

Abstract Introduction. Because of the increasing interest in the study of saliva, many methods have become available that can allow us to perform multiple and rapid analyzes of the composition of salivary secretion using advanced techniques of nanotechnology and fluid micro- engineering. The objectives of our study were to identify immunoglobulin levels variations with age. Materials and methods. We conducted an analysis to check the correlation between saliva and plasma parameters on 24 patients. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on age, with a cut-off at 35 years. The differences on the variables between two groups were evaluated by TTEST and CORREL. Results. Total plasma calcium, as well as ionic calcium have increased values in group 2, the increase being statistically significant (p =0.04) only for ionic calcium. Significant correlation of plasma and salivary values in the case of IgA / IgG ratio, and also a significant correlation of salivary and plasma concentrations for IgG were identified in our study. Conclusions. The correlation between plasma and salivary parameters is closely related to age and these can be used as markers for diagnosis and evaluation of various pathologies. Also, regarding women, salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations increase with age showing peak values around menopause.

Co-relation of salivary calcium and vitamin D with dental caries - an ex-vivo study

Introduction and Aim: Calcium and vitamin D3 play a pivotal role in many biological functions like hard tissue mineralization and tooth formation. Both are dietary elements with a known concentration in the saliva, therefore directly affecting the rate and progression of dental caries. The aim of the study was to compare the salivary vitamin D and calcium levels in caries active and caries free adult patients. Materials and Methods: Tarson’s saliva collection tubes were used to collect 5 ml of saliva samples from 110 patients. The supernatant obtained from the centrifuged saliva was stored at -4°C. Analysis of calcium levels was done using the Arsenazo method. Commercially available vitamin D Elisa kit (Epitope diagnostics) was used for the analysis of vitamin D levels. Results: The mean salivary vitamin D levels were higher in the caries free group (66.57mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (56.43mg/dl). The mean salivary calcium level was elevated in the caries free group (27.09mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (6.84 mg/dl). Conclusion: The filtrates in saliva play a major role in the occurrence of dental caries through a demineralization and remineralization cycle. Vitamin D in saliva causes a decrease in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation through the protective role of peptides, causing decreased demineralization of the tooth surface and increased level of free calcium ions in the saliva.

Salivary Calcium Level and Its Correlation with Salivary pH, Salivary Volume, and Calcium Intake in Hypertensive Female Patients with Different Blood Sugar Levels.

This study aimed to evaluate the salivary calcium level and its correlation with salivary pH, salivary volume, and calcium intake in hypertensive female patients with different blood sugar levels. This cross-sectional study included 49 female subjects with hypertension. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the HbA1c test: normal, prediabetes, and diabetes. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected using the spitting method. Salivary calcium levels were evaluated using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Salivary pH was obtained using a universal indicator pH paper test. Calcium intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare salivary parameters and total calcium intake within study groups. Spearman rank correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between salivary calcium levels and all variables in the study. No significant difference in salivary calcium, volume, pH, and total calcium intake was observed within the study groups. However, a significant correlation was found between salivary calcium levels and salivary pH in hypertensive females with normal blood glucose levels. Moreover, salivary calcium levels have a significant correlation with systolic blood pressure in prediabetes and diabetes groups. This study found a decrease in all salivary parameters (calcium, pH, and volume) as well as a low calcium intake in hypertensive females, despite no significant difference found in groups with different blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels appeared to be a confounder in the relationship between salivary calcium with salivary pH and systolic blood pressure.

Inflammatory Responses in Periodontitis with or Without Rheumatoid Arthritis Alter Salivary Metallothionein and Zinc.

Periodontitis (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are causally linked by their common inflammatory responses, yet it is largely unknown if these inflammatory responses might have an impact on salivary metallothionein (MT), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca) content. In this study, we analysed salivary concentrations of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines, as well as MT, Zn, and Ca in four groups of participants, namely control (without PD or RA, n = 21), PD (n = 21), RA (n = 21), or RAPD (n = 19). As expected, an increased amount of salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed in the PD, RA, and RAPD groups. While Ca concentration was not significantly different between the groups, Zn concentration was lower in the PD, RA, and RAPD groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These groups also expressed higher MT/Zn ratios compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Unlike the control group, concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, MT, Zn, and Ca correlated with each other in the PD, RA, and RAPD groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, comorbidity of PD and RA appears to have a cumulative immuno-pathological impact that warrants further investigation. This study suggests that, in addition to inflammatory cytokines, salivary MT and Zn could reflect the severity of PD with or without RA, hence providing an important biomarker for diagnosis.

HUMORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALIVA AND THEIR CORRELATION DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of treatment with standard ligating brackets on salivary/oral fluid cortisol levels and to evaluate their correlation with salivary calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and pH.

Serum copper concentration reflect inflammatory activation in the complex coronary artery disease – A pilot study

IntroductionCoronary artery disease possess inflammatory background related to enzymatic processes with trace elements involvements as co-factors. The aim of the study was to compare serum, urine and salivary copper, magnesium, calcium and zinc levels with inflammatory indices obtained from the whole blood count in patients with complex coronary artery disease. Material and methodFifty-two (42(81 %) males, 10 (19 %) females) consecutive patients (mean (SD) age 68 (9) years with symptomatic complex coronary artery disease were enrolled into prospective single center study in 2021. Serum, saliva and urine samples were collected at the day of admission for trace elements concentration (copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium) and compared with inflammatory indexes obtained from preoperative and perioperative period. ResultsMultivariable regression analysis revealed relation between the copper serum concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic inflammatory index (SII). ConclusionSerum copper concentration interplay with preoperative inflammatory activation in complex coronary disease measured by NLR and SII. The copper serum concentration possesses the strongest relation to preoperative inflammatory activation in patients reffered for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Comparison of Salivary parameters in Orthodontic Patients with good oral hygiene and bad oral hygiene

Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the salivary Ph, Buffer capacity, calcium, phosphorus and urea levels in clean and unclean mouths of orthodontic patients. Materials and methods: This ex-vivo study was carried out in orthodontic patients. 40 (group 1: clean mouth; group 2: unclean mouth) patients were included in this study. Unstimulated saliva was collected from both groups using a draining method and was subjected to chemical analysis. Results: Intergroup comparison between clean and unclean mouth revealed that Ph, Buffer capacity, Calcium, phosphorus levels reduced significantly in the unclean mouth as compared to clean mouth patients . Urea levels significantly increased in the unclean mouth group. (p&lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between males and females in both groups. Conclusion: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have altered chemical salivary parameters. Patients having OHI index levels more than 3, i.e. unclean mouth patients have reduced pH, buffer capacity, calcium and phosphorus levels and increased urea levels in saliva as compared to orthodontic patients having clean mouths.

Biofilm accumulation and sucrose rinse modulate calcium and fluoride bioavailability in the saliva of children with early childhood caries

This study aimed at investigating the combined effect of biofilm accumulation and 20% sucrose rinse on the modulation of calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (Pi), and fluoride (F−) bioavailability in the saliva of children with early childhood caries (ECC). Fifty-six preschoolers of both genders were evaluated according to caries experience and activity: caries-free (CF, n = 28) and with ECC (n = 28) and then, submitted to biofilm intervention (biofilm accumulation). In each situation, saliva samples were collected before and five minutes after a 20% sucrose rinse to determine the concentrations of Ca2+, Pi, and F−. Calcium concentration was significantly lower in the biofilm accumulation situation compared to the situation of biofilm mechanical control (p ≤ 0.01), except for CF children after sucrose rinse. Biofilm accumulation increased salivary calcium concentration in children with ECC after sucrose rinse (p = 0.04), whereas mechanical biofilm control reduced it in both groups (p = 0.000). Phosphate concentration was influenced by mechanical control of biofilm in CF children (p = 0.03). The fluoride bioavailability was reduced by sucrose rinse and biofilm accumulation in CF and ECC children (p ≤ 0.002). In conclusion, the combined effect of biofilm accumulation and sucrose rinse modifies the bioavailability of calcium and fluoride in the saliva of children with early childhood caries.

Evaluation of Salivary Biochemistry in Dogs with and without Plaque, Calculus, and Gingivitis: Preliminary Results.

Simple SummaryPeriodontal disease is one of the most prevalent disorders observed in dogs requiring primary-care veterinary services. Traditional methods for its diagnosis involve clinical measurements requiring sedation or general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether quantified salivary biochemistry parameters can be used as markers of periodontal disease in dogs. Seventy-nine dogs were allocated into three groups according to the severity of periodontal disease: none (Group 1), moderate (Group 2), and severe (Group 3). A blood sample and a saliva sample were collected from each dog to quantify biochemical parameters that included alpha-amylase, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, and phosphorus. LDH and phosphorus showed the highest values in Group 3 whereas calcium, amylase, and lysozyme did not differ among groups. The salivary phosphorus cut-off value of 4.04 mg/dl that was established signified that above such value, periodontal disease could be predicted with fairly high probability. Although further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results, this study offers a valid starting point for further investigation into the role of saliva as a non-invasive tool for detecting periodontal disease in dogs.This study evaluated whether salivary alpha-amylase, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), calcium, and phosphorus can be used as markers of periodontal disease in dogs. Plaque, calculus, and gingivitis indexes were used to allocate 79 dogs in three groups: none (Group 1), moderate (Group 2), and severe (Group 3) periodontal disease. A blood sample and a saliva sample were collected from each dog to quantify biochemical parameters. LDH and phosphorus showed the highest values in Group 3 (LDH: Group 1, 2559.85 ± 676.95; vs. Group 2: 1636.76 ± 597.36 vs. Group 3: 4099.18 ± 545.45 U.I./l, p = 0.016; phosphorus: Group 1, 3.02 ± 0.76 vs. Group 2: 5.34 ± 0.67 vs. Group 3: 5.85± 0.61 mg/dl, p = 0.049) whereas calcium, amylase, and lysozyme did not differ among groups. A ROC curve analysis permitted the establishment of a salivary phosphorus cut-off value of 4.04 mg/dl, above which periodontal disease could be predicted (70% sensitivity (95% CI: 50.6–85.3%) and 72.41% specificity (95% CI: 52.8–87.3%)). Only salivary calcium was higher in males; no other salivary parameters appeared affected by gender or age. Although further results on a larger population are needed, this study shows that salivary LDH and phosphorus increase in dogs affected by plaque, supragingival calculus, and gingivitis, and this suggests their potential use as markers of periodontal disease in canine species.

Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Salivary pH, Buffering Capacity and Calcium Level in 6-12-year-old Children: An In Vivo Study.

Dental caries is a preventable disease that can be prevented by suppressing any one of the factors of the Keyes triad. To investigate the effect of probiotic yogurt on salivary pH, calcium level, and buffering capacity. A total of 60 children were randomly selected and were divided into 2 groups. The test group consumed 200 mL of probiotic yogurt and the control group consumed 200 mL of regular curd everyday for 30 days. A base-line nonstimulated salivary sample (2 mL) was collected. The salivary pH, buffering capacity, and calcium level was assessed at baseline, after 15 and 30 days. The data were statistically analyzed. The mean pH levels of the probiotic group were 7.03 and salivary buffering capacity was found to be 2.000. Salivary calcium levels increased with the use of probiotic yogurt at the end of 30 days (mean of 4.79) compared to the control group. Consumption of probiotic yogurt for a short period of time can prevent dental caries by increasing salivary calcium level. Malavalli PL, Shetty SB, Thimmaiah C, et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Salivary pH, Buffering Capacity and Calcium Level in 6-12-year-old Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):194-198.

Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial: (Study on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels).

Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body's defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18-25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am-12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04670341 (17 th December 2020).

Salivary Calcium Level in Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome

Salivary Calcium Level in Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome

Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial

Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body’s defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18–25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am–12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04670341 (17 th December 2020).

Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins: A Potential Predictive Marker of Dental Caries.

Background: Salivary factors modulate the balanced dynamic mineralization process of the dental enamel. Salivary proteins such as statherin and acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) protect oral surfaces by regulating oral calcium homeostasis and remineralization of enamel. Thus, they possibly play vital roles in dental caries. Aim: The present study aims to find the association of salivary statherin, proline-rich protein, and calcium levels with dental caries. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 188 healthy participants (age between 18 and 50 years), from dental clinic of MAHSA University, Malaysia. Dental caries was measured using standard WHO criteria. Stimulated whole mouth saliva was collected, and salivary statherin, acidic PRP (aPRP), and calcium levels were estimated using ELISA Kit and calorimetric assay kit, respectively. Data were analyzed using Spearman's rho and Pearson's correlation coefficient (SPSS statistical package-version 25.0) to find correlation of salivary statherin, calcium, and proline-rich protein levels with dental caries.Results: A statistically significant (P < 0.001) moderate negative correlation (r = −0.500) was found between salivary statherin and proline-rich protein levels. There was no statistically significant association of dental caries with salivary statherin, calcium, and aPRP levels.Conclusion: Salivary statherin and aPRP levels appear to perform mutually complementing functions and thus may have potential role in the maintenance of tooth integrity.

Salivary Menopausal Markers and Oral Health Status - A Hidden Hook Up.

Aim and Objectives:The aim of our study was to evaluate salivary estradiol and salivary calcium in postmenopausal women with varying degrees of oral dryness. The primary objective was to establish the interrelationship between salivary parameters and oral health status among menopausal women and compare the same with premenopausal women and normal controls.Materials and Methods:The study included 60 women Group I consisted of healthy menstruating women between 25 and 34 years of age. In Group II premenopausal women between 35 and 45 years of age were present and Group III consisted of menopausal women between 45 and 60 years of age. Unstimulated saliva was collected from the participants and estradiol analysis was done using ELISA method and calcium analysis was done using Arsenazo III reaction using colorimetric method. The oral health status in these patients was determined by using xerostomia score, Russell's periodontal score, and oral hygiene index. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and the results were derived.Results:On oral examination, most of them had poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, and moderate to severe levels of xerostomia. Salivary estradiol levels were low and salivary calcium levels were high among postmenopausal women and as salivary estradiol levels decreased there was an increase in xerostomia scores and salivary calcium. And also as salivary calcium levels increased the periodontal disease scores increased. All parameters were within normal limits among healthy menstruating women.Conclusion:Saliva can be a preferred medium and an emerging alternative for serum to estimate estradiol and calcium levels. As a dentist, we have to educate them about the oral changes they will experience during menopause and emphasize its strong association between low estradiol levels. Oral hygiene instructions should be given for the maintenance of healthy periodontium. Menopausal women who experience severe postmenopausal symptoms can be identified and the dentist and gynecologist can work hand in hand to treat the symptoms of these women.

Comparison of craniofacial morphology characteristics along with dental caries status and salivary properties of operated cleft lip and palate patients with noncleft patients.

Cleft lip and palate patients undergo many primary reconstructive surgical procedures which could lead to various changes in the facial morphology with growth. The most common diagnosis is unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and such patients are more prone to dental caries. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the lateral cephalometric landmarks, dental caries status, and salivary properties of surgically repaired UCLP children aged 6-15 years with lateral cephalometric landmarks, dental caries status, and salivary properties of noncleft children of the same age group. Twelve noncleft patients and 12 surgically repaired UCLP patients were chosen, and cephalometric analysis, salivary analysis, and dental caries status were recorded for both the groups. The data were then compared for both the groups. It was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. In surgical repair ULCP children, their was increased prevalance of dental caries along with decrease level of salivary calcium, Phosphorus,flow rate. Also, their was increased level of alkaline phosphatase, total protein level with acidic pH alongwith retruded maxillary complex with Class III malocclusion. Various primary reconstructive surgeries in UCLP children lead to maxillary retrusion with an increased prevalence of dental caries in these patients due to the maintenance of poor oral hygiene.