Salivary Calcium Research Articles

Correction: Relationship between Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme Activity and The Concentrations of Salivary Calcium and Phosphate Ions.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 17, No 1, 2015, on pages 159-162, the authors found that the affiliation of second author in address 2 was missed during the formatting of the paper. Therefore, we corrected it. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience.

Depression Levels in Relation to Oral Hygiene, Gingival Health Status, and Salivary Constituents in a Group of Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In this study, the effects of depression on oral hygiene, gingival health conditions, and some salivary components (total protein, magnesium, and calcium) were explored. A total of 207 dental students aged 20-21 years (third grade) in a College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, were examined. They were distributed into four groups (normal, mild depression, moderate depression, and severe and very severe depression) according to the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression Scoring. Oral examinations include oral hygiene (dental plaque and calculus) and gingival health status; samples were collected from 90 participants to serve as a sub-sample of the total sample and classified as follows: normal (22), mild depression (24), moderate depression (22), and moderately severe and severe depression (22) groups. Then, saliva samples were analyzed to determine the total protein, magnesium, and calcium. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used to analyze the data. The mean value of oral hygiene and gingival indices increased significantly with increasing severity of depression. For salivary calcium and magnesium, their values decreased with increasing severity of depression, whereas total protein values increased. Salivary calcium and magnesium were negatively correlated with oral hygiene and the gingival indices, and the highest correlations of total proteins with plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index were positive. Depressive feelings were observed in dental students. In reality, depression has a close link with oral hygiene and gingival health status, and normal constituents of saliva could be affected.

Effectiveness of Probiotic Yogurt and Homemade Curd on Salivary pH, Buffering Capacity, and Salivary Calcium Level in 12-year-old School Children in Nellore City: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Introduction: Numerous noninvasive strategies are used to prevent dental caries. Remineralization can take place by the use of milk and milk products. Another approach to bacterially mediated diseases has been the use of probiotics. The classic food containing probiotic is yogurt (curd) and consumption of dairy products on daily basis seems to be most natural and effective way to ingest probiotic bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of probiotic homemade curd and yogurt on salivary pH, calcium level, and buffering capacity. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 students aged 12 years, who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected from two different schools and were divided into two groups. Test and control group consumed 200 mL of probiotic yogurt and curd for a period of 30 days. Baseline and 30 days of unstimulated salivary sample (2 ml) was collected and salivary pH, buffering capacity and salivary calcium level was assessed. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean salivary pH and buffering capacity was found to be same in both groups and salivary calcium levels increased with the use of probiotic yogurt at the end of 30 days compared to control group. Conclusion: The consumption of probiotic yogurt for a short period of time can prevent dental caries by increasing salivary calcium levels.

Saliva as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background: The main health problems faced by postmenopausal women include osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, cardiovascular diseases, urogenital atrophy, cancer, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive problems. These manifestations can lead to postmenopausal syndrome, and the management of these manifestations has become a prime area of investigation in recent times. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to critically analyze the literature to identify the salivary markers that can be used to diagnose diseases in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Articles related to saliva as a diagnostic tool in postmenopausal women were collected in databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used in this systematic review are saliva, diagnosis, postmenopausal women and disease. Articles included were based on the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 692 articles were screened, out of which 674 articles were excluded as they failed to meet the expected criteria. Eighteen articles were selected based on title and abstract. After excluding all the articles which did not meet the criteria, totally 12 articles were included for review. Conclusion: The efficacy of salivary calcium levels to detect early bone changes in postmenopausal women has been studied the most in the literature. Studies with larger sample size are needed for saliva used as a substitute to serum calcium to diagnose osteoporosis. More studies are needed to analyze the significance of salivary alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, cortisol, salivary c-terminal of type I collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in postmenopausal women.

Assessment of Salivary Flow Rate, pH, and Calcium Level Following Ajwa Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Consumption in Caries and Caries-free Individuals

Assessment of Salivary Flow Rate, pH, and Calcium Level Following Ajwa Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Consumption in Caries and Caries-free Individuals

Comparison between Serum and Salivary Albumin and Calcium Levels in Adolescent Age-group with Dental Caries.

The aim of our pilot study is to analyze the relationship between dental caries and albumin and calcium levels in serum and saliva in adolescent patients with varying caries experience as determined by their caries progression between the age-group of 9 and 19 years. A total of 20 subjects were selected based on their level of caries progression and divided into four groups of subjects, five in each as follows: group I-enamel caries, group II-dentinal caries, group III-pulpal caries, and group IV-control group. The saliva and serum were collected under standardized conditions from selected patients and analyzed for the presence of albumin and calcium, and then they were correlated to the same level in serum. The statistical analysis was done using the Chi-squared test. According to the present study, there is an increase in the levels of caries with a decrease in the levels of salivary albumin and calcium. Serum albumin and calcium levels were also found to be decreased in caries-prone individuals; hence, a significant correlation between serum and salivary albumin and calcium levels was found. According to a review of the literature, we found an inverse relationship between the levels of albumin and calcium in serum and saliva with dental caries patients. So, it confirms the importance of albumin and calcium levels in inhibiting carrier progression. So it may be used as a biochemical indicator to evaluate the susceptibility of caries. Vaish S, Gautam K, Agrawal D, et al. Comparison between Serum and Salivary Albumin and Calcium Levels in Adolescent Age-group with Dental Caries. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):328-333.

Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition and induces local redox state disturbances in the salivary glands of male rats.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of experimental apical periodontitis on the inflammatory, functional, biochemical, and redox parameters of the parotid and submandibular glands in rats. Twenty 12-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): a control group and apical periodontitis group. After 28days, the saliva was collected for salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition. Both glands were sampled for quantification of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and biochemical analyses of redox state. TNF-α concentrations were higher in both salivary glands adjacent to the periapical lesions in animals with apical periodontitis and also compared to the control group. The apical periodontitis group increased the salivary amylase, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate. The total oxidant capacity increased in the parotid gland adjacent to the periapical lesions in the same rat and compared to the control group. Conversely, the total antioxidant capacity of the parotid glands on both sides in the apical periodontitis group was lower than that in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase activity increased in the submandibular gland adjacent to the apical periodontitis group compared to the control group. Experimental apical periodontitis alters salivary biochemical composition, in addition to increasing inflammatory marker and inducing local disturbances in the redox state in the parotid and submandibular glands of male rats. Apical periodontitis could exacerbate the decline in oral health by triggering dysfunction in the salivary glands.

The Relation of Salivary Constituents (Urea, Calcium and Phosphorous) to Root Caries among Overweight and Obese Adults Aged 55-65 Year-Old at Textile Factory in Mosul City

The purpose of this study was to disclose the relationship of salivary urea, calcium and phosphorous levels with root caries occurrence among overweight and obese adults aged 55-65 year-old at Textile Factory in Mosul City. All subjects aged 55-65 year-old (thirty five subjects) at Textile factory in Mosul city who fitted the study criteria took part in the current study. Weight status was determined by using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Root caries was recorded according to the criteria of WHO (1997). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected then salivary samples were subjected for biochemical analysis. Salivary urea, calcium, and phosphorous were determined colorimetrically by using the spectrophotometer. Results revealed that salivary urea and phosphorous levels were higher among obese and overweight subjects than non-obese with highly significant difference. Also calcium level was significantly elevated among obese compared with non-obese. Sound root surface value was higher among obese than non-obese and overweight subjects with significant difference. On the other hand overweight and obese subjects revealed lower decayed root surface value than non-obese though statistical difference was not significant. As a conclusion obese subjects with good general health might experience reduced root caries severity that might partly be due to changes in salivary constituents. Therefore future studies should address which factors specific to obese might be protective against root caries. Also there is a need for further studies with larger sample size and another sample distribution that include underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese to get more precise and clear results.

Salivary calcium in postmenopausal women and prevalence of dental caries: A cross sectional study

Introduction and Aim: Hormonal variations in postmenopausal women may cause growth and development of the oral epithelium, especially in response to estrogen levels. One of the manifestations of this issue is xerostomia or dryness of the mouth. Saliva provides a first line of defence against diseases like caries by maintaining the pH levels. However, estrogen levels have been shown to directly affect the salivary flow rate. Materials and Methods: The current study focuses on the estimation of salivary calcium levels in postmenopausal women and its association with the prevalence of dental caries. Informed consent was obtained from study subjects and they were categorized into case and control based on DMFT index (Decay, filled, missing) WHO criteria 2013.Post menopausal women with caries were categorized has case(n=40) and women who have not attained menopause free of caries were categorized has control (n=40). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected by Navazesh protocol and the salivary calcium levels were estimated by ARSENAZO method. Results: The average calcium levels in saliva were found to be 1.84± 0.30 and 1.67± 0.32 for case group and control group respectively. The mean decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth (DMFT) score was observed to be 10.45± 3.81 and 1.80± 0.341 for case group and control group respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings, postmenopausal women need to be administered enough calcium supplements in order to maintain good dental hygiene and thus improve lifestyle.

Effectiveness of rebon shrimp crackers on increasing salivary calcium ion concentration of students in Percobaan Public Elementary School Medan

Rebon shrimp is a local food in Bagan Serdang Village that has a very high nutritional content. One hundred grams of dried rebon contains 2.306 mg of calcium or equal to 16 times the calcium of 100 grams of cow's milk. Calcium takes part in preventing demineralization by keeping the pH neutral. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rebon shrimp crackers to increase salivary calcium ion among elementary school children. This type of research is an experimental study with pre and post test group design to obtain the average calcium ions in saliva before and one month after consuming rebon shrimp crackers. The minimum sample size were 40 samples, which 20 samples were included in the intervention group who were given each day one pack each for 30 days during school breaks and supervised by teachers, while 20 samples were included in the control group and were not given crackers. Saliva sampling was carried out using the unstimulated method. The concentration of salivary calcium ions before and after given the intervention was measured using paired t test and to analyze the difference in the concentration of salivary calcium ions between the two groups using an unpaired t test. There was a significant difference in the concentration of salivary calcium ions between the group given rebon shrimp crackers and the group that was not given rebon shrimp crackers (p=0.034). There was a significant increase in the concentration of salivary calcium ions before and after being given rebon shrimp crackers (p=0.000), whereas in the untreated group that was not given crackers there was no significant increase (p=0.496). It can be concluded that the risk of dental caries can be reduced by consuming local food ingredients that are high in calcium and minerals.

Salivary calcium determination with a specially developed microfluidic paper-based device for point-of-care analysis

The calcium monitoring in the body not only anticipates several potential diseases (osteoporosis, kidney stones or high blood pressure) but also helps to improve target therapies and follow-up the patient's health status. Calcium monitoring is essential for the diagnosis of one of the most common endocrine disorders worldwide, namely hyperparathyroidism. So, in this work, a new Point-of-care test (POC-test) using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for calcium quantification in saliva samples is described. The developed μPAD was based on the colorimetric reaction between calcium and cresolphthalein complexone (CPC) which forms an intense purple colour product. The developed device enabled calcium quantification in the range of 0.27–4.50 mmol/L (11.0–180 mg/L) with a detection limit of 80 µmol/L (3.2 mg/L). The accuracy of the developed μPAD was confirmed by analysing saliva samples (#10) and comparing the results obtained with the atomic absorption spectrometry reference procedure; the relative deviation between the two sets of results was below 10 %. A correlation between salivary calcium content and calcium content in blood was established and it was possible to conclude that salivary calcium concentrations above 1.55 mmol/L is an indicator of hypercalcemia. The developed device was stable for 2 weeks when stored at room temperature in vacuum conditions.

Investigating salivary concentration of calcium ion in hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is the most common disease of the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating tissue growth and metabolism. Additionally, patients with thyroid dysfunction have a higher incidence of caries and periodontal problems. The presence of calcium and phosphate ions seems to be effective in remineralizing teeth and reducing caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary level of calcium in patients with hypothyroidism. The results of this study showed that saliva calcium concentration in patients with hypothyroidism is significantly lower than healthy subjects. Also, no significant association was found between salivary calcium levels and TSH and T4 hormones level of blood. The increased prevalence of dental caries in patients with hypothyroidism may be related to a decrease in their calcium levels.

Sensors for in situ monitoring of oral and dental health parameters in saliva.

The oral cavity is an easily accessible unique environment and open system which is influenced by the oral fluids, microbiota, and nutrition. Little is known about the kinetics and dynamics of metabolic processes at the intraoral surfaces. Real-time monitoring of salivary biomarkers, e.g., glucose, lactate, fluoride, calcium, phosphate, and pH with intraoral sensors is therefore of major interest. The aim of this review is to overview the existing literature for intraoral saliva sensors. A comprehensive literature search was performed to review the most relevant studies on intraoral saliva sensor technology. There is limited literature about the in situ saliva monitoring of salivary biomarkers. Bioadhesion and biofouling processes at the intraoral surfaces limit the performances of the sensors. Real-time, long-term, and continuous intraoral measurement of salivary metabolites remains challenging and needs further investigation as only few well-functioning sensors have been developed until today. Until now, there is no sensor that measures reliably beyond hours for any analyte other than glucose. Saliva's complex and dynamic structure as well as bioadhesion are key challenges and should be addressed in the future developments. Consequently, more studies that focus particularly on biofouling processes and interferential effects of the salivary matrix components on sensor surfaces are required. By monitoring fluids in the oral cavity, as the entrance to the digestive system, extensive information can be obtained regarding the effects of foods and preventive agents on the oral microbiota and the tooth surfaces. This may lead to a better understanding of strategies to modulate oral and general health.

Salivary Changes in Patients Hospitalized for Complications of HIV Infection/AIDS: A Study Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the salivary flow and levels of major salivary ions of HIV-infected individuals. Methods: One hundred and two participants (18 - 74 years of age) were divided into two groups (51 HIV - infected patients and 51 controls) and had a saliva sample collected. Salivary flow rate was measured gravimetrically. Levels of salivary sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The mean salivary flow of subjects with HIV infection was significantly higher when compared to controls (Case group = 1.0 mL/min + 0.63 / Control group = 0.7 mL/min + 0.46; p = 0.012). Sodium, potassium and calcium levels were significantly higher in the saliva of the patients HIV infection when compared to controls. There was no difference between the salivary levels of magnesium and phosphorus ions between groups. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that individuals with HIV / AIDS develop salivary changes. Thus, these patients need a greater attention to oral health by dentists, since salivary changes induced by the disease can lead to impairment in the oral condition.

Salivary Buffering Capacity, Flow Rate and Calcium Levels in Children with and without Early Childhood Caries – a Comparative Study

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a phenomenon that affects primary teeth in children below 6 years of age. Its severity could have a far-reaching impact on children with resultant effects on their quality of life. An assessment of a child's caries risk using saliva is a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool utilised in preventing or reducing the impact of this condition.
 Objective: To assess the buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium levels of saliva in children and their association with ECC.
 Methodology: The study consisted of fifty (50) subjects aged 45 to 71 months recruited from Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and staff primary school, Idi-Araba. Unstimulated saliva collected between 9 – 11 am was used to evaluate saliva's buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium levels in children with and without ECC.
 Results: The subjects were aged below 71 months (with a mean age of 56.66 ± 7.17 months). A major proportion (67.0%) of the component of the dmft was cavitated lesion related. The caries-free subjects had slightly higher mean rank values in salivary flow rate (MR = 27.52, U = 262, p = 0.325), slightly lower mean rank values in calcium level (MR = 24.64, U = 291, p = 0.677) and lower buffering capacity values than caries active subjects.
 Conclusion: The properties of saliva such as buffering capacity, flow rate and calcium level were not significantly different between the study groups. Therefore, there is no association between buffering capacity, flow rate, calcium level, and ECC. This implies that more investigations are required to evaluate the protective effects of other salivary physiochemical factors like antioxidants, other than those investigated in this study.
 

Biochemical Changes in Salivary pH and Its Correlation to Hemoglobin Levels, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Concentrations among Pregnant Women, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Surveys in Tanzania show that pregnant women have a significant burden of oral disease, although there is still little literature on the variation of their intraoral electrolytes. The present study investigated changes in salivary calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (PO43−), and hydrogen (H) ions during pregnancy and the correlation between salivary pH and hemoglobin levels. Methodology: A cross-sectional study involved sixty (60) pregnant women stratified by trimester and twenty (20) non-pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital. Consecutive sampling was used, saliva was collected, and electrolyte levels were measured. Gestation age was the independent variable, whereas saliva pH and calcium and phosphate ion concentrations and hemoglobin levels were the dependent variables. Results: A difference in calcium concentration (z = −3.145, p = 0.001) and salivary pH (t = −2.49, p = 0.014) was observed between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Kruskal–Wallis tests for saliva Ca2+ and PO43− and ANOVA for saliva pH revealed differences in concentrations of saliva Ca2+, PO43−, and pH levels between trimester groups (saliva Ca2+ (H = 9.91, df = 3, p = 0.019), saliva PO43− (H = 12.36, df = 3, p = 0.006), saliva pH (F (3.76) = (16.42); p < 0.001)). Pearson’s correlation tests showed no association between salivary pH and hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: Pregnancy is associated with a reduction in saliva pH and saliva calcium levels with a progressive increase in the magnitude of reduction from the first trimester to the third trimester. Saliva phosphate reduction was noticed during the third trimester only and saliva pH levels were independent of hemoglobin levels.

Evaluating the Role of Inorganic Elements of Camelus Dromedarius Saliva in Protecting Enamel Against Tooth Surface Loss.

The aim of this study was to provide insight into the role of camel's saliva in protecting enamel against erosion and to evaluate the levels of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate ions among 2 groups of camels, those with low-grade tooth surface loss and those with high-grade tooth surface loss. Twenty-eight healthy camels, 5 males and 23 females, aged 20 months to 10 years, were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprise camels with "low-grade tooth surface loss" and Group 2 with "high-grade tooth surface loss." Unstimulated saliva was collected by a draining method. The samples were then analyzed for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations using automated chemistry analysis. Data were then statistically analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. The study found the salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly lower in the "high-grade" erosion group, in comparison with the other group (P < .0001 and P = .0257, respectively). The results also revealed that the more extensive the tooth surface loss, the more carious lesions the subject had (P = .023), and that caries are more common in the anterior teeth, particularly the incisors. The authors conclude that alterations in inorganic elements of saliva, particularly the calcium and phosphate ions, play a major role in the development of resistance to tooth surface loss. This work may represent a direction for future research to develop custom-made preventive supplements, which can protect camelid teeth against tooth surface loss.

Analysis of salivary flow rate, biochemical composition, and redox status in orchiectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the salivary flow rate, biochemical composition, and redox status in orchiectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared to normotensive Wistar rats. DesignThirty-two young adult male SHR and Wistar (3-months-old) rats were randomly distributed into four groups; either castrated bilaterally (ORX) or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) as Wistar-SHAM, Wistar-ORX, SHR-SHAM, and SHR-ORX. Two months beyond castration, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected from 5-month-old rats to analyze salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, total protein, amylase, calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), carbonyl protein, nitrite, and total antioxidant capacity. ResultsThe salivary flow rate was higher in the Wistar-ORX compared to the Wistar-SHAM group, while remaining similar between the SHR-SHAM and SHR-ORX groups. ORX did not affect pH and salivary buffer capacity in both strains. However, salivary total protein and amylase were significantly reduced in the Wistar-ORX and SHR-ORX compared to the respective SHAM groups. In both ORX groups, salivary total antioxidant capacity and carbonylated protein were increased, while lipid oxidative damage (TBARs) and nitrite concentration were higher only in the Wistar-ORX than in the Wistar-SHAM group. In the Wistar-ORX and SHR-ORX, the salivary calcium, phosphate, and chloride were increased while no change was detected in the SHAM groups. Only salivary buffering capacity, calcium, and chloride in the SHR-ORX adjusted to values similar to Wistar-SHAM group. ConclusionHypertensive phenotype mitigated the orchiectomy-induced salivary dysfunction, since the disturbances were restricted to alterations in the salivary biochemical composition and redox state.

Utilization of local food on the prevention of dental caries among the elementary school children in the fishing community

The potential benefits of local food derived from rebon shrimp (Acetes sp.) as a preventive measure for dental caries are described in this study, which focused on Bagan Serdang village. Situated in the coastal area of Pantai Labu subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, this village relies mainly on fisheries for income resources, with rebon shrimp being one of the leading marine products. The high abundance of calcium in rebon shrimp is well-known, with 2,306 mg of shrimp paste equivalent to 16 times the calcium content of 100 g of dietary milk. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the potential of rebon shrimp as a preventive measure for dental caries in school children aged 8-12 years from public elementary school 106448 in Bagan Serdang village. The study utilized Cariogram software to assess caries risk factors, including caries experience, pH and saliva secretion, plaque index, diet contents and frequency, fluoride exposure program, and clinical judgment. Atomic Absorbed Spectrophotometer (AAS) method was used to measure salivary calcium ions. In addition, the calcium content in rebon shrimp was measured in the laboratory of the industrial research center in Medan. The concentration of salivary calcium ions was found to be very low, with a mean of 0.75±0.32 mmol/L. The Cariogram assessment revealed a high caries risk of 54.12% among elementary school children. The laboratory results showed that dried rebon shrimp had a calcium content of 1.50% (w/w), while fresh rebon shrimp had a calcium content of 1.54% (w/w). Given the high prevalence and caries risk profile of elementary school children in Bagan Serdang village, the study suggests that the low concentration of salivary calcium ions and the high availability of calcium-enriched rebon shrimp can be used as a preventive strategy against dental caries in this population.

Effects of hypertension with and without smoking on salivary electrolytes concentration

Background: Hypertension from smoking is a chronic medical condition that impacts human health. It has been proved that it could be a significant risk factor for different disorders like brain damage, the lung disease and has been related to the growth of oral diseases. However, there are few and conflicting research on its effect on salivary electrolytes concentrations. Aim of the study: To assess the effect of hypertension with and without smoking on electrolyte concentrations in saliva and to identify its effect on normal oral balance. Methods: A total number of 90 subjects included, which is comprised of (49) (54.4 %) males subjects and (41) (45.6 %) females subjects in the gender. They were divided into three groups, G1, G2 and G3 groups. Group 1 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension with smoking, Group 2 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension without smoking and Group 3 comprised 30 subjects of healthy non-smoking controls. Results: Findings displayed a highly significant difference in concentration of calcium in saliva and there was no significant difference in potassium and sodium for the three groups. There was a significant difference of calcium in saliva concentration for all study group with respect to P-Value (0.000). Conclusion: The salivary calcium concentration in the saliva can be affected by hypertension with smoking and the increase in salivary calcium levels might be a risk factor for development of periodontal diseases.