Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Research Articles

Evaluation of reliability of salivary alkaline phosphatase in comparison to other methods of assessing the skeletal maturation

Evaluation of skeletal maturation is crucial to growth determination which in turn influences orthodontic treatment planning. Various methods employed for assessment are chronological age, hand wrist maturation, cervical vertebral maturation, and dental calcification. Recently, salivary Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) have been introduced due to its role in the bone mineralization process. To test the alternate hypothesis that salivary alkaline phosphatase is a reliable indicator of skeletal maturity in comparison with other methods of assessment of skeletal maturation. Total 112 subjects were selected out of 150 subjects on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, for participation in the study. For each subject, personal details including chronological age was noted. Height and weight measurements were done for calculation of body mass index (BMI). Further, Lateral Cephalogram and Orthopantomogram were obtained for assessment of cervical vertebrae maturation stages and Demirjian index. Then, an unstimulated salivary sample was collected for evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity by colorimetric method. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the present study showed that the highest correlation for skeletal maturation assessment was found with alkaline phosphatase activity. The hypothesis is accepted. Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase proved to be reliable biomarker for assessment of skeletal maturation.

Evaluation and Correlation of Salivary Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase Level with Skeletal Age

Background: This study aimed to measure bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) levels in saliva and determine how they relate to different stages of skeletal development, as assessed by hand-wrist X-rays using the Hagg and Taranger method. Since orthodontic treatment is closely linked to an individual’s growth, the development of the jaws, face, and overall body, and how they affect the alignment of teeth, the suggestion to use biomarkers to evaluate an individual’s skeletal maturity has emerged as a promising approach. Unlike traditional radiographic methods, which are subjective and based on morphology, biomarkers provide objective indicators related to the patient’s physiology, and they do not involve radiation exposure or magnification errors. The main goal of this study was to measure B-ALP levels in saliva and examine their correlation with varying degrees of skeletal maturity. In a positive correlation, the total ALP present in saliva could be a valuable biological indicator in growing patients. Methods: Thirty patients were randomly selected for the study based on the inclusion criteria: Age of the individual: 9‒19 years, with good general health and no nutritional issues. A sample of unstimulated whole saliva was collected using a passive drooling method to estimate levels of the bone alkaline phosphatase using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. After saliva collection, hand-wrist radiographs were immediately obtained and manually traced onto 50-micron-thick lead acetate tracing sheets using an 0.5-mm lead pencil. The hand-wrist radiographs were then categorized into five groups, which involved analyzing the morphology of the hand-wrist radiographs: group SO (prepubertal), group S (pubertal onset), group MP3G (peak pubertal), group DP3 (pubertal deceleration), and group RJ (growth completion). Results: There were significant differences between the B-ALP levels between different skeletal ages. The salivary B-ALP values of the group MP3 were significantly higher than those of groups SO and RJ. The mean salivary B-ALP levels consistently increased from the group SO to the group MP3, followed by a gradual decrease. Conclusion: Salivary alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher during the peak pubertal period (group MP3) compared to both the pre-peak (group SO) and post-peak (group RJ) values. This finding suggests that salivary bone alkaline phosphatase can be used as an additional indicator alongside conventional skeletal maturation indicators to assess pubertal development.

Estimation of Salivary Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase as a Biomarker for Assessing Skeletal Maturity Indicator

ABSTRACT Background: Evaluation of skeletal maturation plays a substantial role in selection of orthodontic treatment strategies. Recently, new noninvasive methods of assessing biological mediators have been introduced to assess skeletal maturity. There is a marked rise in the value of these mediators during pubertal growth spurts. When these mediators emerge as the assessment tool for skeletal maturity determination, it can reduce radiation exposure and beneficial to the patient. Hence, the goal of this study is to validate the calculation of salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a noninvasive skeletal maturity indicator by estimating the Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (B-ALP) level in whole unstimulated saliva at different stages of skeletal maturity and correlating B-ALP level with different stages of skeletal development using cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) and hand-wrist MP3 (third finger middle phalanx). Materials and Methods: The test group included 90 subjects aged between 8 and 18 years requiring orthodontic treatment. The salivary samples were collected and examined by ALP kit following the manufacturer’s instructions and assessed using photo-spectrometer at 405 nm. The skeletal age was assessed using handwrist radiographs; skeletal age was determined by modified MP3 staging. Lateral cephalograms of each individual were also collected and tracing done for assessing skeletal age with CVM staging. The collected data were analyzed statistically with analysis of variance for intergroup comparison of ALP levels and Kruskal–Wallis test for intergroup comparison of CVM and MP3 stages. Results and Conclusion: Salivary ALP activity during the peak pubertal period was markedly increased when compared to pre- and post-peak values. Salivary ALP activity was in correlation with the cervical vertebral maturation and MP3 stages showing peak values at the pubertal stages. Thus, salivary B-ALP can serve as a noninvasive method of skeletal maturity assessment as an adjunct to conventional skeletal maturity indicators.

Reliability of maxillary canine calcification stages and salivary alkaline phosphatase for pubertal growth prediction (cross-sectional study)

Orthodontic growth estimation for growing individuals is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning, essentially in managing cases with skeletal growth defects. Research has revealed a substantial correlation between tooth calcification stages and skeletal maturity. Also, many biomarkers have been investigated as maturity indicators, and studies show promising results. Therefore, the present research assessed if salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level and maxillary canine calcification stages with developmental stages of modified middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) are reliable skeletal maturity indicators. No previous study conducted the reliability of both canine calcification stages and ALP level as skeletal maturity indicators. In this prospective observational study with a cross-sectional design, 80 subjects aged 8- 16 years were selected. Unstimulated saliva to assess ALP, periapical radiographs for the maxillary canine to assess the dental calcification by relying on the Dermirjian's stages, and periapical radiographs for the middle phalanx of the third finger region were taken from 80 individuals (from eight to sixteen years old) to assess the skeletal maturation state. The data were analyzed using the statistical package of social science (SPSS version 26), using the Spearmen correlation test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The maxillary canine's calcification stages and MP3 stages showed a significant correlation coefficient; however, the correlation coefficient of MP3 stages and maxillary canine calcification stages with salivary ALP was non-significant. The maxillary canine calcification stages can practically be utilized as an indicator for assessing skeletal maturity, but the salivary ALP level showed no correlation with skeletal maturity indicators. Keywords: Skeletal maturity indicator; Canine calcification stages; Alkaline phosphatase; Middle phalanx of third finger.

Impact of dental anxiety on dental caries and salivary alkaline phosphatase in children across different nutritional statuses.

Dental anxiety is a familiar problem among children, which may affect their oral health. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate dental anxiety during the first dental examination in relation to dental caries and salivary alkaline phosphatase, taking into account the nutritional status of children. Eighty-two children (45 boys and 37 girls), aged six to eight years old (average 6.96), were recruited from public clinics in Baghdad city. Participants were divided into the anxious and the non-anxious groups according to physiological measures (oxygen saturation and heart rate) before the first dental treatment. The weight and height of each child were measured to determine the nutritional status (normal weight, overweight, and obese). Dental caries (prevalence and severity) in children with different nutritional statuses were recorded using dmf, DMF, and the guidelines outlined by Manjie et al. Saliva was collected to analyze salivary alkaline phosphatase. No statistically significant differences were observed between anxious and non-anxious children in means of dmf and DMF indices (teeth and surfaces) in primary and permanent teeth (p>0.05) in the three nutritional status groups. However, non-anxious children exhibited a higher mean of d1 (initial enamel caries) compared to anxious children, with statistical significance (p<0.05) observed only in normal-weight children. Salivary alkaline phosphatase was not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, dental anxiety did not appear to significantly impact caries development in primary teeth or salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in children with varying nutritional statuses. Anxiety reduced the initial enamel caries in normal-weight children.

Salivary Total Protein and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity as Biomarkers for Skeletal Maturity and Growth Prediction in Healthy Children: An In Vivo Study.

Skeletal maturity assessment involves radiographic analysis and visual inspection of developing bone and their initial appearance or sequential ossification and related changes in size and shape along with the expression of various biomarkers in body fluids. To investigate the correlation of biomarkers such as salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) and salivary total protein (STP) with skeletal maturity assessment and growth prediction in growing children. A total of 8-15-year-old 150 healthy children were divided into five groups depending upon radiographic stage maturity of the middle phalanx of the left hand's third finger according to the Hagg and Taranger method. Radiographs were taken using intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographic films. Salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) activity in the MP3 G group was significantly higher than MP3 F group and MP3 I group. Total protein levels in MP3 F were significantly lower than in MP3 G. The mean value of S-ALP (33541.45 IU/L) and that of STP (2.77 mg/mL) was observed to be highest in the MP3 G group (G3) group. Salivary total protein (STP) and S-ALP may be used as an additional diagnostic tool to assess skeletal maturation and optimize growth prediction during myofunctional orthodontic treatment. Skeletal maturity assessment plays a significant role in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and stability of orthodontic treatment. Radiographic parameters involve radiographic exposure; hence in this study noninvasive biomarkers such as S-ALP and STP have been evaluated for skeletal maturity assessment and growth prediction. Abhangi KK, Choudhari SR, Butala PB, et al. Salivary Total Protein and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity as Biomarkers for Skeletal Maturity and Growth Prediction in Healthy Children: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):603-607.

Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Passive Smokers of Different Age Groups.

Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes known to partake in cellular metabolism. ALP levels are affected by smoking as well as passive smoking (PS) with a change in the pH of the oral cavity. The association of salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels in different age groups, gender, and times of exposure is not thoroughly explored yet, which was the primary aim of this study. Material and methods A total of 64 samples were collected from passive smokers and non-smokers. Unstimulated saliva (2-2.5 mL) was collected from each subject after obtaining their consent, followed by centrifuging and mixing with ALP reagent in a semi-autoanalyzer to obtain the S-ALP levels. Results Higher S-ALP levels were seen in passive smokers (34.70 IU/L) compared to healthy individuals (12 IU/L), which came to be statistically significant (p<0.01). S-ALP levels, when compared to different age groups and gender, were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). However, higher levels were seen in association with time of exposure in passive smokers where the data was statistically significant (p<0.01), suggesting tissue damage possibly due to oxidative stresses and tissue inflammation on continuous exposure for a minimum of 30-60 minutes daily as per our study. Conclusion Significantly high levels of S-ALP were found in passive smokers in comparison to non-smokers. This suggests that passive smoking has negative effects on the body tissues. Age, gender, and time of exposure of a non-smoker to tobacco smoke can lead to alterations in S-ALP levels. High levels of S-ALP were seen in individuals with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Salivaomics can thus be used as a non-invasive, economical, and accurate alternative in tissue damage diagnosis.

Adjunctive systemic antibiotic effect on periodontal state, salivary enzyme activity, and glycemia imbalance in type-2 diabetics after non-surgical periodontal management

ABSTRACT Aim: The current study aimed at analyzing the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment accompanied by systemic antibiotics on salivary enzyme activities, periodontal parameters, and glycemic control in type−2 diabetic (T2D) patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: The study included 125 type−2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis who had good glycemic control (T2Dc), 125 type−2 diabetics who had bad glycemic control (T2Dpc). The 125 T2Dpc were divided randomly into two groups. The first one enrolled 63 T2Dpc and received a non-surgical periodontal treatment (T2Dpc + NST). The second group enrolled 62 T2Dpc and received the non-surgical treatment accompanied by systemic antibiotics (T2Dpc+NST+A). HbA1c, periodontal indices, and salivary enzyme activities were assessed for all groups. The Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed. The Salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured. Results: The T2Dpc were characterized by the highest probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) periodontal scores, as well as ALP, AST, and ALT enzymatic activities. However, BOP did not differ significantly between T2Dc and T2Dpc. Whereas the rest of clinical parameters PI, GI, and OHI-S did not significantly differ between groups. The Pearson’s analysis revealed three correlations between ALP-PPD, ALP-CAL, and ALP-BOP (bleeding on probing) in both T2Dc and T2Dpc (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a significant decrease in periodontal indices, salivary enzyme activities, and HbA1c was recorded in T2Dpc+NST+A group. Conclusion: The increase in ALP, AST, and ALT activities reflects the impact of uncontrolled T2D on periodontal tissue alteration. The ALP activity increase was associated with the severity of periodontal status in diabetic patients. In comparison to non-surgical treatment alone, the adjunct use of systemic antibiotics improves periodontal state, enzyme activity, and glycemic control.

Assessment of salivary Alkaline Phosphatase in patients with healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium versus periodontitis

Assessment of salivary Alkaline Phosphatase in patients with healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium versus periodontitis

Comparative evaluation of periodontal health status of pre and postmenopausal females.

Menopause in females is a corporeal stage that gives rise to a number of adaptive changes both at systemic and oral levels, prototypically occurring in the late fourth or fifth decade of life. Though physiological aging affects the oral tissue, the hormonal changes due to menopause also act as a major contributing factor in deteriorating the health of oral tissues. Thus, the main aim of our study was to compare the overall periodontal status and alkaline phosphatase levels in the saliva of females in their pre and postmenopausal ages. This study was conducted on 200 female subjects coming to the Department of Periodontology at Rajendra Institute of Medical Science for oral prophylaxis. The subjects were arbitrarily selected in the age group ranging from 15 to 70 years and were further divided based on the inclusion criteria. Group A included 100 subjects with age ranging from 15 to 45 years, and group B, 100 subjects with age 54 to 70 years. Signs of periodontitis including clinical attachment loss, furcation involvement, and probing depth and salivary alkaline levels were obtained, evaluated, compared, and analyzed. In group A 65% of patients had grade 0 and 28% had grade 1 of clinical attachment level. Similarly in group B, 44% of the total had grade 0 of clinical attachment loss, 38% had grade 1, and 18% were of grade 2. On evaluating grades of furcation involvement, around 45% of the total patients in group A were grade 1 (incipient, pocket formation), while in group B, 51% of the total patients were grade 1. At least 46% in group A and only 20% in group B had no signs of furcation involvement. Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in pre and postmenopausal patients showed a significant difference between the two groups was obtained. The study concluded a major difference in the periodontal health of pre and postmenopausal women with many influencing factors apart from menopause itself.

In situ fluorogenic reaction for ratiometric fluorescent detection of alkaline phosphatase activity

Assays utilizing in situ fluorogenic reactions provide a simple and convenient alternative approach for the detection of biological molecules and activities. In this work, a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe based on in situ fluorogenic reaction is explored and developed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity sensing. An intriguing fluorogenic reaction between 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (2,3-DAN) and ascorbic acid (AA) in alkaline aqueous solutions could generate the fluorescent quinoxaline derivative. The resultant quinoxaline emits intense yellow fluorescence, differing from the blue fluorescence of 2,3-DAN. Thus, a ratiometric fluorescent probe based on this fluorogenic reaction is constructed for ALP activity sensing, combining with ALP-triggered hydrolysis of AA2P into AA. Meanwhile, the addition of copper(II) acetate into the reaction system largely improves reaction rate and efficiency. This sensing strategy shows high sensitivity for ALP activity with detection limit of 0.08 U/L, and excellent selectivity towards ALP out of various interferences. This method is extended to human salivary ALP detection. The present method provides a simple and reliable alternative for the detection of ALP activity and has the potential for clinical applications. It also shows a feasible way to construct ratiometric fluorescent methods.

Effects of dental anxiety on dental caries and salivary alkaline phosphatase in children with different nutritional status

Objectives: Dental anxiety among children is a familiar problem. The study (cross sectional) was conducted to evaluate dental anxiety precedes the first dental examination in relation to dental caries experience according to nutritional status of children and to measure salivary alkaline phosphatase in relation to dental anxiety. Material and Methods: A total of 82 children aged six to eight years old, selected from public clinics in Baghdad city were divided into two groups: anxious and non-anxious group according physiological measures (heart rate and oxygen saturation) before first dental treatment. Weight and height for each child were measured to determine the nutritional status (normal weight, overweight and obese). Dental caries (experience and severity) in children with different nutritional status were recorded by using DMF, dmf and Manjie et al indices. Saliva was collected to analyze salivary alkaline phosphatase. Results: No statistical significant differences were observed between anxious and non-anxious children in means of dmf and DMF indices for primary and permanent teeth (p&gt;0.05). Higher mean of D1 (initial enamel caries) was found in non-anxious children than anxious with statistical significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in normal weight children only. Salivary alkaline phosphatase was not significantly different between the two groups.

Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders

Background: Although elevated salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels have been seen in oral squamous cell carcinoma, the status of S-ALP in cigarette users and those with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) is less well understood. The study's goals and objectives were to assess and compare S-ALP levels in tobacco users, nonusers, and people with OPMD. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 people who were divided into four groups: those who did not use tobacco, tobacco smokers, those who are in habit of tobacco chewing, and those who are in the habit of tobacco chewing/smoking and had a lesion. unstimulated saliva (5 mL) was collected and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm, and the supernatant was separated. In an automatic analyzer, S-ALP was calculated in the supernatant using the kinetic photometric method. Results: The information gathered was subjected to statistical analysis. S-ALP levels were 17.90 IU/L in healthy people who didn't smoke, 4.58 IU/L in smokers who didn't have a lesion, and 7.52 IU/L in tobacco chewers who didn't have a lesion, and 64.92 IU/L in people with OPMD. Using Kruskal–Wallis' ANOVA, the mean difference between the groups was statistically significant (P 0.001).

Prognostic Value of Salivary Biochemical Indicators in Primary Resectable Breast Cancer.

Despite the fact that breast cancer was detected in the early stages, the prognosis was not always favorable. In this paper, we examined the impact of clinical and pathological characteristics of patients and the composition of saliva before treatment on overall survival and the risk of recurrence of primary resectable breast cancer. The study included 355 patients of the Omsk Clinical Oncology Center with a diagnosis of primary resectable breast cancer (T1-3N0-1M0). Saliva was analyzed for 42 biochemical indicators before the start of treatment. We have identified two biochemical indicators of saliva that can act as prognostic markers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and diene conjugates (DC). Favorable prognostic factors were ALP activity above 71.7 U/L and DC level above 3.93 c.u. Additional accounting for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity allows for forming a group with a favorable prognosis, for which the relative risk is reduced by more than 11 times (HR = 11.49, 95% CI 1.43–88.99, p = 0.01591). Salivary AST activity has no independent prognostic value. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size, lymph nodes metastasis status, malignancy grade, tumor HER2 status, and salivary ALP activity were independent predictors. It was shown that the risk of recurrence decreased with menopause and increased with an increase in the size of the primary tumor and lymph node involvement. Significant risk factors for recurrence were salivary ALP activity below 71.7 U/L and DC levels below 3.93 c.u. before treatment. Thus, the assessment of biochemical indicators of saliva before treatment can provide prognostic information comparable in importance to the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumor and can be used to identify a risk group for recurrence in primary resectable breast cancer.

Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders

Background: Saliva, a widely obtainable oral fluid, has gained acceptability as a screening medium in numerous health disorders in recent years. It has the capacity to discern initial epithelial alterations in tobacco abusers and people with OPMD since it is in direct contact with the lesion. Although few reports have been conducted on the use of concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme in serum as well as saliva of OSCC patients as a biomarker, more research is needed in OPMD.Aims and Objectives: The study's major goals were to measure S-ALP levels in smokers, nonsmokers, and people with OPMD. and to compare S ALP levels in smokers, nonsmokers, and people with OPMD.Materials and Methods: The 84 participants in the study ranged in age from 18 to 75 years old, and they were divided into four groups:Category One – People who don't smoke or chew tobacco and don't have any lesions on intraoral inspection (n = 24).

Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders

The aim of this study evaluate the salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders. This prospective observational study comprised 60 individuals aged between 18 and 70 years who were categorized into four groups. For Group II, Group III and Group IV, individuals with the habit of smoking/tobacco chewing for a minimum period of 6 months were included in this study. The mean values for S‑ALP were found to be about 19.00 IU/L (SD 12.37) for Group I (range from 7 to 50 IU/L), 8.50 IU/L (SD 3.35) for Group II (range from 2 to 14 IU/L), 5.60 IU/L (SD 1.01) for Group III (range from 1 to 8 IU/L) and 65.90 IU/L (SD 50.70) for Group IV (range from 10 to 146 IU/L). Comparison of S‑ALP between the groups showed a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.001) using Kruskal–Wallis’ ANOVA. To know if there is any difference in S‑ALP levels between tobacco users and nonusers (Groups I and II and Groups I and III) and among the different forms of tobacco users (Groups II and III), the mean S‑ALP levels were compared using Mann–Whitney U‑test.

Salivary IGF-1 and Alkaline Phosphatase-Based Modeling for Skeletal Maturity Prediction in Orthodontic Patients.

Results A strong positive correlation was found between CA and cervical stages (r = 0.836, P < 0.001). Based on the regression model analysis, the model which combined IGF-1, ALP, and CA provided the best prediction at P < 0.001 with McFadden's pseudo R2 value of 0.552 for cervical stage prediction and 0.646 for growth phase prediction. In particular, its predictive ability for the prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal growth phases was 95%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Conclusions A new model with the combination of salivary IGF-1 and ALP with CA can be used as a less invasive method to determine the cervical stage and also growth phase with high predictive ability in healthy subjects.

Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase and Glutathione Peroxidase Levels in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Participants With and Without Smoking Habits: A Case-Control Study.

Background:The majority of the current evidence suggests that tobacco smoking increases the risk of diabetes. Salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) considered a biomarker to detect various oral diseases. Several studies suggest that smoking habits tend to alter ALP and GSHPx levels. However, at present, there is no much information about these enzymes in smokers with diabetes. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the status of salivary ALP and GSHPx levels in diabetic and nondiabetic participants with and without smoking habits.Materials and Methods:This case–control study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. A total of 60 male participants between the age group 35–50 years were recruited. Informed consent was obtained from participants. Participants were categorized into four groups: Group I – Smokers with diabetes (n = 15), Group II – Smokers without diabetes (n = 15), Group III – Nonsmoker with diabetes (n = 15), and Group IV – Nonsmoker without diabetes (n = 15). Salivary ALP levels and GSHPx activity were measured by colorimetric assay. Data were compared between groups using the one-way analysis of variance, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test.Results:Nonsmoker diabetic participants demonstrated significantly higher ALP levels as compared to other groups (P < 0.05). We observed significantly lower levels of ALP in smokers with diabetes (P < 0.05). We observed a significant decrease in GSHPx activity in smokers with diabetes compared to all other groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Salivary ALP can be used as a clinical biomarker to be correlated for evaluating diabetes. GSHPx activity can be used to understand the response of supplementation therapy in smokers with diabetes.

Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals.

In recent decades, biomarkers have been used to predict the progression of chronic periodontitis. One of these biomarkers is alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Due to limitations of the performed studies, this study was performed to determine the amount of salivary ALP and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals. Twenty-three patients with severe chronic periodontitis and 23 healthy individuals referred to the Periodontology Department of Ahvaz Jundishapur School of Dentistry were evaluated in this analytical epidemiological study. Salivary ALP and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured using ALP measuring kit and Hitachi device. Mean (standard deviation) of ALP enzyme was 19.43 (12.5) in GCF of patients with chronic periodontitis and 12 (1.48) in the healthy group, and it was 80.17 (23.9) in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and 24.78 (4.37) units per litre in the healthy group. There was a significant difference in the mean of this enzyme in GCF and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals (P < 0.001). The results showed that mean of ALP enzyme is significantly higher in GCV and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy individuals. Therefore, it seems that this parameter can be used as a useful biochemical parameter for the diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Multicolor diagnosis of salivary alkaline phosphatase triggered by silver-coated gold nanobipyramids.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the most versatile biomarkers for early detection of several diseases, such as oral carcinomas and periodontitis; therefore, great efforts have been dedicated for developing an ALP biosensor. Multicolor detection of ALP in saliva is ideal for a point-of-care diagnosis; however, this approach is very challenging since spectral responses over wavelengths of several tens of nanometers have thus far remained difficult to achieve. In this work, a colorimetric biosensor for ALP assay has been developedbased on ALP affinity to dephosphorylate glucose phosphate into glucose, which has the affinity to deposit Ag nanoshells onto Au nanobipyramids with a multicolor response. This approach provides a blue shift of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as large as 190nm corresponding to distinctive color changes, from yellowish brown to red based on the thickness of the formed Ag shell around the Au nanobipyramids. The change in the LSPR has been conducted for highly sensitive quantitative bioassay of ALP with a detectable multicolor change with linear dynamic range of 0.1-20 U/L and low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.085 U/L. Furthermore, the developed multicolor ALP biosensor exhibits high selectivity with high recovery of 98.6% demonstrating its reliability and suitability for a point-of-care diagnosis.