Saliva Control Research Articles

Comparison of restorative materials and surface alterations after prebiotic and probiotic beverages: A nanoindentation and SEM study.

The purpose was to investigate the surface characteristics of various resin-based materials by immersing in probiotic beverages. A total of 420 disc-shaped samples (5 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from resin-based composites. Samples were divided into four groups and immersed for 10 min/day for 1 month in either a probiotic sachet, kefir, kombucha, or artificial saliva (control). Surface roughness was measured at baseline and 1 month. One sample of each of the tested materials was examined under nanoindentation to evaluate the reduced elasticity modulus and nanohardness scores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare surface differences. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA test and the significance was set at p < .05. The lowest roughness scores were observed in Z250, Estelite Bulk Fill, and HRi ENA in most of the test groups. Among conventional composites, Z250 group had the highest nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Among bulk-fill composites, Estelite Bulk Fill Flow had the lowest surface roughness after immersion in probiotic beverages and the highest nanohardness values. Reveal HD, as a bulk-fill group showed higher surface roughness and considerably lower nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Maximum height levels of samples were recorded. SEM images revealed voids and microcracks on the surfaces of test materials. Dentists may prefer Z250 as microhybrid and Estelite Bulk Fill Flow as bulk-fill composites for the restorations of patients who consume gut-friendly drinks regularly. When there are various types of materials, nanoindentation is a useful method for evaluating surface alterations and sensible comparisons.

In Vitro Effect of Acidic Solutions and Sodium Fluoride on Surface Roughness of Two Types of CAD-CAM Dental Ceramics.

Objectives This study assessed the effect of immersion in acidic solutions and sodium fluoride on surface roughness of dental ceramics. Materials and Methods 40 blocks of Vitablocs Mark II and IPS e.max CAD (5 × 5 × 3) were prepared. The samples were divided into five groups (n = 8) for immersion in artificial saliva (control), artificially prepared gastric acid, acetic acid, 0.02% sodium fluoride + gastric acid, and 0.02% sodium fluoride + acetic acid. The samples were immersed for 168 hours in the respective solutions except for sodium fluoride, in which the samples were immersed for 69 hours. The surface roughness of samples was measured before and after immersion using a profilometer. The surface roughness changes of three specimens of each group were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and independent t-test. Results Significant changes were noted in Ra (P=0.002) and Rq (P < 0.0001) in both types of ceramics. The lowest changes in Ra and Rq parameters were seen in artificial saliva and gastric acid and highest changes occurred following immersion in 0.02% sodium fluoride + acetic acid and 0.02% sodium fluoride + gastric acid, respectively. Changes in Rz were also significant following immersion in Vitablocs Mark II (P < 0.05). Immersion in 0.02% sodium fluoride + gastric acid and 0.02% sodium fluoride + acetic acid produced a rougher surface on both types of ceramics (SEM). Conclusion Exposure of Vitablocs Mark II CAD and IPS e.max CAD to 0.02% sodium fluoride + gastric acid and 0.02% sodium fluoride + acetic acid significantly increased their surface roughness, while for Vitablocs Mark II, lager defects were seen on its surface.

EFFECT OF SALBUTAMOL SULFAT EXPOSURE TO THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF BIOACTIVE RESIN

ABSTRACTBioactive composite resin is the newest restorative resin material which has good mechanical and aesthetic properties. In the oral cavity, the restoration is degraded due to exposure to acids, one of which is exposure to asthma drugs. Properties of composite resins that can be affected by degradation include surface roughness. This study aims to analyze salbutamol sulfate exposure to the surface roughness of bioactive resins. The research method used was pure experimental design with post test-only with control design. The study used 39 specimens of bioactive resin (8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness), divided into 3 treatment groups, namely the 400µg salbutamol sulfate exposure group, the 800µg salbutamol sulfate exposure group and the artificial saliva control group with treatment every 24 hours for 7 days, subsequently the specimens are tested with the surface roughness of the composite resin using a surface roughness tester. The highest surface roughness value was found in the 800µg group (8.23 ± 0.98 µm), followed by 400 µg group (5.43 ± 1.16 µm) and the lowest in the artificial saliva group (2.63 ± 0.82 µm). There were significant differences in all treatment groups. The exposure of salbutamol sulfate affects the surface roughness of the bioactive composite resin, a higher number of exposure doses indicates a higher surface roughness value.Keywords: bioactive composite resins, salbutamol sulfate, surface roughness

Effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chain

Introduction: Orthodontic elastomeric chain is polyurethane elastomer that is widely used among orthodontists due to its functions. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are listed in mouthwash composition which could affect the mechanical properties of the elastomeric chain. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Methods: This research is an experimental analytic laboratory with pretest-posttest control group design. 150 samples of orthodontic chains were divided into three groups. Group 1: artificial saliva (control group); Group 2: 0,1% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX); Group 3: 0,1% chlorhexidine digluconate with sodium fluoride solution (CHX-NaF). The orthodontic elastomeric chain was stretched and maintained at a standardized distance equivalent to a force of 300 g. The measurement of force decay and permanent deformation were performed with digital force gauge and digital caliper (0.01mm) at intervals of the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Results: The force decay and permanent deformation of the elastomeric chain compared between three groups (control, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash) showed did not have any significantly different (p-value&gt;0,05) at the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Conclusion: Sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwash showing no significant difference among saliva, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash on force decay and permanent deformation of elastomeric chain.

Effect of Different Dentifrices, Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide, and Red Wine on Surface Color and Roughness of Bovine Enamel

Objective: To evaluate color and roughness of bovine enamel exposed to dentifrices, dental bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP), and erosion/staining by red wine. Methods: Bovine enamel blocks were exposed to: artificial saliva (control), Oral-B Pro-Health (stannous fluoride with sodium fluoride, SF), Sensodyne Repair &amp; Protect (bioactive glass, BG), Colgate Pro-Relief (arginine and calcium carbonate, AR), or Chitodent (chitosan, CHI). After toothpaste exposure, half (n=12) of the samples were bleached (35% HP), and the other half were not (n=12). The color (CIE L*a* b*, ΔE), surface roughness (Ra), and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated. Color and roughness were assessed at baseline, post-dentifrice and/or -dental bleaching, and after red wine. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (ΔE) for repeated measures (Ra), followed by Tukey´s test. The L*, a*, and b* values were analyzed by generalized linear models (a=0.05). Results: The HP promoted an increase in Ra values; however, the SF, BG, and AR did not enable this alteration. After red wine, all groups apart from SF (unbleached) showed increases in Ra values; SF and AR promoted decreases in L* values; AR demonstrated higher ΔE values, differing from the control; and CHI decreased the L* variation in the unbleached group. Conclusion: Dentifrices did not interfere with the bleaching efficacy of 35% HP. However, dentifrices acted as a preventive agent against surface alteration from dental bleaching (BG, SF, and AR) or red wine (SF). Dentifrices can decrease (CHI) or increase (AR and SF) staining by red wine.

Effect of whitening mouth rinses on the chemical and physical properties of a nanofilled composite

Aim: This study analyzed the effect of whitening mouth rinses on water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), color change, and surface roughness of a nanofilled composite. Whitening perceptibility and acceptability (WID) were also studied. Methods: Forty specimens of Filtek Z350XT, shade EA2 were produced and randomly distributed (n=8) to AS – artificial saliva (control); LWE – Listerine Whitening Extreme; CLW – Colgate Luminous White; LCM – Listerine Cool Mint; and CP – Colgate Plax. They were immersed in the mouth rinses 2x/day, for one minute, during 28 days. The color was assessed using an Easyshade spectrophotometer (CIE-L*a*b* system). Surface roughness (Ra-μm) was measured with three parallel measures, using an RP-200 roughness meter. The WS and SL (μg/mm-3) were analyzed based on the ISO 4049 recommendations. The data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA/Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: Surface roughness significantly increased after immersion in AS and LCM, with no significant differences between the groups either before or after immersion. The ΔE* was not significantly different between the groups. All substances produced a ΔWID higher than the 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. The WS and SL were not significantly affected by the mouth rinses. Conclusion: Whitening mouth rinses did not affect WS, SL, surface roughness, and color stability of a nanofilled composite, regardless of the presence of ethanol in the composition.

Effect of fluoride on mechanical properties of NiTi and CuNiTi orthodontic archwires: an in vitro study.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: After debonding, white spot may appear on the area below the bracket, which is the early clinical sign of carious lesion. There is increased caries risk underneath and adjacent to orthodontic bands and brackets, which call for maximum use of caries preventive procedures using various fluoride application methods. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate alterations in the mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and yield strength) in loading and unloading phases for different orthodontic archwires (nickel-titanium [NiTi] and copper-nickel-titanium [CuNiTi]) when exposed routinely to fluoride prophylactic agents for a predetermined period of time. Methods: Preformed rectangular NiTi and CuNiTi wires were immersed in fluoride solution and artificial saliva (control) for 90 minutes at 37ºC. After immersion, specimens were tested using a 3-point bend test on a universal testing machine.Results: There is a significant reduction in the unloading yield strength when the NiTi and CuNiTi wires were exposed to APF gel. Conclusion: The result suggests that use of topical fluoride agents affect the mechanical properties of the wires, leading to increase in treatment duration. Fluoride prophylactic agents must be used with caution in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Injudicious use of these agents may cause corrosive effects on the orthodontic wire surfaces, with alteration in their mechanical properties.

Stereomicroscopic Analysis of Microleakage, Evaluation of Shear Bond Strengths and Adhesive Remnants Beneath Orthodontic Brackets under Cyclic Exposure to Commonly Consumed Commercial “Soft” Drinks

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Coca-Cola®, Sprite®, and Maaza® on Microleakage, shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnants underneath orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: A total of 192 human premolar teeth were used in this study. The sample was divided into four groups: Artificial saliva (control) [Group 1], Coca-Cola [Group 2], Sprite [Group 3] and Maaza [Group 4]. All the samples were stored in artificial saliva and immersed in their respective testing media (except the control group) for 15 minutes 3 times a day, separated by intervals of 8 hours. The immersion cycle was repeated for 15 days. After the immersion cycle, 24 teeth from each group were tested for SBS and adhesive remnant index subsequently. The remaining 24 teeth from each group underwent dyeing with methylene blue and were analyzed stereomicroscopically to evaluate microleakage underneath the brackets. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro normality tests were performed and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene test. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were carried out separately for SBS, ARI and microleakage. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago) software. Results: Coca-Cola showed a significant reduction in SBS and microleakage (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the other groups. ARI did not show any significant differences between any groups (p &gt; 0.05). The mean microleakage scores were higher for the gingival side of the brackets compared to the incisal side. Both Sprite and Maaza showed significant differences compared to artificial saliva, despite the SBS not being statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: A significant reduction of SBS was observed in Coca-Cola while increased microleakage was seen in all three drinks compared to artificial saliva.

Effect of Green Tea, Black Tea and Moringa Oleifera on Remineralization of Artificially Demineralized Enamel and Dentin: An In-vitro Microhardness Analysis.

Objectives: The present in vitro study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of green tea, black tea and Moringa Oleifera on artificially demineralized enamel and dentin. Methods: Forty intact maxillary molar teeth were sectioned mesiodistally. The demineralized samples of enamel and dentin were randomly divided into four subgroups according to the treatment utilized. Group 1: Green tea extract; Group 2: Black tea extract; Group 3: Moringa Oleifera extract and Group 4: Artificial saliva (control). The samples were subsequently evaluated using microhardness tester. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between baselines followed by after treatment, while the lowest mean value was found in after demineralization. A statistically non-significant difference was found between the four tested groups in enamel samples. In dentin, the highest mean value was found in Moringa Oleifera while the lowest mean value was found in black tea. The highest percentage of change was found in Dentin showed higher percentage of change after treatment compared to enamel. Conclusion: Black tea, green tea and Moringa Oleifera enhanced the remineralization process of demineralized enamel and dentin, and thus, might be considered as an effective natural remineralizing agents.

Comparative Evaluation of Erosive Potential of Different Pediatric Liquid Medications on Primary Tooth Enamel and Tooth Coloured Restorative Materials

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the erosive potential of pediatric liquid analgesics and their effect on primary enamel, glass ionomer and composite resin restorations. Methods: Selected medications were analysed in triplicates with regard to pH and titratable acidity. Eighteen specimens each of glass ionomer, composite resin and primary enamel were prepared and stored in 100% relative humidity at 37ºC for 7 days. After baseline surface roughness analysis using 3D optical profilometer, specimens were randomly distributed according to immersion media into three groups (n=6) as follows: Group 1- Calpol® ( Paracetamol), Group 2–Ibugesic® (Ibuprofen) and Group 3 –Artificial saliva (control). The specimens were subjected to immersion cycles for 5 days following which surface roughness was measured. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Results: Ibugesic ® showed the lowest titratable acidity and mean pH when compared to Calpol®. The glass ionomer cement exhibited highest surface roughness followed by primary enamel and composite resin both at baseline and after immersion. The highest mean surface roughness change for glass ionomer cement was observed when exposed to Ibugesic® (0.04 ± 0.13) when compared to Calpol® (0.006 ± 0.01) and artificial saliva (0.035 ± 0.05). Conclusions: Although minimal, the restorative materials and primary enamel subjected to acidic medicines showed surface roughness changes and among the pediatric liquid analgesics tested, Ibugesic® was observed to be highly erosive with lower pH and high titratable acidity

Comparison of color stability of two types of denture base resins in various food colorant solutions: An in vitro study

Background: Heat cured Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and Lucitone are the most commonly used denture base resins but their discoloration results in esthetic problems. There is evidence that these resins get discolored on contact with coloring solutions due to sorption but very few studies report on the effect with food colorants. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate and measure the effect of these food colorants on the denture base resins. Purpose: The color stability of two commercially available denture base acrylic resins (Trevalon & Lucitone) was studied in vitro. Materials and Methods : The specimens were exposed to solution of artificial saliva (control), mixture of artificial saliva and coffee solution and mixture of artificial saliva and turmeric solution. The color measurements were made at baseline (before immersion) and after 30 and 60 days of exposure to staining solutions and color characteristics compared with a white standard using a computer controlled spectrophotometer. Finally, the color stability was quantitatively measured again and color differences (?E) were calculated. Results: The results of discoloration were analyzed with ANOVA, and it indicated that all factors (time, material, and staining solution), and all possible interactions among them, were found to be statistically significant (p 3 solutions were slight and at trace level. Conclusions: All materials tested were acceptable from the standpoint of color stability for long term exposure to these food colorants. Trevalon® (PMMA), demonstrated maximum color stability as compared to Lucitone FRS and discoloration increased proportionally with immersion period. Keywords: Denture base, Color stability, Foodcolorant.

Comparison Of The Effect Of Acid Type Of Cuko Pempek On The Surface Hardness Of Mycrohybrid And Nanohybrid Composite Resin

Abstract often used nowadays because of the combination of filler with good aesthetic and mechanical strength. Various factors in the oral cavity such as acid solution can affect the surface hardness of composite resin. Cuko pempek is an additional sauce that served which has acidic pH. This study aimed to compare the effect of acid type of cuko pempekhardness of microhybrid and nanohybrid composite. Materials and Methods:Thirty-six samples of microhybrid (n=18) and nanohybrid composite (n=18) with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were immersed in three different solutions: artificial saliva (control), cuko pempek using vinegar, and cuko pempekSurface hardness was measured before and after immersion using Vickers Hardness Tester. Resultsshowed a significant difference on the surface hardness of composite resin before and after ardness of microhybrid and nanohybrid composites after (p&lt;0,0167) showed statistically significant differences, while there were no cuko pempek using vinegar and tamarind (p&gt;0,0167). This study alsothat there were significant differences on the surface hardness of microhybrid and nanohybrid composite after cuko pempek using vinegar, and cuko pempek using tamarind (p&lt;0,05). face hardness of nanohybrid composite was lower than microhybrid composite after using vinegar and tamarind. composite resin, surface hardness.

Effect of Green, Tulsi, and Areca Teas on the Color Stability of Two Composite Resin Materials - an in vitro Spectrophotometric Analysis.

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of Green, Tulsi, and Areca teas on the color stability of two composite materials on the 30th and 60th days.Materials and MethodsTwo light cure composite restorative materials, Brilliant EverGlow (Group 1) and Brilliant NG, (Group 2) with different resin and filler characteristics were selected. The test solutions selected were Green tea, Tulsi tea, Areca tea, and artificial saliva (control group). In total, 104-disc shaped specimens were fabricated using a custom made brass mold as per the manufacturer instructions. All specimens were put in storage for rehydration and complete polymerization at 37°C in distilled water for 24 hours. Specimens of each composite material were randomly divided into four subgroups of 13 samples. Tea solutions were freshly prepared, and specimens were immersed in the respective solutions every day for 15 minutes for 60 days. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva after the immersion regimen. The color evaluation was done before immersion, on the 30th and 60th day, using a digital reflectance spectrophotometer.ResultsAt 30 days, Group 1 specimens immersed in Areca and Green teas showed significantly higher mean values than those in control and Tulsi tea. At 60 days in Group 1, specimens in Areca tea showed significantly higher mean value, followed by Green tea, Tulsi tea, and control. At 30 and 60 days in group 2, specimens in control had significantly lower mean values than other tea preparations. Group 1 showed a higher mean difference in ΔE than Group 2 specimens immersed in Green and Areca teas at 30 days (P=0.001 and 0.001) and 60 days (P=0.001 and <0.001), respectively.ConclusionAll herbal tea preparations exhibited staining potential, which increased over time, and Areca tea showed the highest staining potential. Understanding the staining potential of newer tea preparations on recent composite materials helps the clinician to choose the right restorative materials.

Microstructural analysis of restorative materials submitted to acid exposure

The study aimed to evaluate, through surface roughness and microhardness tests, the amount of damage caused by hydrochloric acid to restorative materials. Five different materials were used: direct composite resin (Z 350), indirect composite resin (Resilab Master), conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) (Vidrion R), resin modified GIC (Vitremer) and ceramic (Empress II). Twenty one specimens of each material were constructed and had their initial roughness and microhardness evaluated. Sixteen specimens of each material were immersed in a gastric fluid without enzymes simulating acid episodes. Other 5 specimens of each material were immersed in artificial saliva (control groups). After 7 days of immersion, the specimens had their surfaces evaluated again. Then, after another 21 days of immersion the specimens were submitted to a third mensuration. One specimen at each stage of the research was subjected to analysis in scanning electronic microscopy. The samples demonstrated changes in roughness and microhardness after the immersion of the restorative materials in the acid solution. The roughness results showed that for both glass ionomer cements, there was a significant difference between the first and last reading, with an increase in their roughness. In ceramic and direct resin materials, no significant difference among the periods was observed. Concerning to microhardness, the behavior of the materials showed a tendency towards decreasing hardness. The results showed the degradation of the restorative materials when exposed to acid episodes.

Abstract 5726: A-to-I RNA deaminase deregulation in pre-leukemia stem cell evolution

Abstract While inflammation induced ADAR1 RNA deaminases protect the human genome from retroviral integration, deregulation promotes therapeutic resistance in many malignancies. However, the combinatorial role of these deaminases in pre-leukemia stem cell (pre-LSC) evolution to therapy resistant LSC had not been elucidated. Thus, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 43 CD34+pre-leukemic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) samples compared with matched saliva and non-MPN controls andwhole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of 113 FACS-purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) from MPN, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and healthy young and aged samples. During MPN progression, inflammation-driven ADAR1 isoform p150 upregulation corresponded with increased Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) transitions in both MPN stem and progenitor populations. We identified unique A-to-I editing events in coding regions that are associated with either normal stem progenitors or with MPN progenitors. In addition, STAT3 transcript hyper-editing leads to STAT3beta splice isoform expression. Moreover, lentiviral ADAR1p150 overexpression enhanced replating as well as beta-catenin activation, which was reversed by lentiviral shRNA ADAR1 knockdown. In summary, innate immune deaminase deregulation fuels pre-LSC evolution to LSC and may represent a vital LSC therapeutic vulnerability. Citation Format: Qingfei Jiang, Frida Holm, Jane Isquith, Adam Mark, Cayla Mason, Eduardo Reynoso, Isabella Morris, Wenxue Ma, Raymond Diep, Jessica Pham, Chanond Nasamran, Guorong Xu, Roman Sasik, Sara Brin Rosenthal, Amanda Birmingham, Leslie Crews, Gabriel Pineda, Thomas Whisenant, Kathleen Fisch, Catriona Jamieson. A-to-I RNA deaminase deregulation in pre-leukemia stem cell evolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5726.

Development and Analytical Validation of a 29 Gene Clinical Pharmacogenetic Genotyping Panel: Multi‐Ethnic Allele and Copy Number Variant Detection

To develop a novel pharmacogenetic genotyping panel, a multidisciplinary team evaluated available evidence and selected 29 genes implicated in interindividual drug response variability, including 130 sequence variants and additional copy number variants (CNVs). Of the 29 genes, 11 had guidelines published by the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium. Targeted genotyping and CNV interrogation were accomplished by multiplex single‐base extension using the MassARRAY platform (Agena Biosciences) and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MRC Holland), respectively. Analytical validation of the panel was accomplished by a strategic combination of > 500 independent tests performed on 170 unique reference material DNA samples, which included sequence variant and CNV accuracy, reproducibility, and specimen (blood, saliva, and buccal swab) controls. Among the accuracy controls were 32 samples from the 1000 Genomes Project that were selected based on their enrichment of sequence variants included in the pharmacogenetic panel (VarCover.org). Coupled with publicly available samples from the Genetic Testing Reference Materials Coordination Program (GeT‐RM), accuracy validation material was available for the majority (77%) of interrogated sequence variants (100% with average allele frequencies > 0.1%), as well as additional structural alleles with unique copy number signatures (e.g., CYP2D6*5, *13, *36, *68; CYP2B6*29; and CYP2C19*36). Accuracy and reproducibility for both genotyping and copy number were > 99.9%, indicating that the optimized panel platforms were precise and robust. Importantly, multi‐ethnic allele frequencies of the interrogated variants indicate that the vast majority of the general population carries at least one of these clinically relevant pharmacogenetic variants, supporting the implementation of this panel for pharmacogenetic research and/or clinical implementation programs.

Saliva-controlled sputum culture (SSC) – A high value diagnostic tool for deep pulmonary infections

A major obstacle to prompt diagnosis of fungal pulmonary infections is that deep sputum samples are scarce, yet are frequently rejected if they contain saliva. We show that including saliva controls unfailingly distinguishes oropharyngeal flora from pulmonary fungi, thus preserving valuable samples for analysis, expediting diagnoses and improving patient care.

ASSESMENT OF DENTAL ENAMEL DISCOLORATION BY FOOD: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Background: Extrinsic tooth discoloration is a common problem with great influence on tooth color and smile esthetics. Consumption of colored beverages increases the risk of these extrinsic stains formation. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of colored beverages on tooth discoloration. Materials and Methods: 80 bovine specimens were prepared from 80 extracted bovine central incisors and randomly divided into four groups (n = 20/group): immersed in tea, coffee, cola and artificial saliva (control). The immersed time was 10 min per day in 1 and 2 weeks. Color changes were evaluated by L*, a*, b* and ∆E* values of CIELAB system using Crystaleye spectrocolorimeter. Results: Tea caused the L* values decreasingafter 1 day immersion (p &lt; 0.05), while the a* values increased and the b* values had no changes after 2 week immersion. Coffee caused the L* and a* values decreasing after 1 day immersion (p &lt; 0.05) while the b* values had no changes. Cola caused the L* value decreasing after 1 day immersion (p &lt; 0.05) while a* and b* values had no changes. Following 3 weeks immersions, the color change values (∆E*) of both 3 groups were higher than 3.7 and increased over time. Conclusions: Tea, coffee and cola cause staining on bovine specimens in different levels, the primarily changes are on lightness decreasing (L*), the saturation (a* and b*) changes depend on the type of beverages. In all evaluated time points, the highest ∆E* values were observed with tea, coffee showed lower ∆E* values and cola showed the lowest ∆E* values. Key words: tea, cofee, cola, spectrocolorimeter, extrinsic discoloration

Role of desensitizing/whitening dentifrices in enamel wear

ObjectivesTo analyze the impact of desensitizing (D) and/or whitening (W) dentifrices on erosion and erosion-abrasion. MethodsEnamel specimens were allocated into 10 groups (n = 20): 1. Artificial saliva (control); 2. Sensodyne Repair&Protect (SRP–D); 3. Sensodyne Repair&Protect Whitening (SRP–W); 4. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (CSPR–D); 5. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Real White (CSPRR–W); 6. Colgate Total 12 (CT); 7. Colgate Total 12 Professional Whitening (CTP–W); 8. Sensodyne True White (ST–W); 9. Curaprox Black is White (CB–W); 10. Oral-B 3D White Perfection (OB3D-W). For abrasion (n = 10), 30,000 brushing strokes were performed and surface roughness (SR) was evaluated. Erosion-abrasion (n = 10) consisted of 1 % citric acid (2 min), artificial saliva (60 min); 6×/day; 5 days. Toothbrushing was carried out 2×/day (45 strokes). Surface loss (SL) was determined with an optical profilometer. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). ResultsRelative to SR, only OB3D-W had a significantly rougher surface than the control (p = 0.014). SRP-D, CSPR-D and ST-W showed no difference from the baseline. High SL was observed for ST-W, OB3D-W and CTP-W, without significant differences from the control. CT showed the lowest SL, not differing from SRP–D and SRP–W. There was a weak negative correlation between SL and concentration of free fluoride in the slurries, SL and SR, and SL and pH, all p > 0.05. ConclusionsOnly one dentifrice increased surface roughness of enamel to a higher degree than brushing with saliva. Brushing with the test dentifrices did not cause higher enamel erosive wear than brushing with saliva. Clinical significanceThis study enhances our knowledge on the effect of desensitizing and whitening dentifrices, indicating that they do not worsen enamel loss due to abrasion and they might be a safe option for individuals with erosive tooth wear.

Measurement of eroded dentine tubule patency and roughness following novel dab-on or brushing abrasion

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of dab-on or brushing of stannous-fluoride SnF2 or sodium-fluoride NaF dentifrice on eroded dentine tubule patency, surface and inter-tubular dentine roughness, using Confocal-Laser-Scanning-Microscopy (CLSM), Atomic-Force-Microscopy (AFM), Energy-Dispersive-X-ray-Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (SEM) and Contact-Profilometry (CP). Methods75-polished human dentine samples were prepared and eroded in agitated 6% citric acid to expose patent tubules and ‘initiate’ DH. Samples were randomly allocated into 5 intervention groups; artificial saliva control (1); electric tooth-brushing with NaF (2) or SnF2 (3), and dab-on application of NaF (4) or SnF2 (5). Samples underwent three cycles of intervention followed by further acid challenge. Patent tubules, likely to cause DH clinically, were measured using validated biocomputational methods with CLSM images of dentine surfaces taken baseline and post-intervention. Randomised samples (n = 15, 20 %) were investigated using AFM, EDX and SEM to study surface and sub-surface tubular occlusion. Dentine surface and inter-tubular roughness were measured using CP and AFM respectively. ResultsAt baseline, mean tubule patency in all samples was 216 (SD 58) with no significant inter-group differences. Post-intervention, the mean patency was 220 (40) and 208 (35) in groups 1 and 2 respectively (p ≥ 0.06), but decreased to 62 (41), 62 (21) and 63 (19) in groups 3, 4 and 5 respectively (p < 0.0001). Patency was confirmed using AFM, SEM and EDX. SnF2 interventions created greater sub-surface occlusion (p < 0.01), and increased CP surface roughness (p = 0.015). Significant negative correlation (-0.6) existed between CP surface roughness and tubule patency (p = 0.009). ConclusionsDab-on with NaF and SnF2 or brushing with SnF2 reduces DH in eroded dentine with ongoing acid challenges. Contacting surface roughness measures indicate risk of DH. Clinical significanceDab-on is a convenient supplementary method of dentifrice application to reduce DH; it beneficially avoids brushing post-erosion or overzealous brushing, enables re-establishment of an appropriate brushing regime post-DH and supports oral health. Significant modes of action of SnF2 in reducing DH are revealed. Finally, CP roughness measures provide indication of dentine lesions that may cause DH clinically.