Saliva Contamination Research Articles

Bond strength in glass ionomer cement with saliva contamination

Bond strength in glass ionomer cement with saliva contamination

Evalution of shear bond strength of brackets bonded using different hydrophobic and hydrophilic adhesives: An invitro study

A review of the long history of orthodontic bonding adhesives shows that many evolutional developments have occurred from the first chemically-cured composite resins to the most recently introduced light-cured color-change adhesives. An ideal orthodontic adhesive should have adequate bond strength while maintaining unblemished enamel after debonding. Therefore, researchers have been working hard to achieve the best quality and gentlest materials for bonding orthodontic brackets.To evaluate the shear bond strength of brackets bonded using four different adhesives in both dry and in moist environment.A total of 80 orthodontically extracted premolars will be selected. They are divided into 4 equal groups of different adhesives which are further sub-divided into 2 group each (dry and in presence of moisture). All the selected teeth will be cleaned and store in saline until it use. All teeth will be mounted on acrylic block. The shear bond strength will be measured by Lloyd’s Universal testing machine. The obtained data will be statistically evaluated using SPSS22 for Windows using ANOVA test at statistical significance.: The shear bond strength of the four groups were tested with Instron universal testing machine; breaking load at which bond failure occurred was recorded and bond strength was calculated. Data obtained was compiled on MS Office Excel Sheet (2007, Microsoft Redmond Campus, Redmond. Washington, United States.)Data was subjected to statistical package for social sciences (SPSS v 21).Statistically significant difference seen between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic adhesives. In the present study we did Tukey’s post hoc test for pairwise comparison of different hydrophobic and hydrophilic adhesives. It show highly significant values. : The greatest bond strength values were achieved with TransbondXT in both dry and saliva contamination condition. These values were significantly greater than those achieved with Greengloo, RMGIC and Aqualine LC. The overall study conclude that TransbondXT was considered the feasible adhesive material for orthodontic bonding followed by Aqualine LC.

PSXII-16 Effect of including sugar cane molasses on rumen fermentation characteristics in young beef finishing heifers

Abstract In ruminant animals, the use of molasses has benefits related to improved voluntary intake and increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the rumen, especially butyrate. Butyrate is closely related to gastrointestinal tract health, as it may contribute to the increase in the absorption area of the ruminal epithelium and improve the utilization of diet components, resulting in improved voluntary intake and immune response capacity in stressful situations, such as weaning. Hence, our objective was to assess the effect of sugar cane molasses on rumen fermentation characteristics in young beef finishing heifers. Newly weaned Nellore × Red Angus heifers (n = 12) averaging 238 ± 5.1 kg body weight (BW), were used. All heifers were housed in individual pens with concrete floors, covered feeders, and drinkers. The basal diet was 50 % concentrate, and consisted of corn silage, sorghum silage, ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and a mineral premix. The diet was provided twice daily at 0700 and 1600 h, allowing up to 10% in orts (as fed). The following treatments were evaluated: control (no addition of powdered molasses) or addition of 50 g/kg of diet [dry matter (DM) basis] of powdered molasses. The experiment lasted for a total of 80 d, including a 14-d adaptation period. On d 68 and 76, rumen fluid samples were collected both before and 4 h after the morning feeding using an oral probe coupled to a vacuum pump. The initial fluid samples were discarded to prevent saliva contamination. The rumen fluid was filtered through four layers of cheesecloth, and then pH was measured. Subsequently, samples were taken and stored in an ultra-freezer (-80°C) for subsequent SCFA analysis. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 (α = 0.05). Providing molasses increased ruminal pH compared with control heifers (P < 0.032). Adding molasses did not affect SCFA concentration (P > 0.90). Conversely, we detected an effect of molasses on SCFA molar proportion. The molar proportion of both acetate (P < 0.013) and butyrate (P < 0.012) were greater in heifers fed molasses than with controls. On the other hand, dietary molasses addition decreased (P < 0.001). the propionate molar proportion. This resulted in an increased (P < 0.002) acetate-to-propionate ratio in heifers fed diets containing molasses. In conclusion, providing sugar cane molasses enhances rumen fermentation characteristics in young beef finishing heifers.

Influence of Surface Pretreatment on the Bond Strength of a Resin Luting Cement to Saliva-contaminated Enamel and Dentin.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of surface pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin luting cement to enamel and dentin with saliva contamination. The surface free energies (SFE) of the adherent surfaces were also determined. Bovine enamel and dentin were used in this study. For the saliva-contamination, human saliva was applied to the adherent surface for 60 seconds and then air-dried, and the specimens without saliva contamination served as controls. One group of contaminated surfaces was untreated (SC), and the others were pretreated with Katana Cleaner (KC), Multi Etchant (ME), or Ultra-Etch (UE). Fifteen specimens were prepared to measure the SBS for each test group.The mixed resin luting cement paste was applied to the alumina-blasted surface of a stainless-steel rod and placed on the prepared tooth surface. The luting cement was light irradiated for 40 seconds. The bonded specimens were stored for 24 hours at 37°C and half of the bonded specimens underwent 10,000 thermal cycles. The SBS and SFE of the specimens after different pre-treatments were measured. The two-way ANOVA revealed that the factors of pretreatment agent and storage condition had a significant effect on the SBS to enamel and dentin. The SFE values of the SC group were significantly lower than those of the other groups in both enamel and dentin. The SFE of pretreated surface was material dependent. A pretreatment agent containing functional monomers was shown to be effective in removing saliva contaminants and in creating an effective bonding surface for the resin luting cement.

Effect of blood and artificial saliva contamination on marginal adaptation and sealing ability of different retrograde filling materials: A comparative analysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood and artificial salivary contamination of different root-end filling materials on microleakage using a confocal laser scanning microscope and on marginal adaptation using a scanning electron microscope. Eighty noncarious single-rooted teeth with mature apices were taken. After retro-cavity preparation, they were randomly assigned into two major groups (n = 40). They were contaminated with blood and artificial saliva, respectively. Each major group was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) and filled as follows: Subgroup A, Biodentine; Subgroup B, bioactive bone cement; Subgroup C, Cention N; and Subgroup D, Bio-C Repair. The samples were sectioned transversely at 1 and 2 mm from the root apex and checked under a confocal laser scanning microscope for microleakage and under an scanning electron microscope for marginal adaptation. The average mean values were calculated. Independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc tests were done to analyze the data. All the tested materials showed marginal gaps and dye leakage. The Bio-C Repair group showed the least mean marginal gap and dye leakage values, followed by bioactive bone cement, Biodentine, and Cention N, respectively, in both blood and artificial saliva contamination. However, the mean marginal gaps and dye leakage between the major groups were statistically insignificant. In an overall comparison, Bio-C Repair was found to be superior in terms of marginal adaptation and sealing ability under the test conditions.

Oro-ruminal sampling device and technique for rapid collection of rumen content and improved recovery of solid fractions for microbiome analysis.

Rumen fistulation is a widely used procedure that allows for collection of ruminal contents. However, fistulation is an invasive and costly procedure that generally limits the number of animals that can be recruited for experiments, thus encouraging the use of alternative techniques such as the intra-esophageal tube technique. One of the challenges of this technique is the limited ability to collect solid fractions from the rumen content pool which may impact the microbial community structure in the sample, particularly affecting the recovery and characterization of solid adherent-bacteria. We developed an intra-esophageal tube rumen sampling technique and device referred to as ‘Rumen Sampler MG’ with the aim of increasing the recovery of solid fractions from rumen content compared with other oro-ruminal sampling methods. The ‘Rumen Sampler MG’ device consists of a manual pump fitted with a barometer and an intra-esophageal flexible PVC tube with beveled terminal edge allowing for minimal clogging of the sampling tubing and a rapid flux of contents being sampled. Nine lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (554.6 ± 25.2 kg BW; 8.3 ± 3.3 DIM) were recruited to evaluate the proposed method. During the procedure, animals were safely restrained in a chute and administered with a low dosage of a neuroleptic drug to reduce animal stress during sampling. An endoscopic camera was inserted into the reticulo-rumen through the esophagus to identify the sampling location and determine the length of the sampling tube necessary to reach the desired location. Following, the intra-esophageal sampling tube connected to a manual pump was inserted for collection of rumen contents. Samples collected did not present visual evidence of saliva contamination (e.g., high viscosity) and their pH ranged within expected values (6.33 - 7.04) for samples collected from the reticulo-rumen. Each sample contained 35–40% wet solids volume. Individual dry matter intake and milk production of cows continued to increase after sampling as expected for cows in the early postpartum period, suggesting that the sampling procedure did not affect cow performance. Results from microbiome analysis of rumen content samples suggest that the relative abundances of the main bacterial phyla are consistent with those from samples collected from dairy cows via rumen fistula in previous studies. The device and technique proposed allow for adequate samples of ruminal liquid and solid contents to be collected for microbiome analysis without disruption of animal performance.

Unveiling the consequences of early human saliva contamination on membranes for guided bone regeneration.

GBR membranes have various surface properties designed to elicit positive responses in regenerative clinical procedures; dental clinicians attempt to employ techniques to prevent the direct interaction of contaminated oral fluids with these biomaterials. However, saliva is uninterruptedly exhibited in oral surgical procedures applying GBR membranes, suggesting a persistent interaction with biomaterials and the surrounding oral tissues. This fundamental study aimed to investigate potential alterations in the physical, chemical, and key biological properties of membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) caused by isolated early interaction with human saliva. A reproducible step-by-step protocol for collecting and interacting human saliva with membranes was developed. Subsequently, membranes were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, protein quantification, DNA, and 16S rRNA levels viability of two different cell lines at 1 and 7 days, and ALP activity. Non-interacted membranes and pure saliva of donors were applied as controls. Qualitative morphological alterations were noticed; DNA extraction and 16S quantification revealed significantly higher values. Furthermore, the viability of HGF-1 and MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly (p < .05) reduced following saliva interaction with biodegradable membranes. Saliva contamination did not prejudice PTFE membranes significantly in any biological assay. These outcomes demonstrated a susceptible response of biodegradable membranes to isolated early human saliva interaction, suggesting impairment of structural morphology, reduced viability to HGF-1 and MC3T3-E1, and higher absorption/adherence of DNA/16S rRNA. As a result, clinical oral procedures may need corresponding refinements.

Bonding Effectiveness of Saliva-Contaminated Monolithic Zirconia Ceramics Using Different Decontamination Protocols.

This research study investigated the effect of new decontamination protocols on the bonding capacity of saliva-contaminated monolithic zirconia (MZ) ceramics cemented with two different monomer-containing self-adhesive resin cements. Standardized tooth preparations (4 mm. axial height) were performed for eighty human maxillary premolars under constant water cooling system. Eighty monolithic zirconia crowns (Whitepeaks Supreme Monolith) (n = 8/10 groups) were manufactured by CAD-CAM. Specimens were kept in the artificial saliva at pH = 7.3 for 1 minute at 37°C except control groups. The specimens have not been prealumina blasted and grouped according to cleaning methods and resin cements: control groups (C) (no saliva contamination + GPDM + 4-META (N) (CN) and 10-MDP (M) containing resin cement (CM), alumina blasted (AL) + GPDM + 4-META (ALN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (ALM), zirconium oxide containing universal cleaning agent (IC) applied + GPDM + 4-META (N) (ICN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (ICM), pumice (P) applied + GPDM + 4-META (PN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (PM), and air-water spray (AW) applied + GPDM + 4-META (AWN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (AWM)). Monobond Plus was applied to all surfaces for 40 seconds before cementation. The thermal cycle was applied at 5,000 cycles after cementation. The crowns were tested in tensile mode at a speed of 1 mm/min. The mode of failure was recorded. SEM examinations were carried out at different magnifications. Data were analyzed using rank-based Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. No significant differences were found between the surface treatments and between the two types of resin cements. Interaction effects between surface treatments and resin cements were found to be significant by two-way ANOVA analysis. ICM group resulted in significantly better bond strength results compared with CN. ICM was found to result in better bond strength results compared with PM. The combination of universal cleaning agent and 10-MDP containing resin cement had significantly the highest cementation bond strength values. The increasing order of mean tensile bond strength values of decontamination protocols was C < AW < P < AL < IC. The mean tensile bond strength of 10-MDP containing resin cement was slightly higher than GPDM + 4-META containing resin cement. Universal cleaning agents can be preferred as an efficient cleaning method with 10-MDP-containing cement after saliva contamination for better adhesive bond strength of 4 mm crown preparation height of monolithic zirconia ceramics.

Effects of Strain Differences, Humidity Changes, and Saliva Contamination on the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Ion Irradiation.

One of the methods to inactivate viruses is to denature viral proteins using released ions. However, there have been no reports detailing the effects of changes in humidity or contamination with body fluids on the inactivation of viruses. This study investigated the effects of humidity changes and saliva contamination on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation with ions using multiple viral strains. Virus solutions with different infectious titers were dropped onto a circular nitrocellulose membrane and irradiated with ions from 10 cm above the membrane. After the irradiation of ions for 60, 90, and 120 min, changes in viral infectious titers were measured. The effect of ions on virus inactivation under different humidity conditions was also examined using virus solutions containing 90% mixtures of saliva collected from 10 people. A decrease in viral infectivity was observed over time for all strains, but ion irradiation further accelerated the decrease in viral infectivity. Ion irradiation can inactivate all viral strains, but at 80% humidity, the effect did not appear until 90 min after irradiation. The presence of saliva protected the virus from drying and maintained infectiousness for a longer period compared with no saliva. In particular, the Omicron strain retained its infectivity titer longer than the other strains. Ion irradiation demonstrated a consistent reduction in the number of infectious viruses when compared to the control across varying levels of humidity and irradiation periods. This underscores the notable effectiveness of irradiation, even when the reduction effect is as modest as 50%, thereby emphasizing its crucial role in mitigating the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.

The Effect of Different Decontamination Methods on the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin-Based Blocks to Resin Cement.

This study evaluates the impact of decontamination methods on Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) between resin cement and resin blocks. Twenty CAD/CAM resin blocks from two manufacturers were wet-polished, sandblasted, and ultrasonically cleaned. After blood and saliva contamination, blocks were divided into subgroups: control, water rinsing, acid etching, alkaline cleaning paste, or 10-MDP containing cleaner. Resin-based cement was then applied. After 24 hours, the blocks were sectioned to obtain bars for testing. Half of the specimens were tested immediately for μTBS, and the other half underwent artificial aging. The surfaces of the blocks were inspected with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three-way ANOVA was performed for μTBS values (α=0.05). In one of the substrates, the positive control subgroup obtained the highest value (56,01 MPa, SD:6,96) followed by 10-MDP cleaner and universal cleaning paste, when immediately tested, with significant differences respect to the water rinsing (p⟨0.041) and acid etching (p⟨0.048) groups. After thermocycling, higher values were found in the 10-MDP cleaner (47,57 MPa, SD:8,15), but differences were not significant. In the other substrate group, the 10-MDP cleaner subgroup showed highest bond strengths (64,46 MPa SD: 10,92) at the initial test. After thermocycling, 10-MDP cleaner (58,66 MPa, SD: 9,93) gave the highest μTBS value. Significant differences between water rinsing group and the rest of subgroups (p⟨0.001), and between 10-MDP cleaner and the positive control group (p⟨0.006) were observed. Cleaning after contamination improves bonding. 10-MDP containing cleaner can help to restore initial μTBS value and maintain it in the long-term.

Treatment of saliva contamination of resin core foundation before adhesive luting.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of surface pretreatment on the shear bond strength of resin luting cement to saliva-contaminated resin core foundation. The surface free energy (γS) of the adherent surfaces was examined. The two-way analysis of variance revealed that the surface pretreatment and storage conditions had a significant effect on the strength of the bond to resin core foundation. The γS values of the saliva-contaminated group were significantly lower than those of the other groups, and they tended to improve after surface pretreatment. The tendency of improvement in γS values differed depending on the type of pretreatment agents. Surface treatment with solutions containing functional monomers is effective in removing saliva contaminants from the resin core foundation surfaces and in creating an effective bonding surface for the resin luting cement.

Effect of saliva contamination and different decontamination protocols on microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin

Effect of saliva contamination and different decontamination protocols on microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin

Effect of Different Protocols on The Microleakage of A Fissure Sealant Applied During Saliva Contamination

Statement of the problem: Saliva contamination during sealant application has negative consequences that affects long-term success including retention and caries progression. Objective: The effect of different protocols to minimize the effect of saliva contamination on the microleakage of a resin based fissure sealant material (3M Clinpro™ Sealant) was investigated. Materials &amp; Methods: Extracted human third molars (n=160) were used: Group A. Etch-and-rinse adhesive (Prime &amp; Bond One Select); Group B. Selfetching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond). These comprised eight paired subgroups where enameloplasty was done (or not), saliva contamination occurred before (or after) the polymerization of the bonding agent and the entire procedure was repeated (or not) following saliva contamination before the sealant application. Following thermocycling, the samples were immersed in basic fuchsin, sectioned, and dye penetration was quantitatively assessed with ImageJ. The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results: Significantly less microleakage was observed in Group A (P=0.000). Intergroup differences with respect to the effect of adhesive type, enameloplasty, saliva contamination occurred after the polymerization of the bonding agent and repeating the entire procedure following saliva contamination were significant (p&lt;0.05, each). Enameloplasty reduced microleakage in subgroups of A and B (P=0.002 and P=0.014, respectively). Saliva contamination after the polymerization of the bonding agent resulted in less microleakage in subgroups of A and B (P=0.01 and P=0.002, respectively). Less microleakage was observed in subgroups of A and B where the entire procedure was repeated following saliva contamination (P=0.000, both). Conclusions: The use of etch-and-rinse adhesive, enameloplasty, saliva contamination occurring after the polymerization of the bonding agent and repeating the entire procedure reduced microleakage of the fissure sealant applied during saliva contamination.

Optimizing Dental Bond Strength: Insights from Comprehensive Literature Review and Future Implications for Clinical Practice.

This review examines the modifying factors affecting bond strength in various bonding scenarios, particularly their relevance to the longevity of dental restorations. Understanding these factors is crucial for improving clinical outcomes in dentistry. Data were gathered from the PubMed database, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar resources, covering studies from 1992 to 2022. The findings suggest that for dentin-resin bonds, minimizing smear layers and utilizing MMP inhibitors to prevent hybrid layer degradation are essential. In the case of resin-resin bonds, reversing blood contamination is possible, but preventing saliva contamination is more challenging, underscoring its critical importance during clinical procedures. Additionally, while pretreatment on ceramics has minimal impact on bond strength, the influence of specific colorings should be carefully considered in treatment planning. This comprehensive review highlights that although established practices recognize significant bond strength factors, ongoing research provides valuable insights to enhance the clinical experience for patients. Once confirmed through rigorous experimentation, these emerging findings should be swiftly integrated into dental practice to improve patient outcomes.

Effects of an MDP-based surface cleaner on dentin structure, morphology and nanomechanical properties

ObjectiveTo analyze the effect of Katana™ Cleaner (KC) in nanomechanical and triboscopic properties of etched dentin. MethodsDentin disks from human third molars were prepared. Two main groups of study were established in function of the etching conditioning, phosphoric acid (PA) and Clearfil SE Bond primer (CSEB). Four subgroups were tested within each group: i) untreated dentin (UD), ii) etched dentin (ED) [(PAED/CSEB)], iii) etched dentin contaminated with saliva (PAED+S)/(CSEB+S), and iv) etched and contaminated dentin treated with KC (PAED+S+KC)/(CSEB+S+KC). Nano-DMA testing and imaging, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis and nanoroughness (SRa) measurements were obtained. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images were also acquired. ResultsPhosphoric acid etched dentin samples and those specimens contaminated with saliva (PAED+S) attained the highest SRa values, that decreased after Katana™ Cleaner application (PAED+S+KC). In the group of dentin treated with CSEB primer, all subgroups performed similar, except in CSEB+S that attained the highest SRa values. The treatment with KC restored the original values of complex modulus of the untreated dentin. KC application produced the lowest and the highest tan delta values on PAED and CSEB groups, respectively. ConclusionKatana™ Cleaner provided equally mature dentin surfaces after any of the etching methods. Tan delta increased when Katana™ Cleaner was applied on the dentin surface previously etched and contaminated with saliva, regardless the kind of etchant, thus facilitating the dissipation of energy for elastic recoil during loading. Clinical significanceKatana™ Cleaner application after saliva contamination originated similar low roughness levels, regardless the type of etching method. Both complex and storage moduli were similar, after Katana™ Cleaner application, in any case.

The Effect of Salivary Contamination on the Shear Bond Strength of Seventh- and Eighth-generation Adhesive Systems.

To compare the effect of salivary contamination on the shear bond strength (SBS) of seventh- and eighth-generation adhesives. Specimens were randomly divided into group I and group II, subdivided into three subgroups of 11 samples. Subgroup IA-seventh-generation uncontaminated (control); adhesive; air-dried; light cured. Subgroup IB-seventh-generation adhesive; saliva application, air-dried; light cured. Subgroup IC-seventh-generation adhesive; saliva application, air-dried, reapplication of adhesive, air-dried, light cured. Subgroup IIA- eighth-generation uncontaminated (control); adhesive, air-dried; light cured. Subgroup IIB- eighth-generation adhesive; saliva application, air-dried; light cured. Subgroup IIC-eighth-generation adhesive, saliva application, air-dried, reapplication of adhesive, air-dried; light cured. Following bonding procedure, composite resin restoration was done and subjected to SBS analysis. Mean SBS of eighth-generation adhesive was higher compared to seventh with and without saliva contamination. Reduction of SBS in seventh- and eighth-generation after saliva contamination was regained by reapplication of adhesive, which was less compared to the control [statistically significant (p < 0.05) for seventh and statistically not significant for eighth-generations]. The eighth-generation adhesives show better SBS with and without saliva contamination and reapplication of eighth-generation adhesives significantly improved the SBS close to the control. Single-step self-etch adhesives are the adhesives which are currently used for bonding composite restorations to dentin. The adhesive bond strength can be adversely affected by moisture contamination, especially by saliva, which can lead to failure of restoration. So, it is imperative to study a material which gives better bond strength and is less affected by salivary contamination and effect of decontamination to regain the bond strength. The study concluded that eighth-generation adhesives showed higher mean SBS with and without saliva contamination and reapplication of eighth-generation adhesives significantly improved the bond strength close to the control group. Mohan MC, Geetha P, Soman D, et al. The Effect of Salivary Contamination on the Shear Bond Strength of Seventh- and Eighth-generation Adhesive Systems. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-1):S63-S66.

High Adherence of Oral Streptococcus to Polylactic Acid Might Explain Implant Infections Associated with PLA Mesh Implantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biofilm formation properties of common pathogens associated with implant-related infections on two different implant material types. Bacterial strains tested in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. Implant materials tested and compared were PLA Resorb × polymer of Poly DL-lactide (PDLLA) comprising 50% poly-L-lactic acid and 50% poly-D-lactic acid) and Ti grade 2 (tooled with a Planmeca CAD-CAM milling device). Biofilm assays were done with and without saliva treatment to evaluate the effect of saliva on bacterial adhesion and to mimic the intraoral and extraoral surgical routes of implant placement, respectively. Five specimens of each implant type were tested for each bacterial strain. Autoclaved material specimens were first treated with 1:1 saliva-PBS solution for 30 min, followed by washing of specimens and the addition of bacterial suspension. Specimens with bacterial suspension were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C for biofilm formation. After 24 h, non-adhered bacteria were removed, and specimens were washed, followed by removal and calculation of adhered bacterial biofilm. S. aureus and E. faecalis showed more attachment to Ti grade 2, whereas S. mutans showed higher adherence to PLA in a statistically significant manner. The salivary coating of specimens enhanced the bacterial attachment by all the bacterial strains tested. In conclusion, both implant materials showed significant levels of bacterial adhesion, but saliva treatment played a vital role in bacterial attachment, therefore, saliva contamination of the implant materials should be minimized and considered when placing implant materials inside the body.

Effect of different surface treatment protocols on the bond strength between lithium disilicate and resin cements.

Because the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) poses health risks if handled improperly, many clinicians prefer to have the ceramic restorations pre-etched in dental laboratories. However, during the try-in procedure, the pre-etched glass-ceramic restorations may be contaminated with saliva resulting in reduced bond strength. This in-vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramic restorations (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) to two resin cements. One-hundred eighty blocks (4X4X3mm) of LD glass-ceramic were divided into twelve groups (n = 15), of which six received Variolink Esthetic DC (VE) cement and six received RelyX Ultimate (RU) cement, following the surface treatments: G1) Control: Hydrofluoric Acid + Silane (HF + Sil); G2) Hydrofluoric Acid + Saliva + Silane (HF + S + Sil); G3) Hydrofluoric Acid + Saliva + Ivoclean + Silane (HF + S + IC + Sil); G4) Hydrofluoric Acid + Saliva + Phosphoric Acid + Silane (HF + S + P + Sil); G5) Hydrofluoric Acid + Saliva + Monobond Etch & Prime (HF + S + EP); G6) Monobond Etch & Prime (EP). Following treatment, a resin-cement cylinder (2.3mm diameter) was built on the glass-ceramic surface, photocured (20s), stored in distilled water (37°C, 24h) and submitted to the shear bond strength test. Bond strength data (MPa) were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey (α = 0.01). Cement type and surface treatment had a significant effect on the bond strength (p < 0.001) (Table 4). Single-step Monobond Etch & Prime (EP) significantly improved the bond strength of resin-cements to glass-ceramic with and without saliva contamination.

Does saliva contamination interfere or stimulate regenerative processes applying current biomaterials on oral surgical sites?

Innovative dental biomaterials have been developed in order to stimulate higher biocompatibility and faster healing times using responsive surfaces for regenerative procedures. However, saliva is one of the fluids to interact with these biomaterials in the first instance. Studies have revealed significant negative effects on the biomaterials' properties, biocompatibility and bacterial colonisation after saliva contact. Nevertheless, the current literature is unclear about the profound effects of saliva on regenerative procedures. The scientific community urges further detailed studies associating innovative biomaterials/saliva/microbiology/immunology in order to clarify clinical outcomes. This paper discusses and provides information about the challenges of research using human saliva, the lack of standardisation in protocols applying saliva, and tentative applications of saliva proteins associated with innovative dental biomaterials.

A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Dental Sealants Quality in Rural Schoolchildren Using Innovative Suction without Dental Assistance.

This study examined whether the moisture control innovation (tongue and cheek retractors and saliva contamination (SS-suction)) used without dental assistance could improve the quality of dental sealant in rural Thai school children compared to a standard treatment, i.e., high power suction with dental assistance. A single blind, cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants were 15 dental nurses working in sub-district health promoting hospitals and 482 children. All dental nurses attended workshops of SS-suction and revised dental sealant procedures. Children with sound lower first permanent molar teeth were simple-randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group. The children in the intervention group were sealed with SS-suction, and the children in the control group were sealed with high power suction and dental assistance. There were 244 children in the intervention group and 238 children in the control group. Dental nurses' satisfaction on SS-suction was record by visual analogue scale (VAS) for each tooth during treatment. After 15-18 months, caries on sealed surfaces were examined. The results showed that the median satisfaction score of SS-suction was 9 out of 10, and 17-18% children experienced uncomfortable sensation during insertion or removal. The uncomfortable feeling disappeared once the suction was in place. Caries on sealed surfaces did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups. Caries on the occlusal surface was present in 26.7% and 27.5%, and caries on the buccal surface was present in 35.2% and 36.4% of cases in the intervention and control groups, respectively. In conclusion, dental nurses were satisfied with SS-suction in terms of both function and safety. The effectiveness of SS-suction was compatible with the standard procedure after 15-18 months.