Salient Problems Research Articles

Translation Orientation of Culture-Specific Items in Novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk from Indonesian to German

One of the salient problems in translation arises when it comes to translation of cultural words or terms as each language may have its own set of terms. Therefore, this research deals with the orientation in translating culture-specific items from the source language to the target language. The research approach employed in this paper is descriptive qualitative. The data on culture-specific items are obtained based on Newmark’s (1988) categories and translation procedures. The obtained results indicate that the most frequently found CSI category in the data is material culture. Then, the prevailing translation procedures used to render cultural words in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk’s novel were transference, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, recognized translation, componential analysis, reduction, couplets, notes and glosses. From the translation procedures conducted by translator, the orientation can be implied. The theory of translation orientation proposed by Venuti (1995) was followed. The analysis has revealed that the functional equivalent descriptive equivalent, cultural equivalent, component analysis, recognized translation, reduction, and glossary procedures are the most commonly used procedures. Thus, it implies that the translation of Indonesian CSIs in RDP into the target text orientates toward TL or domestication.

Localization Quality Assessment for More Reliable E-Commerce Applications in Arabic

E-commerce software and applications are mainly designed to let business go globally with less cost and higher accessibility. The localization of such software and websites into several languages is intended for reaching the largest number of consumers through minimizing the impact of linguistic, cultural, and technical barriers. Such barriers are assumed to affect the quality of localization and accordingly the reliability of the e-commerce software of website. In exploring the persistent problems influencing localization quality in the Saudi context, this study sought to analyze consumers’ perceptions and attitudes regarding the Arabic version of Saudi Amazon (Arabic Amazon.sa) in respect of accessibility, readability, understandability, and translatability issues. Toward this overarching objective, two main research instruments have been used: an online survey covering diverse localization problems and a zoom-based open discussion with the website’s users to collect some concrete examples of the problems influencing the localization quality and website’s reliability. The findings showed that although localization adopts a functional approach to translation for the sake of reaching a large number of consumers, most of the users of the Arabic version of Amazon.sa developed a negative attitude. Such a negative attitude evolved owing to some salient problems that negatively affected the quality of localization and the reliability of website. Although website’s localizers managed to adapt the English version both technically and culturally, some other linguistically oriented problems prevailed including partial translations, vague and misleading translations of promotional texts, inconsistent translation of headings, the foreignization of the website’s settings, the absence of text boundaries, and the occasional mismatches between the website’s English and the Arabic versions.

THE DILEMMA BETWEEN RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS AND SECURITY IN THE EU BORDER MANAGEMENT POLICIES

Irregular migration is one of salient problems in world politics. In particular, for border states, it even causes a serious security problem. In this regard, they have a tendency to link border management to a high security perspective. However, this attitude in some cases risk respecting fundamental human rights in particular for migrants. The aim of this article is to find the answer to the question of ‘to what extent do mechanisms in the field of “border management” guarantee at the same time the conduct of effective border controls and the respect of the fundamental rights of persons intercepted while crossing the border irregularly?’. It is argued that there is an inequality between border management and human rights and this can be seen in the European Union’s border management initiatives in the land border between Greece and Turkey. FRONTEX and its RABIT operation are critically examined.

Challenges Faced by Dialysis Unit Staff During COVID-19 Times: A Qualitative Study

Background: The Coronavirus has caused an epidemic affecting the whole world for the last two years and has been spreading steadily. The hemodialysis patients are at high risk because of their lowered immunity status. The dialysis staff is also at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 as these patients come for twice/thrice weekly treatment sessions. Objectives: This study was done to study the hardships and problems afflicting the dialysis staff during the infections caused by COVID-19 in a rural hemodialysis unit. Methods: This study setting was the hemodialysis unit located in a rural hospital in Pondicherry, India. Free listing and pile sorting were done to study the structure and salient problems as felt in the cognitive domain by the dialysis team. Smith's S value was calculated for a free listing. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were conducted to do pile sorting of data. Data were analyzed using Anthropac 4.983/X. Group interviews were carried out to get in-depth information and validate the findings obtained from the free list and pile sorting exercise. Results: Twelve salient items were obtained from the free list. Three broad domains emerged: the absence of personal safety, shortage of personal safety equipment, and presence of logistical and operational problems. Surprisingly, RT-PCR testing was not perceived to be of importance for them. Conclusions: Accepting the true feelings, fears, and needs of the dialysis staff, helping to tackle the impediments to personal safety, and the lack of personal safety equipment in a dialysis unit during COVID-19 outbreak are vital in ensuring personal safety and improving working dynamics.

Sanitary Surveys and Hydrochemistry of Groundwater in Two Urban Towns (Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti), Southwestern Nigeria

Groundwater contamination in urban cities is imminent in the phase of increased anthropogenic activities apart from the contribution of geogenic contaminants. This study examined the sanitary surveys and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti to establish the contaminants’ sources, decipher the effects of urbanization on population and explain any relationship between the surveys and the groundwater chemistry. Sanitary surveys of 30 randomly selected wells each from Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti were executed by administering and processing appropriately designed questionnaires that addressed salient problems of hygiene and sanitation. The results of the surveys were grouped into very high risk, high risk, intermediate risk, and low risk classes. Subsequently, at each location, in situ parameters (temperature (°C), pH and EC (μS/cm)) were measured using a portable Multi-parameter TestrTM 35 Series S/N: 1382654. At each well, water samples were collected into clean polyethylene bottles in triplicates for cation, anions and e-coli evaluations, respectively. Water samples for cations were acidified by adding two drops of concentrated nitric acid. All samples were kept in a refrigerator at a low temperature of about 4°C before being taken to the Federal University of Technology, Akure, for analyses. Ion chromatography was employed for the anions analysis while the cations were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Buck 210 model. Membrane filter technique was employed for the e-coli estimation. From the results of the hydrochemistry, the Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) and Modified Nitrate Pollution Index (MNPI) were estimated and classified into; clean unpolluted, light pollution, moderate pollution, significant pollution, very significant pollution waters. Sanitary surveys in the two cities showed that in the very low risk, intermediate and high-risk categories, Ado-Ekiti had 33.33%, 56.67% and 10% representations, while Ijero-Ekiti had 50%, 23.33% and 26.67% representations, respectively. This observation showed that Ado-Ekiti with higher population and humans’ activities compared to Ijero-Ekiti was less susceptible to pollution. Urbanization has no direct effects on sanitary surveys. The pH of wells’ water in Ado-Ekiti ranged from 4.8 - 8.2, EC (μS/cm) from 101 - 1008, while at Ijero-Ekiti, the pH and EC (μS/cm) varied from 2.1 - 13.8 and 80 - 1008 respectively. Ado-Ekiti wells’ water was more acidic than that of Ijero-Ekiti. Chemical concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, , and Clˉ of the wells’ water in both cities were within WHO-approved standards for drinking water. However, with average concentrations of 142.17 (mg/L) and 252.71 (mg/L) at Ado-Ekiti and Ijero-Ekiti, respectively, exceeded the standard in many locations. Susceptibility to pollution classification employing TDS, NPI and MNPI showed that Ijero-Ekiti was more susceptible to pollution compared to Ado-Ekiti. This assertion was supported by statistical analysis employing correlation, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. This study showed that urbanization had no direct effects on sanitary surveys and groundwater quality. Pollution of wells’ water in the two cities was, mainly from anthropogenic activities. However, Ijero-Ekiti, with significant anthropogenic activities, had its wells’ water more susceptible to pollution. Sanitary surveys are a complementary method to water quality monitoring.

Child Sexual Abuse, Integrity Systems and the Anglican Church: Truth, Justice and Love

AbstractThis article concerns child sexual abuse in the Anglican Church of Australia and the Church of England and, in particular, an integrity system to combat this problem and the ethical problems it gives rise to. The article relies on the findings of various commissions of inquiry to determine the nature and extent of child sexual abuse in the Anglican Church. The two salient ethical problems identified are: (1) design of safety measures in the light of the statistical preponderance of male on male sexuality; (2) justice issues arising from redress schemes established or proposed to provide redress to victims.

Avoiding hetero/cissexist bias in psychological research: a contribution from latin America

This theoretical paper seeks to reflect on hetero/cissexist bias and how it could influence scientific papers and research on sexual diversity in the field of psychology. First, the paper defines and describes core concepts in this area, particularly, the notion of bias. Next, some of the most salient problems in this field are outlined, particularly the one concerning homo and transsexuality pathologization. Finally, some recommendations considered pertinent and useful for avoiding and minimizing bias are systematized.

Fostering Post-Traumatic Growth in College Classrooms During COVID-19

Almost everything has changed. Aside from losing social connections, academic support structures, and enrichment opportunities, students face new anxieties about health, loved ones, and financial security within an uncertain economy. The sudden loss of control and unanswered questions about the future may leave many feeling helpless, fearful, angry, or grieving. In the middle of this global crisis, does classroom learning and traditional curricula suddenly feel less relevant? With attention on more salient problems and a complexity of emotions students can’t begin to process, where will the motivation and focus to learn come from? How can faculty account for this in their teaching? Feeling at a loss, I was delighted when a former student reached out to discuss these topics. Through a series of individual personal reflections and conversations, we explored ways of interpreting this adversity and ultimately co-created meaning in ways we hope will benefit both students and faculty, whether future learning is conducted virtually or face-to-face. We found great value in illustrating our experiences using Tedeschi and Calhoun’s 2004 conceptualization of posttraumatic growth, which entails positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle to make sense of a highly challenging life circumstance—one such as COVID-19, which can shatter our worldview, shake us from our ordinary perceptions, and force us to rebuild ourselves and find deeper meaning. Specifically, we discussed: What choices do students have in responding to the current situation and how can faculty support positive growth choices? What could posttraumatic growth look like during the COVID-19 pandemic? What is deliberative cognitive exploration, how can it foster growth, and how can faculty encourage it in their classrooms? What types of growth “outcomes” could not only give us purpose and meaning in this time, but also build resilience, and perhaps make us even better than before?

Destination management: Right or wrong measures

Planning studies are important for the competitiveness of destinations and their actions with the principles of sustainability. Kuşadası and Didim, which have been among the most important mass tourism destinations in Turkey since 1960, have also long experienced common problems such as lack of coordination, environmental and infrastructural problems, and a lack of an integrated destination approach. Although a series of initiatives have been attempted to solve these problems—with a series of initiatives and good intentions—these initiatives have ultimately failed to achieve their outcomes. The current study aims to present the problems faced with destination management in both destinations. Specifically, it explains the whole process of destination management, including an attempt to guide and play a mediating role for stakeholders through a participatory approach. Therefore, revealing salient problems experienced in both destinations and preparing action plans for the solution of these problems are possible. The research is based on qualitative data from key stakeholders and opinion leaders. The process of data collection took almost two years, including one kick-off meeting, four workshops, and five mini-meetings. In addition, seven in-depth interviews were carried out to follow up on the outcomes. Although common problems such as lack of cooperation, coordination, budget, qualified workforce, infrastructure, and promotion have been identified, establishing a coordination platform and preparing action plans seems to remain remote. Therefore, despite all efforts, attempts at management planning may be regarded as an example of destination management failure.

Broad (multilevel) safety research and strategy. A sociological study

Studying safety from a broad (or multilevel) perspective in daily operations is a challenging prospect. The aim of this article, with the help of a case study, is to contribute to its development. In the introduction, broad (multilevel) safety research is introduced. This introduction indicates main authors who have produced in the past thirty to forty years a strong background against which one can build an idea of this challenge. It requires to decipher in real life situations the interactions between technology, task, structure, culture, strategy and environment of high-risk systems. An additional interest is, following the insights gained from the literature, to investigate the importance of strategic decision making in such broad (multilevel) safety approach. A first section discusses methodological issues linked to ethnographic research, and presents the methodology followed. The second section provides a narrative of the case study which combines a historical view of the plant, a description of some of the salient problems of working practices in a production department, an explanation of these problems through an organisational and managerial perspective, a description of the complex patterns of interactions between people in the plant and a strategic analysis of the situation. The last section discusses the interest of a broad (multilevel) research agenda explicitly incorporating the importance, influence and centrality of powerful decision makers, without simplifying the complexity of this issue.

Social isolation and loneliness in old age: Exploring their role in mental and physical health.

The current review has the ultimate scope to accurately define social isolation and loneliness while highlighting the serious repercussions on health and behavior. Daily hundreds of people across the globe report suffering from social isolation and loneliness; an over whelming feeling of emptiness, unworthiness and personal failure. Human beings are social species that have the need to nurture reliable and secure social settings to survive. Simultaneously, trustworthy social relationships are critical for mental and physical wellbeing whereas impaired social interactions can lead to social isolation and loneliness. In an attempt to tease out and elucidate salient problems and issues, we seek to critically compose studies, views and issues from a variety of perspectives by providing opposing standpoints and conversational voices instead of intensifying traditional narratives and dominant discourses. Few aspects of social isolation and loneliness are untouched by scientific attention. The role of these concepts in old age is no exception and arguably has a tremendous impact in multiple aspects of life. Social isolation and loneliness are two distinctive concepts that have been identified as risk factors for wellbeing, health and everyday functioning in profound ways. Therefore, we aimed to examine the associations with various psychiatric disorders for instance anxiety, depression, psychotic disorder and Alzheimer's disease as well as with a variety of physical disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol and autoimmune diseases. Given the alarming records from healthcare which depict an almost two-fold rise in healthcare attendance, we attempt to assemble the proposed interventions through an in-depth review of the current literature available and provide the incentive for constructive and collective thought. To our theoretical understanding, in order to better comprehend these psychosocial concepts and deliver timely and more effective personalized interventions to those in need, it is of paramount importance to thoroughly examine the identified causal links. However, further research is required for the reduction or the deletion of the undesired effects.

A Critical Reflection on the Ethically Cared Facilities and Equipment for School and Children: A Transition from the Cold to the Warm

A problem in application of educational facilities and equipment exists in schools that people tend to regard such technology from a cold view and neglect the ethical care for the schools and children. Influenced by a cold cognition from the industrial times, people in education community tend to consider the application of facilities and equipment as technological issues, paying less attention to the young people for their healthy physical and mental growth and potential invasion of children’s privacy. The cases of such violence or impingement of school children are happening frequently though not on negative purposes from the users and producers of educational facilities and equipment. The reason is apparent because people involved in these processes are not ethically trained, and they are unaware of ethical considerations in designing and applying the technical stuff. This article identified salient problems and raised countermeasure to remind the colleagues: (1) The application of educational facilities and equipment should conform to the real needs of teachers and students. (2) The educational equipment should fit users’ convenience and avoid cumbersome. Educational facilities and equipment should reflect its original nature that it is human beings who are the masters. (3) Educational facilities and equipment should take the role of service for education for goal-oriented assistance for the appropriate teaching and learning.

The Drug Menace as Contributor to the Duterte Electoral Victory

Abstract We construct the drug menace as a standard 2×2 collective action problem with two self-interested households A and B, each facing a strategy set (C, D) = (Cooperate, Don’t Cooperate). If the households cooperate, that is attain (C, C), they stop the drug menace; if not, which is the usual outcome of these games under laissez faire, non-cooperation rules instanced by the Nash equilibrium (D, D) and the drug menace overruns the community. We introduce a game transformation via a third party-intervention-by-statute (TPIS) mechanism: a third party promulgates and enforces a statute S which penalizes non-cooperation D, spells out the contribution c of households, the statutory penalty p for, and the likelihood f of being caught, playing D. For certain combinations of c, p and f, the intervention is efficient, that is, attains (C, C) as the Nash equilibrium of the transformed game. The likelihood of an efficient statute rises the lower is c and the higher the expected penalty pf, features associated with a strong and wise third party. The TPIS mechanism is a parable for the role of governments in general: to consolidate and galvanize the local forces to overcome collective action problems. The third party is normally identified with the government in the hands of persons who hold the mantle of government. When the mantle is contestable and the basis of contestability is electoral, there is a vent for good governance in the form of welfare-improving interventions. The perception of households matter in elections and aspirants with a perceived superior track record on or one that promises superiority at solving the most salient community problems will rise to the top of the voting preference. Whether the track record is real or constructed matters little as long as it is perceived by the voter as true. Duterte won the Philippine presidency for a variety of reasons but the most cogent and tailor-made for his persona was the narrative that he got rid of the drug problem by employing a death squad which carried out extrajudicial executions in Davao City. By showing himself capable of bypassing the widely despised corrupt due process was an electoral plus for many poor people. Duterte’s electoral victory was rooted in the narrative that drug menace was a collective action problem number one and that if there was a solution it was inexorably tied to Duterte’s real or imagined persona.

Sustainable transit vehicle tracking service, using intelligent transportation system services and emerging communication technologies: A review

Abstract The most salient problems of transit vehicle service in Latin American intermediate cities include: the high number of passengers involved in traffic accidents; traffic congestion caused by transit vehicles, and pollution generated by these vehicles, which increases in high congestion scenarios. To improve upon this situation, a research was conducted on the transit vehicle tracking service, which is a basic service for implementing mobility solutions for the aforementioned problems, the most relevant characteristics of this service for the context of Latin American intermediate cities were identified, and an implementation was proposed. This paper presents the four stages of the study: (a) a review of the state-of-the-art of services or systems related to vehicle tracking, including wireless communications technologies, implemented sustainability approaches, usage of special algorithms for efficiency improvement, and the intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture used as a basis; (b) the process of identifying relevant characteristics of the service for a given context; (c) proposal of an ITS architecture for this service in an intermediate city, its requirements and the suggested technologies; and (d) development of experiments for validating usage of the key suggested technologies. The review allowed to identify the main service characteristics, with regard to vehicle positioning technologies, the recommended wireless communication technology (long range, LoRa), energy consumption considerations, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to calculate waiting time of users at bus stops. Finally, an ITS architecture for the city of Popayan (Colombian city) considering the aforementioned characteristics is proposed, and the experiments related to the use of these technologies are described in detail.

Grand Challenges, Covid‐19 and the Future of Organizational Scholarship

Grand Challenges, Covid‐19 and the Future of Organizational Scholarship

Exploring Visual Mispronunciation at Segmental Level among EL 2 Chinese Students

In our pronunciation courses, segmental level in English pronunciation plays a very important role in perception and teaching of English pronunciation. This research aims to investigate into the most salient pronunciation problems at segmental level by fresh college students from Mainland China through an experimental study, and it is found that the mismatches identified in the segmental level of English pronunciation are corresponded with the phonological features of the utterance of Chinese English. Moreover, in order to improve fresh college students’ pronunciation and achieve the pronunciation of Standard English, some pedagogical implications and suggestions about teaching strategies are provided in this study which aimed at the most salient mismatches discovered in the research findings. 

The Analysis Of Service Quality Using Importance Performance Analysis For Mrt Jakarta

Public infrastructure and congestion issues become salient problems in Indonesia. According to INRIX Global Traffic Scoreboard (2018): Jakarta was ranked as twelfth worst in the world. Air quality also becoming another issues that derived from traffic congestion causing air pollution. To mitigate this issue, government has been established MRT Jakarta in 2019. This study aims to evaluate and improving service level of Moda Raya Terpadu (MRT) in order to encourage more people using public transportation, moreover altering people using public transportation would reduce the amount of fossil fuels and reducing bad air pollution for a better climate. Methodolgy of the research using service quality theory with five dimension from Parasuraman et. al, and extended in Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Therefore, data was distributed using questionnaire with 18 item measurement and 102 respondents was collected. As a result, tangibility, reliability, and responsiveness dimension had been classified in quadrant one, followed assurance dimension in quadrant two, however empathy dimension had been measured in quadrant four and indicates to be improved.

Adaptation of Long-Term Contracts by International Arbitrators in the Face of Severe Economic Disruptions: Three Salient Problems

For many decades, international arbitrators have gone beyond deciding traditional legal disputes and have been involved in the adaptation of long-term contracts. These contracts are particularly vulnerable to extreme and unforeseen changes of economic circumstances such as those caused by the consequences of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, doubts have always been raised as to whether, how, and to what extent international arbitrators may interfere with the parties’ contractual bargain. In dealing with these concerns, this article explores three essential issues. They relate to the procedural authority for and the substantive legitimacy of the tribunal’s adaptation decision, as well as to the search for adaptation standards, which ensure outcomes of contract adaptations by international arbitral tribunals that make business sense. Covid-19 pandemic, contract adaptation, gap filling, long-term contracts, hardship, force majeure, notion of ‘dispute’, good faith, ex aequo et bono.

Nutrition transition and related health challenges over decades in China.

Since the Opening of China, the country's economy has continuously and rapidly improved. Various economic, educational, and health policies have been implemented to shape the development of society, which may have greatly affected the Chinese diet and related malnutrition issues. The objective of the present review was to comprehensively review long-term trends in dietary intakes, nutrition status, and subsequent health challenges among Chinese adults. The data sources were mainly the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010-2012 China National Nutrition Surveys (CNNS) and reports and the 1989-2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Over decades, there have been significant changes in the dietary structure of Chinese adults, characterized as decreased intake of cereals and vegetables and increased intake of animal foods with pork dominating. Intakes of eggs, fish, and dairy has reminded at a low level, with only a small increase over time. Consumption of cooking oil and salt was substantively far above the recommendations. A great proportion of fat-to-energy intake and "hidden hunger" was still prominent. Despite nutrition deficiency, there have been some modest improvements in related diseases, but overweight and obesity has become a prominent issue, with the prevalence in adults increasing from 16.4% and 3.6% in 1982 to 30.1% and 11.9% in 2012, respectively. In conclusion, this review sheds light on some salient problems with nutrition and malnutrition status in China, especially the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition. Dynamic monitoring of nutritional characteristics in China should be strengthened, and effective strategies to improve nutrition need to be targeted at the national, societal, family, and individual levels.

Problems of Diagnosis (Philosophy of Diagnosis, Part 1)

Philosophers of medicine have concentrated much of their attention on treatment. By contrast, diagnosis is understudied by philosophers. The first paper of this series introduces the philosophy of diagnosis by attempting three tasks: to outline the roles of diagnosis within medical practice; to distinguish six different salient problems of diagnostics which philosophers can engage with; and, to map the interrelationship between these six problems.