Salient Moments Research Articles

Teacher curricular sensemaking: Revealing salient moments of a science teacher's (un)certainty in relation to opportunities for students' scientific sensemaking

AbstractThis study explored a middle school science teacher's curricular sensemaking in interaction with their use of an educative storyline curriculum, aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards, that was intentionally designed for more opportunities for students' scientific sensemaking. Using a phenomenological case study methodology, we examined how the focal teacher perceived and resolved (un)certainties in their understanding that emerged in their interaction with the curriculum (i.e., their curricular sensemaking), and how the teachers' curricular sensemaking impacted opportunities for students' scientific sensemaking. Findings served to expand our notions of how teachers engage in curricular sensemaking, when this sensemaking occurs, and what teachers make sense of as they experience a new, reform‐oriented curriculum for the first time. In particular, the focal teacher found two types of (un)certainty to be salient at various time points during his curriculum use: (un)certainty around students' scientific sensemaking through particular science practices and (un)certainty about how to navigate the storyline curriculum using students' ideas to drive learning forward. Cutting across these types of (un)certainty, our findings suggest the need to (1) support teachers in problematizing their own understandings about particular science practices and the extent to which their previous instruction aligns with reform‐oriented conceptualizations of those practices, (2) build teachers' capacity to differentiate between various causes of student discomfort and uncertainty so that students' needs and scientific sensemaking goals can be attended to simultaneously, and (3) provide teachers with opportunities to consider how they might use a variety of participation structures to move learning forward while preserving students' rights and responsibilities for the scientific sensemaking.

L’analisi grafica tra tradizione e innovazione

Through the analysis of a number of studies on graphic analysis carried out starting with Vincenzo Fasolo’s volume, Analisi grafica dei valori architettonici - a dense book that collects his lectures given at the Faculty of Architecture in Rome - an attempt is made to trace a timeline that, by recounting the evolution of this aspect of the discipline of Drawing, can highlight how the use of new technologies has contributed to making graphically evident themes and issues that the studies of the past had largely consol- idated only to remain in oblivion since the debate on “the crisis of architecture” arose between the 1960s and 1970s. The essay intends, without claiming to be exhaustive, to indicate some reference texts that, once reread, may contribute to further considerations on their topicality and fu- ture developments revised in the light of the broad possibilities provided by the digital. In a certain sense, these thematic expansions have already been addressed in some texts, such as in many of the essays in the journal Ikhnos, founded in 2003 by Giuseppe Pagnano or, even more specifically, by Edoardo Dotto in his 2012 volume, Il progetto della Sinagoga di Hurva di Louis I. Kahn. Analisi grafica. Through a diachronic process that investigates some salient moments of graphic analy- sis studies in Italy, the aim is to provide elements of reflection to broaden these themes with the current tools of representation.

Obscenity Factories: Profanity and Community in Workgroup Cultures

How does profanity contribute to community at work? While obscene talk might be viewed as contrary to the establishment of collegial ties, such discourse can, under the right circumstances, reinforce group sociality as well as challenge hierarchical control. In some sites of labor, participants are permitted—even expected—to use “bad language.” Rather than undermining local culture, this form of communication supports it by revealing the intensity of salient moments. We situate profanity as a means of deepening group membership (affiliation), defining a status hierarchy (division), and delineating boundaries (distinction). Not all workplaces are characterized by profanity, but those that are we label “obscenity factories,” emphasizing the production of community through conversational deviance. To examine this process, we utilize descriptive ethnographies of trauma doctors in war zones, restaurant cooks, wildland firefighters, and correction officers.

Radio Tehran and the 19 August 1953 Coup: A New Perspective

“By the time we had Radio Teheran we were in.” As in other coups d’état of the pre-Internet era, the national radio was an important element in the developments of August 1953 in Iran. According to Donald Wilber, “Radio Tehran was a most important target, for its capture not only sealed the success at the capital, but was effective in bringing the provincial cities quickly into line with the new government.” The capture of the radio headquarters in Tehran and the address made by General Fazlullah Zahedi from its microphones marked a turning point in the second, successful overthrow initiative. Yet the broadcasting of Radio Tehran on that and preceding days has received little attention in scholarly accounts of the coup. This is primarily due to the paucity of source material available. Studies published in Iran on the history of radio do not appear to have benefited from access to radio archives. Mervyn Roberts has made use of only one of two accessible repositories of Iranian radio content of the time, namely the American Foreign Broadcast Information Services (FBIS), to provide an insightful account of the period surrounding the August coup. Ali Rahnema provides an account of military maneuvers to capture the radio installations on 19 August and supplies a partially accurate list of the speakers who took turns proclaiming the downfall of Mosaddeq. He does not provide insight into the content of the radio transmissions nor their precise timing. Donald Wilber's famous internal CIA history of the coup broadly mentions salient moments in the 19 August broadcasts but presents inaccurate times for at least some of these. Another CIA internal study authored by Scott Koch makes extensive use of the agency's own monitoring of Radio Tehran but is available only in heavily redacted form.

Ricorrenze olfattive nel Trionfo della morte di Gabriele d'Annunzio

In literature, one finds that, like the gustatory trace of Proustian memory, even the olfactory trace can assume– especially in the late-Romantic, symbolist and post-symbolist area – a significant weight both in theconstruction of atmospheres and portraits and in the remembrance of past situations, to the point of constitutinga leitmotif of the mnestic activity and path. The construction of an odorous score in the Trionfo della morte(1894) participates in the "symphonic" writing explicitly attempted by the author of this novel, so that therepetition of certain aromatic 'notes', through the cadences of a kind of refrain, emphasizes in the narrativeflow salient moments for the psychological construction of the characters and for the direction of the reader'sreception. From the leitmotif of the perfumes of violet and incense as "memorable signs" ("signes mémoratifs",Corbin 1982) – capable of triggering backward narratives and mimicking the recursiveness of thought in thevibrating, inflamed psychology of the male character narrated in the third person – to the floral and bodilyperfumes as seductive signals of the beloved woman, to which the "umano lezzo" is aristocratically opposed,an olfactory map is outlined that finds references within d'Annunzio's work, as well as, inter-textually, withauthors of a similar aesthetic range (Baudelaire, Wilde, Proust).

Moment-by-moment tracking of audience brain responses to an engaging public speech: Replicating the reverse-message engineering approach

ABSTRACT Public speaking engages and entertains audiences. Through neuroimaging, we can examine responses to speeches in real time. Replicating an earlier study, this study carries out two kinds of analyses – forward and reverse correlations. First, we examine how the soundwave carrying the speech relates to brain responses, finding that bilateral auditory cortex responses track with the speech signal’s energy. Second, we use the speech-evoked brain responses to reverse-identify salient moments in the speech. Specifically, we focus on the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ), a region associated with social cognition. We find that TPJ-peaks reverse-identify socially engaging content (defined by the ability to evoke laughter). These results demonstrate new ways to study the relationship between story content and the audience responses it evokes.

Genealogy of an archive. The birth, construction, and development of the World Wide Web collection at CERN

Web and Internet historians have never been able to consider the sources preserved at CERN because of a 30-year closure law. The WWW collection is of major importance not only because it is located where the Web was born but, more importantly, because it preserves documents produced during the early and little-known stages of its development. Our study has a qualitative approach and is based on in-person discussions, e-mail exchanges, and a focus group we conducted with five main actors responsible for the birth and development of the WWW collection at CERN. Through this method, we co-constructed with them a discourse, which we later analysed through inductive thematic analysis. We extracted six main topics reflecting the principal themes represented in the collection: reasons for creating a specific collection of web-related documents; salient moments in the history of the collection; discussion about its naming; issues about the originality of the documents; and future digitisation projects. This paper may be of interest to web historians and archivists looking for an overview and hidden reasons for the creation of the collection.

DISPUTool 2.0: A Modular Architecture for Multi-Layer Argumentative Analysis of Political Debates

Political debates are one of the most salient moments of an election campaign, where candidates are challenged to discuss the main contemporary and historical issues in a country. These debates represent a natural ground for argumentative analysis, which has always been employed to investigate political discourse structure and strategy in philosophy and linguistics. In this paper, we present DISPUTool 2.0, an automated tool which relies on Argument Mining methods to analyse the political debates from the US presidential campaigns to extract argument components (i.e., premise and claim) and relations (i.e., support and attack), and highlight fallacious arguments. DISPUTool 2.0 allows also for the automatic analysis of a piece of a debate proposed by the user to identify and classify the arguments contained in the text. A REST API is provided to exploit the tool's functionalities.

Memoria storica, riforma del teatro e identità nazionale nel ciclo di tragedie romane di Antonio Conti

"This essay aims to analyze the presence of historical memory in Antonio Conti’s poetical and theoretical reflection. Through his cycle of Roman tragedies, he staged some salient moments of Roman history which illustrated the transition from the monarchy to the republic, and from the republic to the empire. In the framework of the theatrical reform inaugurated at the beginning of the 18th century by Scipione Maffei’s Merope, Conti’s dramaturgical and theoretical work constitutes an extremely important contribution , starting from the tragedies’ ponderous paratexts, where the author gradually establishes the need for a national theatre, following the English and French models, while being centered exclusively on the events of Roman history."

Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review.

Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.

Multi-Lens Noticing in Preservice Teachers’ First Attempts at Facilitating Discussion in Diverse English Classes

Background: Classroom discourse featuring meaning making supports students achieving discipline-specific learning. However, moving beyond recitation requires developing beliefs, skills, structures, and practices. Any theorizing we do about developing discussion practice must attend to realities of culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms. Purpose: Our study offers a teacher education innovation that prepares ELA candidates to facilitate discussion, framed by a set of noticing lenses: noticing for collaborative communication, content learning, and equity. We asked: As they reflected on their first attempts at facilitating discussion in diverse secondary ELA classes, what did preservice teachers (PSTs) notice about their discussion practices and students’ engagement and response patterns? Participants: Our study features an inquiry course in a teacher credential program. Participants were 83 PSTs pursuing secondary English credentials, student teaching in diverse classrooms. Three-fifths identified as White, with 39% identifying as PSTs of color. Design: We constructed a database of multipage essays in which PSTs reflected on videotaped discussion tryouts. We developed a coding scheme from research literature and emerging themes from data review to capture what PSTs noticed. We organized themes conceptually using and adapting a multi-lens noticing framework. Additionally, we constructed vignettes to explore ways two PSTs were noticing discussion engagements among their diverse learners. Results: We found evidence of all three noticing lenses in the data. Of the three lenses, collaborative communication was densest. PSTs were preoccupied with “getting students talking.” PSTs also reflected on attempts at co-constructing meaning and tracking flow of ideas. Three-fourths documented noticing of cross-content literacy development. Fewer PSTs demonstrated attending to collaborative interpretation of literary works, an important aspect of ELA-specific discussion. Although PSTs were beginning to leverage cultural and linguistic knowledge, many were not yet responding to or educating about racism and other forms of bias. To demonstrate multi-lens noticing in practice, we present two vignettes of how PSTs interpreted salient moments in classroom discussion. Conclusions: Our research provides a launching for understanding what PSTs notice in early stages of leading discussion and highlights what is needed to jump-start this process early. Findings underscore the need to build authentic and tangible discussion-leading practice, with deeper attention to ELA disciplinary goals and equity. Our study highlights a framework as an analytical and pedagogical tool to help PSTs organize and reflect on emerging discussion practices. Framework and findings may serve as a heuristic for teacher educators committed to fostering learning about equitable discussion.

Wading the Quagmire: Aesthetics and Ethics in Verbatim Theater Act 1

The authors draw on their collective decades of theater creating and viewing to expose how they navigate the innumerable ethical and aesthetic enmeshments of verbatim theater. Mirroring the realms in which each writer works, Wading the Quagmire is an edited and manipulated refraction of conversations between the two authors presented through a script-based structure. Each author discusses, describes, and defends their approach, drawing on salient moments from their theater practice, sharing entanglements, and reflecting on the learnings of practice. In the end, the authors resist ethical prescriptions, while identifying the tight rules they work within and the consequences of breaking them.

Re-imagining civilization

ABSTRACT This essay contributes to the ‘re-imagining civilization’ project a memoire that illuminates the dialectic between the internal dimensions of people’s evolutions and the way they view and interact with the world around them. By recording salient moments of one life experience it encourages readers to interrogate their own, to celebrate itineraries which have brought them to think broadly about civilization and liberate their imaginative and transformative capacities, and suggests that gathering such accounts can contribute to collectively enacting a re-imagined civilization.

Moroccan subaltern voices narrated: the historical imaginary of race and the legacy of slavery in Rabbaj’s Le Lutteur [The Wrestler] and El Hachimi’s Dhākirat al-narjis [The Daffodil’s Memory

ABSTRACT Nation in Moroccan historiography writings has traditionally been described as culturally, ethnically and racially homogeneous; an all-encompassing discourse that silences episodes about the historical legacy of slavery and racism in the country, and undermines multicultural Morocco. In fact, the history of Morocco’s blacks of sub-Saharan descent remains fragmented, scattered and undocumented – partly because of the scarcity of archival sources. Recent years, however, have witnessed the revival of an ‘African consciousness’ in Moroccan history and in literature. This is also the case of Maghrebi (North African) and Arabic literature from the Mashreq (the Middle East) and the Gulf. In this paper, we consider how two recent Moroccan novels, Le Lutteur [The Wrestler, in French] by My Seddick Rabbaj (2017) and Dhākirat al-narjis [The Daffodil's Memory, in Arabic] by Rachid al-Hachimi (2018), deal with salient moments of trans-Saharan cultural connections. We argue that the historical and the geographical imaginaries connecting North and sub-Saharan Africa compel a discussion of the ‘decolonial’ as outlined by the Moroccan critic Abdelkebir Khatibi, and enforce a rebound on the concept of ‘significant geographies’. In engaging with the narratives’ concern about the construction of racial and cultural identities in Morocco, we consider how these works resonate with the recovery of the subaltern history of black Morocco, and how gender, rural and ethnic identity inform and imbue the texts with a knot of ambivalent discourses.

A Naturalistic Paradigm to Investigate Postencoding Neural Activation Patterns in Relation to Subsequent Voluntary and Intrusive Recall of Distressing Events

BackgroundWhile neuroimaging has provided insights into the formation of episodic memories in relation to voluntary memory recall, less is known about neural mechanisms that cause memories to occur involuntarily, for example, as intrusive memories of trauma. Here, we investigated brain activity shortly after viewing distressing events as a function of whether memories for those events later intruded involuntarily. The postencoding period is particularly important because it is a period when clinical interventions could be applied. MethodsA total of 32 healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing distressing film clips, interspersed with 5 minutes of awake (postencoding) rest. Voluntary memories of the films were assessed using free recall and verbal and visual recognition tests after a week, while intrusive (involuntary) memories were recorded in a diary throughout that week. ResultsWhen analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging responses related to watching the films, we replicated findings that those “hotspots” (salient moments within the films) that would later become intrusive memories elicited higher activation in parts of the brain’s salience network. Surprisingly, while the postencoding persistence of multivoxel correlation structures associated with entire film clips predicted subsequent voluntary recall, there was no evidence that they predicted subsequent intrusions. ConclusionsResults replicate findings regarding the formation of intrusive memories during encoding and extend findings regarding the consolidation of information in postencoding rest in relation to voluntary memory. While we provided a first step using a naturalistic paradigm, further research is needed to elucidate the role of postencoding neural processes in the development of intrusive memories.

Changing Geopolitics and Negotiating Postures in the India-China Border Dispute

The article is based on the author’s most recent book Powershift: India-China Relations in a Multipolar World (2020). It retraces the most salient moments and episodes in the India China border issue ever since the crisis broke out in 1959. What we learn from history is Chinese leaders have often shaped their policy on India as part of a wider geopolitical calculus, typically linked to the degree of pressure Chinese perceive on other geopolitical fronts. For India too, the nature of great powers relations impacts how it formulates China policy. This basic framework has remained relevant until the present day.Over the past decade, as the world order began shifting to a multipolar balance of power, India and China have confronted challenges in their relationship. The relationship is at a crossroad, and both Delhi and Beijing are struggling to find an equilibrium that allows both sides to pursue their interests and visions. Nevertheless, as Asia is returning to what it was for 1,800 years of the last two millennia, and, it is that big picture trend that Indian and Chinese leaders must pay attention to. Ultimately, this means stabilising India China relations

MasterChef

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Loving Writing/Ovid’s Amores by Ellen Oliensis

Reviewed by: Loving Writing/Ovid’s Amores by Ellen Oliensis Teresa Ramsby Ellen Oliensis. Loving Writing/Ovid’s Amores. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. vii, 202. $99.99. ISBN 978-1-108-48230-1. The reader of this study is drawn through a dense thicket of interpretive approaches as our guide confidently explains what she believes Ovid is up to in his labyrinth of elegiac fantasy known as the Amores. In the process, Oliensis offers some very important insights to the Amores that everyone who studies Ovid will need to consider when they approach: 1) the authorial persona “Naso”—who he is and what motivates him; 2) to what extent we should credit the notion of distinguishing “Ovid the successful poet” from “Naso the failed lover;” and 3) what kind of amor Ovid’s Naso is presenting to us. Using Freudian theory combined with feminist, structuralist, deconstructionist, and narratological perspectives, and almost entirely eschewing the allusory turn of recent decades, Oliensis renders a convincing, if somewhat unsettling, portrait of the artist and the elegiac poetics that make the Amores so intriguing and elusive. Throughout her study, Oliensis makes, and readily defends, the case that Naso is the chief character of the Amores, the lover and the poet, the failure and the success, the id and the ego (and superego), and she only concedes the authorial presence of Ovid himself in the very last poem of the collection, 3.15, where he slips out from behind the curtain to sign off, saying he will write no more elegy. The collection thus solely features Naso stumbling through his attempts to get his poetics and his love life in order, and failing at both just enough to fool us into thinking that we are occasionally seeing realism (the wife in 3.13!). Oliensis claims it is all fantasy, and it is all designed to bring the reader closer and closer to the erotic center of this new version of elegy—a version that is built, as she poses, on infatuation with textuality itself. [End Page 358] Perhaps Oliensis’s most successful illustration of Naso as author, poet, and lover, and how that chordal triad resounds against its own echo, appears in her analysis (chapter 2) of the “parrot poem,” Amores 2.6, in conjunction with the poems that surround it. The parrot, that garrulous pet of Corinna, has died and enjoys the animal equivalent of Anchises’ fields of Elysium. The parrot has already been interpreted in various ways, all of them relevant to Ovid’s poetics: as an allusion to the Catullan sparrow, as a representative of old-fashioned virtues, as an avatar for the lover who talks his way into women’s beds, and even as a metaphor for Naso’s impotence. Oliensis notes in her preferred sequential readings, however, that the parrot poem comes just after Naso has discovered that Corinna has cheated on him (2.5), and just before two poems (2.7–8) in which Naso himself faces accusations of cheating on Corinna with her slave, Cypassis. Oliensis thus aligns the heavy mythological and allusory context of the parrot poem with Naso’s (not Ovid’s) desire for “reclaiming a measure of authorial dignity while chastening the steamy humiliations of Amores 2.5” (65). Then in 2.7, when Naso is himself accused of cheating with Corinna’s slave (whereupon he blames poor Cypassis in 2.8 for the betrayal), he has failed to notice that the parrot was quite capable of revealing to Corinna what Naso had been up to in her chambers, and likely lost its life for loquaciously replaying the salient moments in her presence. Thus, Oliensis explains, “Naso was obviously unaware of this back-story when he composed what turns out to be a totally inappropriate eulogy for the dead parrot, a poem that . . . seems calculated only to enrage her the more” (68). Naso is, therefore, “not only not master of the situation but doesn’t even know what the situation is” (68). I find this unique interpretation delightful, and Oliensis’s insistence that Naso remain at the center of the Amores pays off frequently throughout this volume. What motivates Naso, and what kind...

An Embodied Artistic Inquiry into Attachment-Oriented Therapeutic Relationships

In this study, I utilized an embodied artistic inquiry self-study to explore my experience of attachment in the therapeutic movement relationships (TMR) created as a dance/movement therapy intern at a psychiatric residential treatment center for children. The research was guided by three questions: How do I experience the TMR with children in a psychiatric residential treatment setting using attachment theory? How is my personal attachment style influencing and guiding the therapeutic relationship? How does my identification of salient moments relate to my own attachment style and aesthetic preference? Data were collected using journal entries that reflected on the researcher’s experience of attachment, saliency, and Tortora’s D.A.N.C.E. qualities of attachment (Clin Soc Work J 38(1):37–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-009-0254-9, 2010). I analyzed the data using discussion and Authentic Movement with a research consultant in order to synthesize and describe the experience of each salient moment. Repeated movements included grounded and unstable walking, changing of levels, core-distal movements, circling and carving arms, and recuperation. The themes that resulted from repeated movements and discussion with the research consultant include foundational movements, holding discomfort, connection to a specific client, and playfulness. These results reinforced the importance of stability and self-awareness for a therapist especially in relationship to how their movement and nonverbal preferences may have been learned from attachment relationships. Furthermore, results show the impact of saliency and the clinician’s aesthetic preference. In addition, the results reflected the strong relationship among nonverbal qualities of attachment and the TMR. These results suggested that qualities of attachment underlie the effectiveness of the TMR. Although limitations of the study prevented me from drawing correlative conclusions, the therapist may be able to strengthen the therapeutic relationship by targeting primary attachment models, and suggestions for further research are included.

Natural music evokes correlated EEG responses reflecting temporal structure and beat

The brain activity of multiple subjects has been shown to synchronize during salient moments of natural stimuli, suggesting that correlation of neural responses indexes a brain state operationally termed ‘engagement’. While past electroencephalography (EEG) studies have considered both auditory and visual stimuli, the extent to which these results generalize to music—a temporally structured stimulus for which the brain has evolved specialized circuitry—is less understood. Here we investigated neural correlation during natural music listening by recording EEG responses from N=48 adult listeners as they heard real-world musical works, some of which were temporally disrupted through shuffling of short-term segments (measures), reversal, or randomization of phase spectra. We measured correlation between multiple neural responses (inter-subject correlation) and between neural responses and stimulus envelope fluctuations (stimulus-response correlation) in the time and frequency domains. Stimuli retaining basic musical features, such as rhythm and melody, elicited significantly higher behavioral ratings and neural correlation than did phase-scrambled controls. However, while unedited songs were self-reported as most pleasant, time-domain correlations were highest during measure-shuffled versions. Frequency-domain measures of correlation (coherence) peaked at frequencies related to the musical beat, although the magnitudes of these spectral peaks did not explain the observed temporal correlations. Our findings show that natural music evokes significant inter-subject and stimulus-response correlations, and suggest that the neural correlates of musical ‘engagement’ may be distinct from those of enjoyment.