Salient Change Research Articles

Beyond a Slave: Support for the Manumission of Onesimus from Discourse Analysis

Did Paul intend for Philemon to manumit Onesimus? This article aims to present evidence in support of a manumissive view of Paul’s communicative intent to Philemon. Through a cognitive functional approach to discourse analysis, the sentence comprising vv. 15–16 is proposed to represent the peak of the epistle. Coincidingly, this central statement of the letter is precisely where Paul discusses the enslavement of Onesimus. There, through his linguistic choices, Paul construes emphatic discontinuity in Onesimus’s status, resulting in the most salient change in Philemon’s mental representation: Onesimus is no longer a slave, but beyond a slave, a beloved brother.

Change Representation and Extraction in Stripes: Rethinking Unsupervised Hyperspectral Image Change Detection With an Untrained Network.

Deep learning-based hyperspectral image (HSI) change detection (CD) approaches have a strong ability to leverage spectral-spatial-temporal information through automatic feature extraction, and currently dominate in the research field. However, their efficiency and universality are limited by the dependency on labeled data. Although the newly applied untrained networks can avoid the need for labeled data, their feature volatility from the simple difference space easily leads to inaccurate CD results. Inspired by the interesting finding that salient changes appear as bright "stripes" in a new feature space, we propose a novel unsupervised CD method that represents and models changes in stripes for HSIs (named as StripeCD), which integrates optimization modeling into an untrained network. The StripeCD method constructs a new feature space that represents change features in stripes and models them in a novel optimization manner. It consists of three main parts: 1) dual-branch untrained convolutional network, which is utilized to extract deep difference features from bitemporal HSIs and combined with a two-stage channel selection strategy to emphasize the important channels that contribute to CD. 2) multiscale forward-backward segmentation framework, which is proposed for salient change representation. It transforms deep difference features into a new feature space by exploiting the structure information of ground objects and associates salient changes with the stripe-shaped change component. 3) stripe-shaped change extraction model, which characterizes the global sparsity and local discontinuity of salient changes. It explores the intrinsic properties of deep difference features and constructs model-based constraints to better identify changed regions in a controllable manner. The proposed StripeCD method outperformed the state-of-the-art unsupervised CD approaches on three widely used datasets. In addition, the proposed StripeCD method indicates the potential for further investigation of untrained networks in facilitating reliable CD.

Media Representations and Farmer Perceptions: A Case Study of Reporting on Ocean Acidification and the Shellfish Farming Sector in British Columbia, Canada

ABSTRACT Ocean Acidification (OA) creates corrosive conditions that impact organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells, such as clams and oysters. The Salish Sea, a body of water where much of British Columbia's shellfish farming sector operates, has been growing more corrosive. We present a case study of reporting on OA and the shellfish farming sector in British Columbia, Canada. We convey results from a survey with shellfish farmers and a thematic analysis that sought to understand how the science and local implications of OA were presented in a sample of media articles. All articles employed narratives of crisis, and slightly over 75% conveyed scientific uncertainty. Just over 55% incorporated interviews with one or more of scientists, shellfish sector representatives, and shellfish farmers. Survey findings reveal that respondents saw OA as a threat but often deprioritized it relative to a wider range of operational challenges. We introduce “situatedness” and draw in ideas from “solutions journalism” to expand. While telling stories about people and places is important, we conclude that new opportunities for locally salient climate change reporting stand to be unlocked by looking beyond boundaries typically drawn around “the local” and the sorts of credentials typically ascribed to “environmental experts”.

Temporal-agnostic change region proposal for semantic change detection

Remote sensing imagery allows temporal and large-scale observation of the Earth, and advanced techniques such as deep learning have been developed to deal with the massive data. As a result, by combining remote sensing with deep learning, it is possible to realize change detection, which can reveal the change in land cover and land use. Recent work has focused on semantic change detection (SCD), which simultaneously locates where the changes took place while identifying what objects changed between the different periods. Deep learning based SCD methods are typically based on a multi-task structure, which combines the classification and binary change detection (BCD). In this structure, the change region proposals are derived from the transformation (e.g., concatenation, differencing) of multi-temporal images, but after being processed by a convolutional neural network, there can be an incomplete response in the spatio-temporal features. Because of the high similarity of the color, texture, and geometric information of the ground objects in temporal high-resolution remote sensing imagery, this reduces the distinguishability of features and makes it difficult to identify changed areas. Meanwhile, there is less interaction between the BCD and classification, resulting in semantic inconsistency in changed areas. In this paper, the temporal-agnostic change region proposal network (TCRPN) is proposed, which is based on exploring the saliency of the changed regions in single-temporal images to highlight the changed areas in the spatio-temporal features and improve the response to change. As the changed areas can be the salient regions in the single-temporal images, a single-image salient area extractor (SSAE) is proposed to extract the salient areas from the different temporal images, obtaining salient change region candidates. As the change-related salient regions are temporally agnostic, temporal saliency fusion is used to integrate the candidates extracted from the single-temporal images to obtain a more reliable salient area map, where the salient area map is used to enhance the spatio-temporal features. Meanwhile, a shortcut is proposed to further make the change representation more distinguishable and suppress incorrectly highlighted regions. Directly utilizing multi-temporal images for change region proposal can reduce the change information loss and increase the interaction between the classification and BCD tasks to obtain better spatio-temporal features. The TCRPN is simple and flexible, and can be plugged into any multi-task SCD network. We selected four advanced multi-task SCD methods as the baseline, and added the TCRPN in their encoder or decoder part to conduct comprehensive experiments on three large-scale SCD datasets. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Enabling pathways for sustainable livelihoods in planned relocation

The planned relocation of entire communities to less hazard-exposed destinations is an increasingly salient climate change adaptation strategy but often results in maladaptive livelihood outcomes. There needs to be understanding of how planning decisions affect outcomes—relocated people’s access to sustainable livelihoods, including physical, economic, natural, human, social and cultural assets. Here, drawing on data from 14 completed flood-related relocation cases, we use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and find that planning decisions, alone and taken together, contributed to sustainable livelihood outcomes. Relocation processes initiated and driven by community members had better outcomes than government-driven processes, adding a global comparative perspective to prior findings. Speed and transfer dynamics were also critical, with different implications for small and large communities. As a result, multiple pathways of planning decisions can lead to better outcomes, highlighting potential entry points for policy to promote more sustainable and people-centred planned relocation.

Keeping Active with Texting after Stroke (KATS): development of a text message intervention to promote physical activity and exercise after stroke

BackgroundPost-stroke physical activity reduces disability and risk of further stroke. When stroke rehabilitation ends, some people feel abandoned by services and struggle to undertake physical activities that support recovery and health. The aim of this study was to codesign a novel text message intervention to promote physical activity among people with stroke and provide support when formal rehabilitation ends. This manuscript describes the intervention development processes that will inform future pilot and feasibility studies.MethodsThe planned intervention was a series of text messages to be sent in a predetermined sequence to people with stroke at the end of rehabilitation. The intervention, underpinned by behaviour change theory and using salient behaviour change techniques, would provide daily messages offering encouragement and support for the uptake and maintenance of physical activity following stroke. The intervention was codesigned by a Collaborative Working Group, comprised of people with stroke, rehabilitation therapists, representatives from stroke charities and academics. A four-step framework was used to design the intervention: formative research on physical activity post-stroke, creation of the behaviour change text message intervention, pre-testing and refinement. Formative research included a review of the scientific evidence and interviews with community-dwelling people with stroke. Data generated were used by the Collaborative Working Group to identify topics to be addressed in the intervention. These were mapped to constructs of the Health Action Process Approach, and salient behaviour change techniques to deliver the intervention were identified. The intervention was rendered into a series of text messages to be delivered over 12 weeks. The draft intervention was revised and refined through an iterative process including review by people with stroke, their spouses, rehabilitation therapists and experts in the field of stroke.The messages encourage regular physical activity but do not prescribe exercise or provide reminders to exercise at specific times. They use conversational language to encourage engagement, and some are personalised for participants. Quotes from people with stroke provide encouragement and support and model key behaviour change techniques such as goal setting and coping planning.DiscussionCo-design processes were critical in systematically developing this theory and evidence-based intervention. People with stroke and rehabilitation therapists provided insights into perceived barriers post-rehabilitation and identified strategies to overcome them. The structured multistep approach highlighted areas for improvement through successive rounds of review. The intervention will be tested for acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness in future studies. This co-design approach could be used for interventions for other heath behaviours and with different populations.

Salience and Learned Attention: A Study on the Perception of Uninflected Verbs by Brazilian Portuguese-English Bilinguals

The present study explores the potential reasons for L2 users’ difficulty with inflectional morphology. We investigated the effects of salience and learned attention on the processing of second language inflectional morphology by Brazilian Portuguese(BP)-English bilinguals. To analyze the effects of salience, we tested L2 users’ perception of past regular verbs and past irregular verbs ending with /?t/, which involves a more salient change in the verb root. To probe the influence of learned attention, we compared their behavior concerning regular past tense makers (–ed) and regular present tense markers (–s), as the latter occurs in a grammatical context in which Portuguese uses null morphemes. We conducted an Acceptability Judgment Task to observe L2 users’ behavior in relation to sentences that were ungrammatical due to the use of uninflected verbs. The results indicate that the participants were more sensitive to the absence of regular past tense than to the absence of regular present tense marking, but the absences of regular and irregular past tense markings were perceived similarly. The study's results corroborate models that account for the effects of cross-linguistic influence on learned attention to linguistic cues and also reverberate through second language teaching practices.

Mining the Web of Science for African cities and climate change (1991–2021)

This study provides a synthetic overview of thirty years of research devoted to urban climate change in Africa. Which cities in Africa are being researched on the impacts of climate change affecting them? What are the main social and urban issues and how are they linked? Is the development of climate services envisaged for these cities? Related to which local issues? Some answers are drawn by text mining the metadata of more than a thousand articles published in the 1991–2021 period and recorded in the Web of Science. The evidences produced are based on the design and exploitation of a taxonomy of keywords forming a set of issues and on their articulation in a network based on their co-occurrences in the articles' metadata. Forty-eight African countries and 134 cities are cited, Cairo, Dar es Salaam, Cape Town, Accra, Lagos, Durban, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Kampala and Johannesburg being the cities deferring the largest number of studies. The salient urban climate change issues-health, water, energy, social issues and governance, followed by agriculture and food, mitigation, heat, urban territories, risks and hazards-are generally addressed in their interdependences. Urbanization and the implementation of associated policies, as well as the management of water resources, floods health and energy, and land use and land cover changes to a less extent, are proving to be the most pressing challenges. In view of the intricacy of these issues, climate services appear underdeveloped in African cities and barely confined to the acquisition and modeling of environmental data for decision-making in adaptation planning.

Child-focused climate change and health content in medical schools and pediatric residencies

Anthropogenic climate change-driven primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels that form greenhouse gases-has numerous consequences that impact health, including extreme weather events of accelerating frequency and intensity (e.g., wildfires, thunderstorms, droughts, and heat waves), mental health sequelae of displacement from these events, and the increase in aeroallergens and other pollutants. Children are especially vulnerable to climate-related exposures given that they are still developing, encounter higher exposures compared to adults, and are at risk of losing many healthy future years of life. In order to better meet the needs of generations of children born into a world affected by climate change, medical trainees must develop their knowledge of the relationships between climate change and children's health-with a focus on applying that information in clinical practice. This review provides an overview of salient climate change and children's health topics that medical school and pediatric residency training curricula should cover. In addition, it highlights the strengths and limitations of existing medical school and residency climate change and pediatric health curricula. IMPACT: Provides insight into the current climate change and pediatric health curricular opportunities for medical trainees in North America at both the medical school and residency levels. Condenses climate change and pediatric health material relevant to trainees to help readers optimize curricula at their institutions.

Pre-service teachers as researchers of educational practices: Effects on students’ narration of their learner autobiography

The pilot study was part of a project funded by the European Educational Research Association. The focus of the study was to explore possible effects on the pre-service teachers involved as student researchers in the project. In particular, the study investigated changes to the participants' narrated learner autobiographies at before, during, and at the end of the study. Participants supplied asynchronous audio narrations before, mid-way, and after the data collection of the project and contributed ideas to an asynchronously offered padlet board. The most salient change was a change of the participants’ self-perception as learners.

Discussion Guide for the Golino Article

Between their underlying illness and the intensive care unit (ICU) environment, patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) are exposed to numerous stressors. Stress often elicits negative emotional symptoms, such as anxiety—reported by 80% of MV patients—and predisposes patients to posttraumatic stress disorder. Mainstay treatments for managing stress responses among MV patients (antipsychotics, analgesics, and sedatives) have not changed in more than 2 decades. Yet these medications increase the risk of adverse effects (eg, respiratory depression, hemodynamic instability, delirium) that ultimately impede liberation from MV and contribute to long-term disability. Nonpharmacologic interventions are emerging as a promising means of alleviating stress responses among MV patients. For example, live music therapy (LMT) interventions diminish physiological stress responses and reduce pain intensity in MV patients. But these findings were from an isolated study and should be replicated in more rigorous study conditions. Therefore, the authors examined the influence of LMT on physiological stress parameters, pain, and agitation of critically ill adults receiving MV.Once the patient’s legally authorized representative gave consent, participants were randomized into 2 groups: LMT and usual care. Those assigned to the LMT group received a needs assessment from a board-certified music therapist that was used to tailor a 30-minute LMT intervention. Usual care was defined as care that would typically occur during the 30-minute study period. Immediately before and after the study period, critical care nurses would record the patient’s heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation level, pain intensity, and agitation level. Notably, the investigators stopped study recruitment prematurely owing to a salient change in patient characteristics and research limitations related to the COVID-19 pandemic—with 61 patients randomized to the LMT group and 57 patients to the usual care group. Once preintervention scores were adjusted for, MV patients in the LMT group had significantly lower heart rates and agitation levels than patients in the usual care group. Patients in the LMT group had 6 times higher odds of having less pain than patients in the usual care group. The authors conclude that LMT is a low-risk, cost-effective nonpharmacological treatment that can be used as a supplemental intervention to mitigate pain, anxiety, and agitation in MV patients.Amanda J. Golino, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS, PMGT-BC, TCRN, first started her research journey in 2015 as a subinvestigator for her current mentors: Drs Mary Ann Friesen and Theresa M. Davis (coauthors). Around that time, the hospital where Ms Golino worked pilot tested the addition of a board-certified music therapist, Ray Leone. As a critical care nurse specialist certified in pain management, Ms Golino “wanted to explore the benefit of this nonpharmacologic integrative modality, having … observed the powerful impact Ray had when he worked with critically ill patients.” Mr Leone and Ms Golino ultimately partnered to conduct a pilot study examining the feasibility and benefits of using an MT intervention for critically ill adults.1 This initial study, however, excluded MV patients. After completing the pilot study and publishing her team’s findings, Ms Golino planned the present study, which included only MV patients: “I was curious to learn whether this population would respond to MT like the nonvented group [did]…”Although Ms Golino and her team had experience conducting similar research, conducting this work still presented valuable learning opportunities. “An initial challenge

Modifying the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) for individuals receiving gender-affirming communication care: Stakeholder feedback from cognitive interviews.

The Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) is a person-reported outcome measure designed for adults with communication disorders. The CPIB has not been validated for use with clients seeking gender-affirming communication care. The purpose of this study was to determine modifications needed to the CPIB for it to be appropriate for transgender respondents. Individual qualitative cognitive interviews were conducted with 14 transgender adults (seven assigned male at birth, six assigned female at birth, one intersex / assigned female at birth). As participants completed the CPIB, they were asked to 'think out loud' to share their reactions to the items, reasons for their item responses, and any recommendations for changing the CPIB. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify common and salient trends in participants' feedback. The most salient change participants required was in the CPIB item stem. The original stem ("Does your condition interfere with….") is inappropriate for transgender clients because referring to being transgender as a 'condition' is unacceptable. A new stem ("How difficult is it for you to ….") was acceptable to participants. The original CPIB uses the phrase 'family and friends' to refer to safe and comfortable communication partners. Participants in this study reported that this does not reflect the experiences of many transgender people who are not accepted by their biological families. The recommended alternate wording is "people who know you well." The items reflected situations that were relevant to participants, and wording was acceptable with few exceptions. Participants suggested they would have responded to the CPIB items differently earlier in their transition, with their scores improving over time. The original CPIB questionnaire should not be used with transgender clients due to unacceptable wording. The modified items generated from this study require psychometric calibration for a new CPIB version for clients seeking gender-affirming communication care.

Investor climate sentiment and financial markets

We propose to measure investor climate sentiment by performing sentiment analysis on StockTwits posts on climate change and global warming. In financial markets, stocks of emission (carbon-intensive) firms underperform clean (low-emission) stocks when investor climate sentiment is more positive. We document investors overreaction to climate change risk and reversal in longer horizons. Salient but uninformative climate change events, such as the release of a report on climate change and abnormal weather events, facilitate the investor learning process and correction of the mispricing.

Effects of spatial working memory capacity and resolution loads on postural stability while dual-tasking.

Increased spatial processing demands, e.g., working memory loads, which include capacity load and resolution load, may interfere with postural stability. To date, there has been little evidence to demonstrate whether capacity load and resolution load affect postural stability. Therefore, this study manipulated capacity load and resolution load in a spatial working memory task to examine how postural stability is affected. Sixteen healthy young participants were tested in a dual-task paradigm that consisted of a postural task with a tandem Romberg stance and a spatial working memory task with different capacity loads and resolution loads in different sessions. Participants were required to detect a salient change (45° in low resolution) or a subtle change (15° in high resolution) in the bar orientation as a resolution load. Capacity load was manipulated by storing the number of bars, with two bars in low capacity and four in high capacity. The results showed significant interactions between capacity load and resolution load on dual-task effects of sway velocity. In the low-resolution condition, the dual-task effects of anteroposterior and mediolateral sway velocity were significantly lower in the high capacity than in the low capacity, yet no significant differences occurred in the high-resolution load condition. Our results suggest that increased capacity loads interfere with postural stability only in low-resolution loads while dual-tasking.

Enhancement of superconductivity in multilayer FeSe film by Nb coating

Recently, the superconductivity of FeSe has been greatly enhanced in one-unit-cell films and ultrathin surface doped films grown on STO substrates, which lead to extensive research on the interfacial effect and charge carriers doping in FeSe films. Herein, by using ion beam sputtering deposition, transition metal (Nb) is successfully coated on the multilayer FeSe films and the superconductivity of FeSe is significantly enhanced compared to pristine FeSe. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) varies with the thickness of Nb coatings and the highest Tc up to 13.0 K is obtained in the FeSe film with Nb coating about 10 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) demonstrates Nb incorporates in FeSe lattice. In particular, the existence of Nb5+ in FeSe films is confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The salient change of Nb binding energy measured by XPS demonstrate the binding and hole-carriers doping mechanisms between Nb5+ and FeSe layers. In particular, the positive Hall coefficients demonstrate the hole carriers dominant in Nb-doped FeSe films. This work demonstrates the doping characteristics of Fe site in FeSe, providing an avenue for exploring diverse superconductivity of FeSe by transition metal doping.

Hysteresis of a passively mode-locked fiber laser: effects from cavity dispersion.

Hysteresis is a common phenomenon in passively mode-locked lasers and refers to the effect where the thresholds marking transitions between different pulsation states are not the same for an increasing or decreasing pump power. Despite wide presence in experimental observations, the general dynamics of hysteresis remains elusive, largely due to the challenge to acquire the full hysteresis dynamics of a given mode-locked laser. In this Letter, we overcome this technical bottleneck by fully characterizing an exemplar figure-9 fiber laser cavity, which exhibits well-defined mode-locking patterns in its parameter space or "primitive cell." We varied the net cavity dispersion and observed the salient change of hysteresis characteristics. Specifically, transiting from an anomalous to a normal cavity dispersion is found to consistently increase the likelihood of the single-pulse mode-locking regime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a laser's hysteresis dynamic is fully probed and related to fundamental cavity parameters.

Improved Adherence of Colonoscopy Surveillance Guidelines Using an Automated Endoscopy Template to Standardize Evidence-Based Recommendations

In February 2020, the United States Multi-Society Task Force (USMSTF) updated their recommendations for follow-up interval after colonoscopy with or without polypectomy. A salient change is increasing the surveillance interval for 1-2 adenomas <10 millimeters (mm) in size from 5-10 years to 7-10 years. Amid the change in these guidelines, there was significant practice variation among gastroenterology (GI) fellows and attendings regarding adherence to the new recommendations for colonoscopy follow-up intervals. In this quality improvement study, we aimed to improve adherence to appropriate follow-up recommendations for patients undergoing screening colonoscopy with 1-2 diminutive adenomas and next colonoscopy interval based on the updated USMSTF guidelines.

Pre- and In-Service Teachers’ Assessment and Feedback in EFL Writing: Changes and Challenges

In research on EFL writing, much attention has been paid to teachers’ practises in assessment or feedback, but little is known about teachers’ behaviors in these two domains as a whole. There also seems to be a paucity of research on how teachers’ reactions to student writing develop from pre- through in-service. The current study, using a cross-sectional method, aims to compare pre- and in-service teachers’ assessment and feedback in EFL writing pertinent to their potential changes and challenges in responding to student text. Three groups of participants (59 pre-practicum trainees, 31 post-practicum trainees, and 32 in-service teachers) in Mainland China were involved in a simulation task for assessing a descriptive text by using the given scoring rubrics and providing written feedback to the same text. The results of the assessment task showed that there is a salient change in the participants’ severity from pre- through in-service in assessing the student text; participants with less teaching experience focused on conceptual aspects of the text, whereas those with more experience highlighted linguistic issues in the assessment task; and some participants in each group had problems with proper use of the rating scales. Results of the feedback task revealed that all three cohorts at different professional development stages probably faced challenges in reacting to the text due to the limited quantity and poor quality of their written responses. These findings underscore the necessity for assessment literacy training for teachers in both pre-service and in-service programs.

Participation in (non)salient linguistic change over the lifespan: An examination of panel speakers’ life stories

AbstractThis paper addresses linguistic change over the lifespan by examining two cases of variation in the speech of the minority Francophone community of Welland, Ontario: (i) consequence markersso, fait que, alors, anddonc(“therefore”) and (ii) markers of restrictionjuste,seulement que, (r)ien que, and (ne…)que(“only”). Using two sociolinguistic corpora collected 40 years apart, this paper first examines the impact of social factors on both cases at the community level, revealing thatsoandjusteare rising at the expense of their competitors, and documenting differences in the speed of each rise and in the social marking of the rising variant. Second, it examines whether 12 speakers recorded in both corpora are participating in each rise, revealing important interindividual differences, including, for some, patterns of age‐grading that go against the community trends. Explanations for these patterns are linked to the 12 speakers’ sociolinguistic life stories.

Global growth trend in fisheries and current situation in Turkey

In recent years the most salient change in the global food sector has been witnessed in the range of fisheries. Due to the gravity of fishery, particularly in meeting the needs of an adequate and balanced diet, its total share in production, consumption and trading has been on the rise on a global scale. The aim of this study is to detect the factors impinging upon growth trend and foreign trade of global fishery sector. To that end, data from 1990-2017 period of 10 countries meeting 72% of global fisheries and data from Turkey have been employed. In this study panel data analysis method has been applied by using 11 cross-section data and 28-time series. Importation and exportation models have thus been set. An increase by 100% in production of fisheries climbs exportation share by 15% and degrades importation share by 1%. 1-unit increase in income heightens importation by 8 units. Slowness in the growth rate of production of fisheries can be associated with supplying the vast majority of total production by only a few select countries thus threatening global exportation of fisheries. Turkey and relevant countries could gain exportation advantage by conducting a better analysis of their existing potential.