Application Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

A Mechanistic Action of Salicylic acid on Metabolic Profiling, Antioxidative Potential, and Growth Pattern of Amaranthus hybridus

This study has been conducted to investigate the effects of salicylic acid application on the growth and biomass of Amaranthus hybridus. The crop was grown in pots during July-August 2023, under natural weather conditions in the botanical garden of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Different doses of SA (0.69 ppm – 13.8 ppm) was sprayed on the shoot of the plants. Compared to the control group, SA application at 0.69 ppm, 1.38 ppm, and 2.76 ppm showed increased growth and yield of the plants. SA applied at 1.38 ppm concentration, particularly, gave maximum increments in the length and biomass of the crop. SA application reduced the formation of oxidative stress markers (H2O2, SOR, MDA) by increasing the activities of antioxidants like SOD, POD, APX, total phenol, and proline. Salicylic acid treatment also increased the nutritive value of the crop by increasing the level of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and protein, while reduced the levels of oxalic acid. The photosynthetic efficiency of the PSII was strengthened better with 1.38 ppm SA application by increasing chlorophyll content, allocation of absorbed light energy to drive the photochemical process, and quenching of the heat energy. The metabolic profiling via UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS revealed increase in the number and proportion of secondary metabolites belonging to phenolic, alkaloids, terpenoid, flavonoids, betalains, and coumarins group by 240%, 127%, 37%, 182%, 83%, and 90% respectively. Hence, 1.38 ppm of SA has been considered as the suitable dose for spraying on Amaranthus hybridus for increased growth and biomass.

Comparative and interactive response of salicylic acid, 24–epibrassinolide or sodium nitroprusside against cadmium stress in Linum usitatissimum

AbstractConcerns regarding the effects of heavy metals (HMs) on agricultural productivity have grown over time. Because HM stress disrupts a number of the plants' physiological-biochemical and metabolic processes, it severely limits production. Phytohormones can effectively improve plants resistance to HM stress. This work was done to examine the comparative effectiveness of salicylic acid (SA), 24–epibrassinolide (EBL) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on photosynthetic attributes, growth, & antioxidant enzymes activity in Linum usitatissimum cv. RLC–6 (flax) subjected to cadmium (Cd) stress during vegetative growth stages. Cd considerably decreases the length, biomass, leaf diameter, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic traits; and further triggered ROS and MDA content in plant. Moreover, exogenous application of SA, EBL and SNP individually and in combination improved the antioxidant enzymatic machinery by increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and catalase (CAT) and decrease the superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, scavenges ROS and MDA accumulation. Furthermore, submission of phytohormones also caused proline to accumulate and the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) to be activated which were impaired due to Cd stress. Among the phytohormones, the most effective method for dropping the damaging impacts of Cd and promoting plant growth and development was EBL. However, combined application of all three phytohormones (SA + EBL + SNP) proved to be the best. Thus, it can be concluded that, these augmented activity of antioxidants and proline elicited by application of phytohormones, would have continued to be able to give Linum usitatissimum exposed to Cd stress resistance.

Effect of Spermidine and Salicylic Acid Application on the Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Under Salt Stress Conditions

Effect of Spermidine and Salicylic Acid Application on the Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Under Salt Stress Conditions

Ácido salicílico reduz os efeitos prejudiciais do estresse salino em Tropaeolum majus

ABSTRACT Salt stress hampers the growth and physiology of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), due to biochemical, physiological, and anatomical disruptions. The application of salicylic acid stands as an alternative to alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress, but studies on nasturtium are scarce. Thus, the aim of present study was to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on nasturtium cultivated under salt stress. The experiment followed a completely randomized design in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with 0 (no stress), 50 (moderate salt stress), and 100 (severe salt stress) mM of NaCl, and application of 0, 0.5, and 1 mM of salicylic acid, each with six replications. Growth (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves), gas exchange (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, intrinsic water use efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency), as well as chlorophyll indices and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. Salt stress affected the variables analyzed in this study. The application of salicylic acid had a positive effect on mitigating the effects of severe salt stress, resulting in a significant increase in the number of leaves. The most effective dose was 1 mM, also leading to notable improvements in water use efficiency and photochemical efficiency. However, other combinations of salinity and salicylic acid reduced growth and gas exchange in nasturtium plants.

Ácido salicílico induz aclimatação ao déficit hídrico em genótipos de Phaseolus lunatus

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the lima bean is the second most economically significant legume within the genus Phaseolus. Climate change, particularly water scarcity, threatens the production of this species. The application of salicylic acid has mitigated the adverse effects of stress. This study aimed to assess the impact of salicylic acid on acclimatisation to water restriction in three genotypes of Phaseolus lunatus (‘Cara Larga’, ‘Cearense’, and ‘Orelha de Vó’). A completely randomised design with a triple factorial included three broad bean genotypes, two pre-conditionings with 1.0 mM salicylic acid and without this elicitor (0.0 mM), and three levels of water availability (75, 50, and 25%), totalling 18 treatments with eight replicates. Physiological and biochemical responses were evaluated after 60 days of treatment. The responses varied among the genotypes. ‘Cara Larga’ stood out regarding osmoregulatory and antioxidant parameters compared to the other genotypes. In contrast, ‘Cearense’ showed an increase only in carbohydrates and carotenoids concentrations, while ‘Orelha de Vó’ exhibited more efficient water use and higher levels of proline under greater water restriction, concurrently with a decline in other parameters. Overall, the ‘Cara Larga’ genotype appears to be the most responsive to the modulating effects induced by acid application, especially under a water restriction of 25%. Applying, applying salicylic acid under conditions of low water availability may be a strategy for modulating the synthesis of osmoregulatory and antioxidant responses in P. lunatus.

Enhancing Freeze Tolerance of Field-grown Lettuce with Salicylic Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Calcium Chloride

With the climate continuing to change, specialty crop growers are particularly at risk for economic loss caused by erratic weather conditions, excess heat and rain, and frost damage. Although tolerant to cold, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a major horticultural crop at risk for exposure to freezing temperatures in late fall or early spring in the Midwest. Exogenous applications of salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and calcium chloride have been shown to improve abiotic stress in plants, particularly with freezing tolerance. This research investigated the effects of the exogenous application of salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and calcium chloride, in varying concentrations, on field-grown lettuce. The study was conducted at the Iowa State University Horticulture Research Station, Ames, IA, USA. Weekly applications of salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.0 mM), ascorbic acid (0.5 and 1.0 mM), and calcium chloride (10 and 20 mM) were applied until plants were a marketable size. A control treatment (no spray) was also included. Data regarding plant size, yield, leaf area, leaf number, plant dry weight, plant nutrient analysis, and freeze tolerance were collected. Freeze tolerance assessments were conducted through laboratory-simulated freeze events and the evaluation of natural in-field freeze events. Freeze injury was quantified through the electrolyte leakage method. Marketable weights in 2020 and 2021 were statistically similar, except for 1.0 mM salicylic acid in 2020, which showed a significantly lower marketable weight and head diameter. Trends during both years showed that stress protectant applications had the most effective freeze protection at −12 °C in laboratory-simulated freeze events. Calcium chloride at 20 mM had the highest protection at −12 °C, with 13.3% and 24.0% less injury compared with the control in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Salicylic acid 1.0 mM at −12 °C had 4.7% and 23.7% less injury compared with control during these two years, respectively. Ascorbic acid 1.0 mM at −12 °C also showed 6.8% and 9.5% less injury than the control in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Similar trends were observed after in-field freezing events, with 20 mM calcium chloride providing the highest protection against frost in 2020 and 2021. These findings advance the understanding of the capabilities of stress protectants on lettuce as chemical primers after freezing events. This research highlights the benefits of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and calcium chloride as stress protectants and encourages future research and further exploration of concentrations, methods of application, and timing of application of products.

Salicylic Acid and Gemma-Aminobutyric Acid Mediated Regulation of Growth, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System and Nutrient Uptake in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Under Arsenic Stress.

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic pollutant commonly found in soil and water, posing significant risks to human health and plant growth. The objectives of this study to evaluate morphological, biochemical, and physiological markers, as well as ion homeostasis, to alleviate the toxic effects of As in sunflowers through the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their combination. A pot experiment was conducted using two sunflower genotypes, FH-779 and FH-773, subjected to As stress (60mg kg-1) to evaluate the effects of SA at 100mg L-1, GABA at 200mg L-1, and their combination on growth and related physiological and biochemical attributes under As stress. The study revealed that As toxicity had a detrimental effect on various growth parameters, chlorophyll pigments, relative water content, total proteins, and nutrient uptake in sunflower plants. It also led to increased oxidative stress, as indicated by higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), along with As accumulation in the roots and leaves. However, the application of SA and GABA protected against As-induced damage by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. This was achieved through the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as an increase in osmolytes. They also improved nutrient acquisition and plant growth under As toxicity. We investigated the regulatory roles of SA and GABA in mitigating arsenic-induced phytotoxic effects on sunflower. Our results revealed a significant interaction between SA and GABA in regulating growth, photosynthesis, metabolites, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake in sunflower under As stress. These findings provide valuable insights into plant defense mechanisms and strategies to enhance stress tolerance in contaminated environments. In the future, SA and GABA could be valuable tools for managing stress in other important crops facing abiotic stress conditions.

Salicylic acid and antitranspirant polymer mitigate the effects of water stress on the growth and yield of cowpea

Water stress can limit the growth and production of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), necessitating the use of strategies that induce plant tolerance to mitigate its effects on the crop. This includes the application of salicylic acid (SA) and antitranspirant polymer (AP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of SA and AP applications on the growth and production of cowpeas subjected to water stress. The experiment was conducted in field conditions at Sítio Boqueirão, Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, comprising 10 treatments with four replications. The evaluated treatments included nine combinations generated according to the Central Composite Design experimental matrix, involving five doses of SA and five doses of AP applied to plants under water stress, along with an additional treatment (without water stress and application of SA and AP). The assessed variables included morphological parameters and yield. The data were subjected to canonical correspondence analysis and confidence ellipses. The application of SA and AP increased growth (summer and spring) and productivity (summer). However, in spring, there was a decrease in productivity and an increase in the number of days until the initiation of pod harvesting in cowpeas under water stress.

Salicylic Acid Alleviates the Adverse of Salinity Stress in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Aims: To discover the resistance of the Yemeni genotype of fenugreek to salt stress and the impact of salicylic acid on alleviating salt stress. Study Design: The experimental design adopted a completely randomized block design (RCBD), with pots filled with a 1:2 mixture of sand and soil serving as the experimental units. Place and Duration of Study: in a mini greenhouse covered with white polyethylene plastic sheet at Taiz University during the spring season 2021. The average temperature ranged from 32 ℃ during the day to 29 ℃ at night. chemical analyses were performed at the pharmaceutical laboratory in Al-Saeed University. Methodology: The fenugreek genotype was subjected to varying salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) and the impact of salicylic acid (at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/l) in alleviating salt stress effects was examined at two time points: 15 and 30 days after 2 weeks of germination. Results: Increasing salinity significantly reduced shoot and root length and exhibited slight fluctuations influenced by salinity levels above 100 mM. Salicylic acid (SA) significantly reduced shoot length but had no effect on root length. Salinity had no appreciable effect on shoot dry matter (SDM%), while the application of SA significantly decreased it. Root dry matter percentage (RDM%) showed a notable and sharp increase with salinity. However, no appreciable changes in RDM% were observed in response to the SA application. In response to salinity, the ratio of SDM% to RDM% in treated plants decreased sharply, with the lowest ratio achieved when 0.1 SA was used for treatment. There were no significant modifications observed in the amounts of photosynthetic pigments in fenugreek leaves, including chl a, chl b and total chl. Nevertheless, using high concentration of Nacl led to a signifcantly reduced in the carotenoids and the chl. b. The protein content of fenugreek plants treated with salt was much higher than that of control plants. Also, protein levels increased with SA treatment across all NaCl concentration. Proline levels sharply increased with rising salinity, reaching a peak in approximately 22.28 ug/g DW. Application of 0.1 SA led to the highest proline level in comparison to other treatments, which was the highest level of Nacl in the second measurement time. Proline levels in plants treated with 200 Nacl and 0.1 SA were the highest, averaging roughly recorded 49.95 ug/g DW. APX significantly affected on fenugreek plants, the highest APX content was found in plants treated with 50 mM NaCl, the application of 0.1 SA produced the highest level of APX (0.373nm/g protein/minuet) in fenugreek. Catalase (CA) levels significantly decreased, but SA application did not affect CA levels. The data obtained may help in determining fenugreek cultivation areas and in managing breeding programs.

Influence of Drought Stress and Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Early Vegetative Stage of Cacao

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is noted to have a low tolerance to drought and is, therefore, not resilient to prolonged dry periods. The study sought to evaluate the morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of two clonal seedlings of cacao BR25 and K9 under drought stress and to explore the potential alleviating effects of salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mM on the early vegetative stage. Eleven-month-old BR25 and K9 cacao were pre-treated with foliar application of 0.5 and 1.0-mM SA for 2 wk before the onset of drought conditions. Well-watered and drought seedlings with no pre-treatments served as the control. Water was withheld for 20 d, after which rewatering resumed for 3 mo. Results revealed that after 20 d of drought, both clonal varieties experienced a significant decline in relative water content (RWC) and increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase activity. Changes in stem diameter were observed after a rewatering period of 3 mo. K9 exhibited a noticeable reduction in root and shoot dry weight and stomatal aperture after 20 d of drought, whereas BR25 showed a decrease in total chlorophyll content and chlorophylls a and b. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest that 0.5-mM SA has the potential to mitigate the drastic effects during drought in BR25 and K9 cacao by improving RWC, stomatal length, and width. On the other hand, 1.0- mM SA has the potential to alleviate the effects of drought experienced earlier on by improving root dry weight and APX activities of the seedlings.

Growth and Essential Oil Production of Vetiver Plants Under Salinity Condition with Salicylic Acid and Mycorrhiza Application

Growth and Essential Oil Production of Vetiver Plants Under Salinity Condition with Salicylic Acid and Mycorrhiza Application

Salicylic Acid Spray Delays Sand Pear Fruit Senescence during Room Temperature Shelf Life by Regulating Antioxidant Capacity and Senescence-Related Genes.

'Whangkeumbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia) is a variety of sand pear fruit well-known for its smooth surface and good taste. However, the fruit quality is adversely affected by postharvest ethylene production. Therefore, improving postharvest shelf life by regulating fruit senescence is critical to promoting the 'Whangkeumbae' fruit industry. Here, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) spray on fruit senescence in sand pears during room temperature shelf life. Exogenous SA reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during room temperature shelf life. Additionally, SA effectively maintained the fruit skin coloration and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). SA treatment inhibited PpPPO1 expression and upregulated PpSOD1, PpAPX6, and PpGST2 expression. Furthermore, SA application downregulated the expression of PpACO2, PpEIN3a, PpNCED1, and PpAOC2, while upregulating PpNPR-1, PpTAR2, and PpCOMT1 during room temperature shelf life. SA treatment also influenced cell wall metabolism and modification genes by inhibiting PpPG1, PpPME2, and PpCEL3 and inducing PpPGIP1 expression. Additionally, SA treatment affected sugar and acid metabolism genes and increased the expression of PpSPS1, PpSUS1, PpSOT1, PpTMT4, PpSWEET15, and PpcyNAD-MDH, but suppressed the expression of PpcyNADP-ME. The Pearson correlation analysis indicated that PPO activity and MDA content were positively correlated with the expression of PpPPO1, PpACO2, PpEIN3a, PpNCED1, PpAOC2, PpPG1, PpPME2, PpCEL3, and PpcyNDA-MDH. Conversely, these factors were negatively associated with the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX, as well as the expression levels of PpSOD1, PpPOD1, PpCAT1, PpAPX6, PpGST2, PpNPR-1, PpTAR2, PpCOMT1, PpPGIP1, PpSPS1, PpSUS1, PpSOT1, PpTMT4, PpSWEET15, and PpcyNAD-MDH. Our results reveal that exogenous SA could delay fruit senescence in sand pear fruit by regulating various biochemical and molecular mechanisms and can be used to effectively extend fruit shelf life during room temperature storage. However, further research is necessary to determine whether the fruits sprayed with SA are suitable for direct human consumption.

Seed osmopriming with salicylic acid on induction of tolerance of Cenostigma pyramidale to water deficit

Cenostigma pyramidale is an endemic species of Brazil, widely spread in the Caatinga biome. The conditions in the semi-arid Northeastern region of Brazil can affect the development of plants due to the irregularity of rainfall, limiting the availability of water and reducing the germination and initial growth of native species. Therefore, seed priming with salicylic acid may mitigate the effects of water stress on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed osmopriming with salicylic acid as a water deficit attenuator on germination and initial growth of C. pyramidale seedlings. A completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five osmotic potentials (Ψs – 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa) and five doses of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM), with four repetitions of 25 seeds, was used. Germination and initial growth of C. pyramidale were compromised by water deficit. Osmopriming of seeds with salicylic acid at a dose of 0.63 mM is an efficient strategy to reduce the effect of water deficit in the germination stage from the potential of -0.2 MPa. The vigor of C. pyramidale seeds increased under deficit conditions with the application of salicylic acid, with the concentration varying from 0.5 to 1.0 mM. Osmopriming seeds with 0.87 mM salicylic acid promotes the development of vigorous seedlings under water deficit conditions.

Effects of different healing agents on acclimatization success of in vitro rooted Garnem (Prunus dulcis × Prunus persica) rootstock

Continuing productivity of the acclimatization stage of plantlets means successful micropropagation. Due to the free water and high humidity in the culture container environment, poorly developed cuticle results in rapid water loss and drying of plantlets with watery stems and leaves, incomplete stomata, and large intercellular space. When plantlets are exposed to an environmental condition different from the culture medium, problems, such as rapid water loss and drying, may be encountered, and the survival rate of plantlets in vitro may be reduced. The aim of this study was to reduce the stress factors that occur during the acclimatization phase. For this reason, various healing agents have been used. Some of these compounds are ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In the study, the response of AsA (100.0 and 200.0 mg L−1), SA (100.0 and 200.0 mg L−1), and SNP (100.0 and 200.0 µM) applications on growth parameters (survival rate (%), node count (pieces per plant), count of leaves (pieces per plant), shoot length (mm), and shoot diameter (mm)) and physiological variable (Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)) were examined. The AsA100 (100.0 mg L−1 ascorbic acid), AsA200 (200.0 mg L−1 ascorbic acid), and SNP100 (100.0 µM sodium nitroprusside) applications resulted in an improvement in node count, leaf count per plant, shoot length, and shoot diameter parameters. The highest shoot length (60.50 ± 7.81 mm) and node count (16.83 ± 1.15 pieces per plantlet) were achieved with the AsA100 application. The maximum stem diameter (2.31 ± 0.37 mm) was determined with the SNP100 application. There were no statistically significant differences found in the survival rate, leaf count, and SPAD parameter. The current study determined that AsA, SA, and SNP applications were effective in regulating several growth parameters in Garnem plantlets and in reducing acclimation stress thereby facilitating adaptation to external conditions.

Efficacy of Various Chemical Sprays on Plant Growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Terminal Heat Stress Conditions

Heat stress is now widely accepted as an important ecological factor influencing growth of plants and production. Rising temperatures as a result of global warming cause heat stress, reducing plant development and potential output throughout the entire globe. A field experiment was carried out at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, to minimize the heat stress induced-losses in chickpea plants with the foliar spray of chemicals during two consecutive years 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Rabi season (November-April). Experimental treatments comprise two chickpea varieties (RVG-202 and RVG-203) sown on same day (15th November). foliar spray of seven chemicals at at vegetative, anthesis and at both stages. The chemcials include Salicylic acid @ 800 ppm, Salicylic acid @ 400 ppm, Ascorbic acid @ 10 ppm, Potassium chloride @ 1%, Thiourea @ 400 ppm, Cycocel @ 400 ppm and Control (no spray). Results suggested that heat stress severely reduced the chickpea growth and productivity. However, foliar application of salicylic acid and thiourea positively affected the plant growth attributes which ultimately increased the final productivity. Concisely, the foliar spray of chemicals particularly, salicylic acid and thiourea modulated the heat stress induced losses in chickpea cultivars, RVG-202 and RVG-203 by improving their antioxidant defense mechanism and enhanced the productivity.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid via seed soaking improved growth and photosynthetic efficiency by maintaining stomatal organisation, redox homeostasis, and antioxidant defense system in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Exogenous application of salicylic acid via seed soaking improved growth and photosynthetic efficiency by maintaining stomatal organisation, redox homeostasis, and antioxidant defense system in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Enhancing salt stress tolerance in kidney beans: The synergistic effects of biochar and salicylic acid in arid and semi-arid regions

Salt stress is one of the most damaging environmental stresses of recent times and poses a significant threat to food security. Here, we conducted an experimental study over two consecutive years (2022–2023) to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of kidney beans. The study used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (n = 4). The experiment included three levels of salicylic acid (SA): SA0 (0 mM), SA0.5 (0.5 mM) and SA1 (1 mM). The study also used biochar in four levels, without biochar as the control treatment (B0), regular biochar (Rb) by 2.5 % per soil weight, modified biochar with phosphoric acid (PA) by 1.25 % per soil weight, and modified biochar with sulfuric acid (Sb) by 1.25 % per soil weight. Additionally, salt stress (SS) was induced using NaCl in three levels, SS0 (distilled water), SS4 (4 4 dS m−1), and SS8 (8 dS m−1). The results showed that salt stress, biochar, and salicylic acid significantly affected the measured parameters. Salt stress (SS4 and SS8) negatively affected the measured parameters compared to the control. However, the application of biochar and salicylic acid regulated the alleviation of the impact of salt stress. Under SS4, the application of Rb along with SA1 resulted in the highest value of proline content. The highest enzymatic activity of catalase was observed due to the use of PA in combination with SA0.5 under non-saline soil conditions. The use of PA under SS8 increased the hydrogen peroxide and caused the highest activity, while the lowest activity was obtained under non-saline soil conditions with the application of Sb. In the first year of the experiment, it was found that the use of SA1 without biochar under non-stress conditions resulted in the highest levels of malondialdehyde. Likewise, in the second year, the highest malondialdehyde activity was observed by applying Rb and SA1 under SS8. The research concludes that kidney bean plants are significantly impacted by salt stress, which affects their biochemical characteristics. Nonetheless, the combined application of biochar and salicylic acid showed promise in addressing these challenges. This approach could be particularly effective in managing salinity issues in arid and semi-arid regions, highlighting the potential of biochar and salicylic acid for improving plant resilience under such conditions.

Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathways are simultaneously activated in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the rolB/C gene from Ipomoea batatas

The Agrobacterium rhizogenes root oncogenic locus (rol) genes interfere with hormone balance by altering their synthesis and/or recognition, giving rise to varied impacts on the physiological characteristics of plants and cell cultures. The homolog of the rolB and rolC genes from Ipomoea batatas, named Ib-rolB/C, similarly induces morphological and physiological alterations in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its role in plant hormonal homeostasis has not been previously defined. In this study, we found that external application of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly upregulated Ib-rolB/C in detached I. batatas leaves. Furthermore, heterologous expression of Ib-rolB/C in A. thaliana markedly enhanced the accumulation of SA and MeJA, and to a lesser extent, elevated abscisic acid (ABA) levels, through the modulation of genes specific to hormone biosynthesis. Even though the RolB/RolC homolog protein has a notable structural resemblance to the RolB protein from A. rhizogenes, it exhibits a distinct localization pattern, predominantly residing in the cytoplasm and certain discrete subcellular structures, instead of the nucleus. Consequently, the functions of RolB/RolC in both naturally and artificially transgenic plants are linked to changes in the hormonal state of the cells, though the underlying signaling pathways remain to be elucidated.

The effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on forage quality and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit conditions

The effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on forage quality and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit conditions

Selenium enrichment and quality improvement of Origanum vulgare plants grown under in vitro condition with salicylic acid

One of the important sources of human selenium intake is vegetables, so increasing of selenium in edible parts of plants, biofortification, provides an effective approach to reduce selenium deficiency. Origanum vulgare L. is an important medicinal plant which is also used as a valuable spice. The present study was done to evaluate the ability of selenium accumulation of micropropagated O. vulgare under sodium selenate and/or salicylic acid treatment. Micropropagation of O. vulgare was done from shoot-tips as explants on modified Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. After 1 month, rooted plantlets were transferred to modified Murashige & Skoog solidified medium containing sodium selenate (0, 25 and 50 µM) and/or salicylic acid (0 and 100 mgL−1). After 4 wk, growth, selenium accumulation, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress indicators were determined. The results showed that the plantlets were able to accumulate 16.1 µg g−1 DW and 28.27 µg g−1 DW selenium in shoots at 25 and 50 µM selenate sodium concentrations respectively. Both concentrations of selenium increased shoot dry weight, length of shoot and root, soluble sugars and total protein content, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. On the contrary, malondialdehyde content decreased under selenium treatment. It was found that by increasing selenium concentration the content of total protein, H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes activity increased significantly. Application of salicylic acid in combination with selenium improved growth but did not affect on selenium accumulation. The obtained results can be considered as the first report of biofortification of O. vulgare under tissue culture technique.