Salicylaldehyde Research Articles

Exogenous implication of seismic stress in attenuation of in vitro induced morpho-anatomical aberrations in Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Indian Sarsaparilla of the family Apocynaceae) is a perennial climber used in traditional and modern medicinal systems since ages due to presence of a phytoconstituent MBAlD (2-hydroxy 4-methoxy benzaldehyde) in its roots. The morphological and light microscopic examination of the foliar appendages of the in vitro regenerated plants revealed the presence of abnormalities in micro-morpho-anatomy of leaves, caused major shortfall to the acclimatization of in vitro raised plants and their survival success in the field. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the effects of seismic stress treatment on the morphology, micro-morpho-anatomy and photosynthetic pigments development in tissue culture raised plants of H. indicus. The cultures were agitated at 80 rpm for 6.0 min using an incubator shaker for 4 wk twice a day. Significant phenotypic improvements with enhanced quality of shoots, roots and leaf number (14.0 ± 0.29), leaf area (3.2 ± 0.20 cm length and 1.0 ± 0.15 cm width), and growth ratio (4.8 ± 0.33 g fresh weight) were observed. The in vitro induced foliar micro-morpho-anatomical anomalies such as abnormal and non-functional stomata, underdeveloped cuticle, mesophyll tissues and vascular elements were mitigated by the seismic stress; and well organized tissues were developed. Seismic stress also enhanced the development of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves (8.20 μg g−1 FW) as compared with the control plantlets (6.89 μg g−1 FW). We postulate that the application of seismic stress alleviate in vitro induced morphological and anatomical anomalies at in vitro stage, and the developed plantlets exhibited improved survival rate during ex vitro and in vivo hardening processes.

Synthesis of 2-aminochromene derivatives from 1-(2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl)pyridin-1-ium perchlorates and nitromethane in basic medium

Novel 2-amino-4-(nitromethylidene)chromenes were obtained as a result of the reaction of 1-(2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl)pyridinium perchlorates and nitromethane by the action of DBU at reflux in trifluoroethanol. The starting 2-iminochromenes are readily accessible from the corresponding salicylic aldehydes and quaternary cyanomethyl pyridinium salts. The reaction is tolerant to substituents of different nature (alkyl, alkoxy, halogen); a limitation is the presence of strong electron-withdrawing substituents in the benzene ring of chromene. During the reaction, the products precipitate and can be isolated by filtration.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Oxazepine Compounds and Estimation its Biological Activity

This contribution, direct new azo compounds synthesis via coupling benzidine with 4-hydroxy or alkoxy benzaldehyde (A1-A7). Schiff`s bases (B1-B7) were synthesized by condensation of azo compounds (A1-A7) and 2-aminobenzothiazole. New seven compounds of oxazepines derivates (C1-C7) have synthesized via the reaction between phthalic anhydride and Schiff bases, which that previously prepared to produce seven organic compounds as heterocyclic. As well, the oxazepines synthesized have characterized via (FT-IR, and 1HNMR spectroscopy for several of them) and physical properties have recorded. Finally, oxazepine compounds have tested against bacteria two kinds as gram positive and gram negative.

One Decade’s Research Efforts in Hungary to Develop a Bisexual Lure for the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner

The addition of synthetic (E)-anethol to the known attractant phenylacetaldehyde synergized attraction of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, the blend invariably catching 4 to 6 times more than phenylacetaldehyde on its own. Highest catches were recorded by the 1:1-3:1 blends. The addition of salicyl aldehyde, ±linalool, (R)-(+)-limonene, 2-methoxybenzyl alcohol and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (compounds described earlier in the literature as co-attractants for H. armigera), increased catches when added to phenylacetaldehyde. However, the addition of these compounds did not increase catches of the (E)-anethol+pheny- lacetaldehyde blend. When directly compared with performance of the synthetic pheromone, the (E)-anethol +phenylacetaldehyde blend caught an average of 27% of the catch in pheromone baited traps. On an average 79% of moths caught in traps with the (E)-anethol+phenylacetaldehyde blend were females, while traps with pheromone caught only males. The (E)-anethol+phenylacetaldehyde blend described in this study may form the basis for the development of an efficient bisexual lure for H. armigera AFTER further optimization.

Kinetics of producing vanillin and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde from the hydrolysis residue of rice straw by photocatalysis

Alkali soluble lignin present in rice straw hydrolysis residue (RSHR) is subjected to photocatalytic treatment to study its degradation rates and production of different value-added oxygenated organic compounds. TiO2 and ZnO are used as photocatalysts. ZnO could degrade lignin faster than TiO2 in pseudo-first order photocatalytic degradation. The maximum observed photocatalytic lignin degradation is 83.4% using 2 g/L ZnO dose with pseudo-first order rate constant 0.1386 h−1. Vanillin and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde are the two important value-added products formed during photocatalysis. Both these compounds, themselves, are susceptible to photocatalytic degradation. Vanillin degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics and the highest rate constant of 0.1415 h−1 is achieved using 2 g/L ZnO as photocatalyst. While the degradation kinetics of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde is pseudo-first order with TiO2 and ZnO as a photocatalyst. Higher catalyst doses increased the reaction rate constant. With multiple reactions in operation, the concentration of both vanillin and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde in the reaction mixture first increased, attained their maxima, and thereafter decreased. With 1 g/L TiO2 as a photocatalyst, the maximum attained vanillin concentration is 22.4 mg/L after 7 h photocatalysis. Maximum attained vanillin concentration, after 8 h photocatalysis, is significantly higher at 51.2 mg/L when 2 g/L ZnO is used as a catalyst. 4-Hydroxy benzaldehyde is produced in lesser amounts. Its maximum observed concentration in the reaction mixture is 20.4 mg/L, obtained with 1.5 g/L TiO2 after 10 h photocatalysis.

Novel ursane-type triterpene from the fresh leaves of Carissa carandas and evaluation of cytotoxicity

One novel ursolic acid derivative sabiracin 1 (11,25-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) was isolated from the leaves of Carissa carandas, together with five known compounds para hydroxy benzaldehyde (2), ursolic acid (3), carissin (4), 22α-hydroxyursolic acid (5) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). Compounds 2 and 5 were isolated for the first time from this genus. Structure elucidation was done by the help of spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 1-3, 5 and 6 were examined against oral cancer (CAL-27) and lung cancer (NCI-H460) cell lines. 6 showed good activity against oral cancer (IC50 18.69 µM), moderate activity against lung cancer (IC50 63.34 µM) and no cytotoxicity against normal cell lines.

New Schiff-Base’s Modified Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization, Computational, Thermal Study and Comparison on Adsorption of Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Metal Ions in Aqueous

In this paper, four modified chitosan compounds were prepared by reaction between chitosan (CS) and carbonyl groups such as salicylaldehyde (SA), benzaldehyde (BA), para-chloro benzaldehyde (PCBA) and acetanilide (A) as an amide compound. The corresponding Schiff-bases were characterized by FTIR, EDX, FESEM, BET and TGA-DTA techniques. The BET analysis on the prepared Schiff bases shows that the total volume of the pores and their specific surface area is different. The synthesized compounds have got less than 10 nm in diameter. The adsorption of copper and nickel ions in the aqua medium by prepared Schiff bases was studied. A comparison of the adsorption percentage of prepared compounds indicates that Schiff-base CS-A has slightly better adsorption than CS-SA. The calculation of boundary orbital energy (HOMO–LUMO) shows that the chitosan molecule has the highest chemical hardness (η) and the minimum reactivity to synthesized Schiff-Base compounds. The HOMO–LUMO energy gap of all the adsorbed molecules diminished after the adsorption of metal cations. The adsorption efficiency of Cu2+ per molar unit changes as: CS-A (92.5%) > CS-SA (80.4%) > CS-BA (43.2%) > CS-PCBA (42.2%) > CS (30.5%). The adsorption efficiency of Ni2+ per molar unit changes as: CS-A (81.8%) > CS-SA (59.9%) > CS-BA (56.1%) > CS-PCBA (46.6%) > CS (40.25%). Thus, the modified chitosan compounds by imine bonds are well compounds to adsorption of metal ions.

Catalytic Transesterification Routes to Novel Vinyl Glycolate Derivatives of Polyhydric Alcohols

Methyl vinyl glycolate (methyl 2-hydroxybut-3-enoate, MVG) has recently become obtainable from Sn catalysed cascade reactions of mono- and disaccharides. The chemical structure of MVG present several options for chemical transformations and has great potential as a renewable platform chemical for industrial added-value compounds within e.g. polymer chemistry. Herein, we report a catalytic benign transesterification method for the synthesis of MVG ester derivatives of trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE). The secondary alcohol group of MVG greatly complicates the reaction and requires a highly selective catalyst to direct the reaction towards high conversion while avoiding polymerization. Thus, a range of different catalytic systems, e.g. Candida Antarctica Lipase B (CALB), Bronsted bases/acids, salicylic aldehyde as well as Lewis acids were evaluated for the reaction. Despite the challenges this leads to unique derivatives of TMP and PE with an additional chemical handle compared to classic derivatives like the methacrylate and mercaptopropionate.

Hemicyanines-potential heavy metal ion sensors

The synthesis of four hemicyanine dyes are reported. Varying the donor-acceptor properties of hemicyanine dyes has a drastic influence on the aggregation properties and photophysical properties. 4-(N, N-dimethyl)amino benzaldehyde, 4-nitro benzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde are used as donors. Quarternary salts of 2-methyl benzothiazole with bromoacetic acid and methyl iodide are used as acceptors. Synthesis and characterization of the dyes were carried out. Preliminary studies shows that these compounds possess pH sensing as well as heavy metal ion sensing properties.

Designing strategy for coating cotton gauze fabrics and its application in wound healing

Herein, a novel burn wound healing material was developed by new strategy. This strategy involved two steps. In the first step, the cotton gauze fabrics were modified with Quat 188 as cationizing agent. After that, the cationized cotton gauze fabrics were developed via in-situ incorporating of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and then loaded with oxytetracyline hydrochloride drug to produce the cationized cotton gauze fabrics/Ag NPs/drug (S1). In the second step, chitosan (CS) was reacted with different amount of salicylaldehyde (SA) via Schiff base reaction to produce salicyl-imine-chitosan biopolymer. Then, the salicyl-imine-chitosan biopolymer was coated onto S1. The functional properties of modified cotton gauze fabrics, including the swelling rate capacity %, dehydration rate %, and antimicrobial as well as burn wound healing properties were evaluated. The overall results suggest that, the modified cotton gauze fabrics can be utilized in biomedical textiles as antimicrobial and burn wound healing properties.

Schiff Base polymers: synthesis and characterization

The reaction between a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) with amine in suitable condition, the Schiff base compounds with an amine group with the general structure R1R2C=NR3 (R3 ≠ H) was prepared [1, 2]. These compounds were first prepared by German scientist Hugo Schiff. The Schiff base compounds are widely used as a ligand in the coordination chemistry [3, 4]. The division of these compounds is diverse and depending on the various parameters, they are divided into symmetric, asymmetrical, anionic, neutral types and etc. But in most cases the division of these compounds is based on the number of atoms that are coordinated to the center ion. Accordingly, they are divided into mono-, bi- and multi-dentate ligands. Important groups of these compounds are chelated bi-and tetra-dentate ligands, which can be obtained from the reaction of salicylic aldehyde and amine derivatives [5, 6]. The simplicity of providing, having different colors, stabilizing metal complexes and diverse applications has led many research groups to work on these compounds [1, 2, 5, 6]. The most important properties of these compounds are anion sensor [6–8] and avoid steel corrosion [9, 10]. In recent years the innovation of novel Schiff base polymers as thermally stable polymers play a vital role in many areas, among that the most important factor of thermally stable polymers for different industry. Because of that, these advances are interested in improvement of heat and thermal stability and safety. Day to day in this globalization, thermal stable polymers requires a long shelf life, along with monitoring the safety and quality based upon international standards. In this chapter it inculcates, thermally stable polymers such as PA, PI and PES and its stability, long life, mechanical and thermal properties for different applications.

Thiazolidine based fluorescent chemosensors for aluminum ions and their applications in biological imaging.

Utilization of fluorescent techniques in detection of various metal ions actively pursued allow ultrasensitive and selective detections of metal ions and prevent the adverse effect of cations such as aluminum (III) ions. In this study, two novel fluorescent chemosensors containing thiazole derivatives, ((E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(((2-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenyl)-3-phenyl thiazolidin-4-one) AM1 and (2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-((E)-((2-hydroxyphenyl)imino) methyl) phenyl) thiazolidin-4-one) AM2, have been fabricated. The probes AM1 and AM2 were prepared using the condensation reaction between 2-hydroxy-5-(4-oxo-3-phenyl thiazolidin-2-yl) benzaldehyde and 2-aminophenol for the probe AM1 and 5,5'-(4-oxothiazolidine-2,3-diyl)bis(2-hydroxy benzaldehyde) and 2-aminophenol for the probe AM2. Afterwards, they were analyzed by various types of NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, ESI-MS spectra, and elemental anayzer. As a second step, each fabricated chemosensor was able to use turn on fluorescence sensing for detecting of Al3+ ions in ACN/H2O (v/v=50/50, 10.0μM, pH=7.0) solution. Clear complexes formed between the probe AM1 and Al3+ ions and also the probe AM2 and Al3+ ions was determined by not only 1H NMR titration study but also calculated by using the Job's plot. The limit of detection (LOD) value was found to be 0.11μM (AM1) and 4.4μM (AM2) for Al3+ ions. Likewise, cell imaging and in vitro cytotoxicity experiments of Al3+ ions in Human epithelium Lovo cells exhibited that prepared chemosensors had low cytotoxicity and blue fluorescence when they treated with of Al3+ ions in the cellular system.

Synthesis and Characterization of Linear Thermally Stable polyester contain Schiff Bases

A copolymers are important compounds today because of their wide applications in various industrial and medical fields and in other fields. Therefore, the study of preparing many of these polymers has been studied. This research involved preparing linear polyester contain Schiff-base unit by interfacial polycondensation three type diacid chloride (Succinoyl Chloride, Adipoyl Chloride and sebacoyl Chloride) in a chloroform /water system employing phase transfer catalyst with monomer containing two hydroxyl which is derived from a 4-hydroxy aniline reacted with a 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde monomer. The monomer (EM1) and polyester (EM2, EM3, and EM4) were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and TGA analysis. The polyester–Schiff base so obtained show good thermal stability.

Mercuration and Telluration of 2-Fluoro-5-nitroaniline: Synthesis, Antibacterial, and Computational Study

New derivatives of organotellurium and organomercury compounds have been synthesized in the reaction of 2-fluoro-5-nitroaniline with mercuric acetate and further with tellurium(IV) tetrabromide. Reaction of (4-amino-5-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)tellurium(IV) tribromide with 4-hydroxyphenyl mercury(II) chloride gives asymmetrical diaryltellurium(IV) dibromide, whereas reaction of (4-amino-5-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)mercury(II) chloride with phenol and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde produces a new aryl mercury(II) chloride that contains the azomethine and azo groups. Reaction of aryl mercury(II) chloride with tellurium(IV) tetrabromide results in aryaltellurium(IV) tribromide furnished by the azomethine and azo groups. Reduction of unsymmetrical diaryltellurium(IV) dibromide and aryltellurium(IV) tribromide by hydrazine hydrate leads to the corresponding asymmetrical diaryltelluride and diarylditelluride. Structures of the new synthesized compounds are supported by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. Anti-bacterial activity of the new products has been tested against Klebsiella pneumonia Proteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The compounds are characterized as highly active. The molecular structure level and energies of compounds have been computed through the Density Functional Theory (DFT).

Study the Biological Activity for Shiff Base and Β–Lactam Compounds that Synthesis and Identification from Pyrimidine Derivatives

In This study We are synthesis and characterization of some Schiff base and β- lactam derivatives) by three steps. The First react 2-amino-4-Chloro-6-methyl pyrimidine with 4-amino acetophenone in an acid medium to get shiff base derivative(E)-4-(1-((4-Chloro-6-methyl pyridine-2-yl)imino)ethyl)aniline (1), the second step (1) react with (3,4-dimethoxybenzal dehyde,4-methyl benzaldehyde,4-dimethylamino benzaldehyde,4-bromo benzaldehyde,4–hydroxy benzaldehyde, 4-Nitro benzaldehyde) to get Schiff base derivatives (2-7), the last step (2-7) derivatives react with Chloro acetyl chloride to get –β-lactam derivatives.(8-13) All these compounds are characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), (1 H-NMR),(13C- NMR). After that study, the biological activity for all these derivatives to word two kinds of bacteria study the Enzymatic and Cancer Cell.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Hydrazide-Hydrazones as Inhibitors of Laccase from Trametes versicolor.

A series of hydrazide-hydrazones 1–3, the imine derivatives of hydrazides and aldehydes bearing benzene rings, were screened as inhibitors of laccase from Trametes versicolor. Laccase is a copper-containing enzyme which inhibition might prevent or reduce the activity of the plant pathogens that produce it in various biochemical processes. The kinetic and molecular modeling studies were performed and for selected compounds, the docking results were discussed. Seven 4-hydroxybenzhydrazide (4-HBAH) derivatives exhibited micromolar activity Ki = 24–674 µM with the predicted and desirable competitive type of inhibition. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that a slim salicylic aldehyde framework had a pivotal role in stabilization of the molecules near the substrate docking site. Furthermore, the presence of phenyl and bulky tert-butyl substituents in position 3 in salicylic aldehyde fragment favored strong interaction with the substrate-binding pocket in laccase. Both 3- and 4-HBAH derivatives containing larger 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl- or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-benzylidene unit, did not bind to the active site of laccase and, interestingly, acted as non-competitive (Ki = 32.0 µM) or uncompetitive (Ki = 17.9 µM) inhibitors, respectively. From the easily available laccase inhibitors only sodium azide, harmful to environment and non-specific, was over 6 times more active than the above compounds.

Enhancement of Gluconobacter oxydans Resistance to Lignocellulosic-Derived Inhibitors in Xylonic Acid Production by Overexpressing Thioredoxin.

Efficient utilization of lignocellulose is an economically relevant practice for improving the financial prospects of biorefineries. Lignocellulose contains significant levels of xylose that can be converted into valuable xylonic acid. However, some inhibitors of bioconversion processes are produced after pretreatment. Xylonic acid production in bacteria, such as Gluconobacter oxydans, is hindered by poor bacterial tolerance to contaminants. Therefore, in order to enhance bacterial resistance to inhibitors, a recombinant strain of G. oxydans was created by the introduction of the thioredoxin gene. Thioredoxin is a key protein responsible for maintaining cellular redox potential and is critical to the conversion of xylose to xylonate. Overexpression of thioredoxin was confirmed at the enzymatic level, while the recombinant strain showed increased catalytic activity when inhibitors, such as formic acid or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA), were added to the synthetic xylose medium (17% and 7% improvement in xylonic acid yield, respectively). To probe the molecular mechanism behind the recombinant strain response to inhibitors, the expression levels of various genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR, which revealed five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon exposure to formic acid or PHBA.

Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability

It is of great importance to develop epoxy vitrimers with the combination of high performance and versatile recyclability. Herein, two imine-containing hardeners were synthesized from bio-based vanillin and petroleum-based p-hydroxy benzaldehyde. The epoxy resins cured by these two hardeners show high Tg (>120 °C), tensile strength (>60 MPa), Young’s modulus (>2500 MPa), and good solvent resistance. Owing to the incorporation of imine dynamic covalent bond, the cured epoxy resins are reprocessable and degradable. Notably, the chemical degradation products can be reused to prepare new epoxy resins, thus achieving a closed-loop recycling process. Both the reprocessed and chemically recycled epoxy resins exhibit high-percentage retention of thermal and mechanical properties. Finally, this study demonstrates that the epoxy resin cured by the vanillin-based hardener shows comparable thermal, mechanical, and recycling properties compared with the epoxy resin cured by the petroleum-based counterpart.

Synthesis of homo- and hetero-metallic cobalt and zinc nano oxide particles by a calcination process using coordination compounds: their characterization, DFT calculations and capacitance behavioural study.

Nano cobalt and porous zinc–cobalt oxide particles were synthesized using the concept of coordination compounds of the type [M(ii)L,L′] (where M(ii) = Co(ii) & Zn(ii) L= 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde and L′ = piperazine) and were thoroughly characterized. Because the precursors are coordination compounds possessing specific geometry in the crystal lattice, uniform and appropriately sized homo- and heterometallic nanocrystals of Co3O4 and ZnO·Co3O4 were obtained after a thermal process. The homo and hetero composite particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT IR spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The paramagnetic chemical shift of the methyl protons in DMSO due to the nanoparticles was studied by NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that the cobalt particles were ferromagnetic. The structural design modification and surface area of Co3O4 was improved by adding the ZnO component. DFT calculations were done to validate the nano structure. Supercapacitance ability of the nanoparticles was studied by cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical calculations were performed to determine the microelectronic characteristics of the material. The specific capacitance was estimated at 207.3 and 51.1 F g−1 for the ZnO·Co3O4 and Co3O4 electrodes, respectively. Clearly, ZnO·Co3O4 exhibited a much higher specific capacitance than the Co3O4 nanocrystal, which was attributed to better conductivity and higher surface area. The capacitance activity showed multifold enhancement due to the porous nature of Zn oxide in the heterometallic nano ZnO·Co3O4 composite.

Overview of Recent Advances in 3-Hydroxycoumarin Chemistry as a Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound

Coumarins or benzo-2-pyrone derivatives are one of the most significant families of natural compounds and are also important in synthetic organic chemistry. They have been widely used as starting materials or precursor molecules in the pharmaceutical, perfumery and agrochemical industries, etc. Hydroxycoumarins are an important class of coumarin compounds that possess several physical, chemical and biological properties. Among the hydroxycoumarins, 3-hydroxycoumarin seems to be the most important because of its numerous chemical, photochemical and biological properties. However, this compound remains less well known compared to others of the same class such as 7-hydroxycoumarin and 4-hydroxycoumarin. This study is therefore devoted to 3-hydroxycoumarin and its applications. The main purpose of this review is to summarize and document the recent advances on 3-hydroxycoumarin, concerning the main routes of its synthesis, its reactivity, its applications in different fields of biology. Several methods for the synthesis of 3-hydroxycoumarin have been described in the literature, most of which use salicylic aldehyde and 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone as starting compounds. Other synthesis pathways exist, but they are based on intermediate synthesis compounds. Concerning the reactivity of 3-hydroxycoumarin, many heterocyclic compounds obtained from 3-hydroxycoumarin have been reported in the literature. Among these heterocycles are pyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives, chromeno[4,3-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives, dihydropyrano[2,3-c] chromenes and 3-coumarinyl carboxylates. Various researches have also concerned the biological properties of this compound. It appears from these numerous studies that 3-hdroxycoumarin is used in fields such as genetics, pharmacology, microbiology, etc.