Sales Profitability Research Articles

ANALISIS BIAYA PRODUKSI ES BALOK PADA PROFITABILITAS PENJUALAN PT PERIKANAN NUSANTARA (PERSERO) CABANG SORONG

The profitability of sales is one of the main goals of companies to measureperformance leadership or management in other words efficiency andeffectiveness of companies.The cost of my ingredients, how long it will last, and the cost of the factory headmust be calculated quickly. Especially the overheads factory which is oftenoverlooked in production calculations. In addition to the cost of the material andthe cost of the process, the costs include the cost of overhead mill electricity, thecost of shrinking, the cost of repairing the machine, and the maintenance of themachine. All costs must be calculated quickly because they affect the profitabilityof sales.This research took place at Jalan General Ahmad Yani Sorong No. 24 byusing a method of costing in establishing the profitability of the seller and usingthe deposit policy for the main factory price in the overhead charge that is chargedto each product.Based on the results of a comparative data analysis, the method of thecompany with the full costing method has different results in the profitability ofsales.

Analysis of the state grants’ impact on the economic sustainability and efficiency of agricultural production

The estimation of the state support efficiency for agriculture in the Russian Federation is actively discussed in economic spheres. The grants received by farmers should be justified by an increase in the production and an increase in its profitability. It makes this research topic relevant. The article considers the degree of state grants influence on the stability of agricultural production and financial performance on the example of agricultural organizations of the Slavyansk region of Krasnodar Territory. The economic indicators of the agro industrial complex (AIC) of the region are considered. The main agricultural crops capacity, production and sales volumes, average prices for products, cost value and profitability of sales are analysed. The volume of grants received per hectare, the degree of costs compensation, the impact of grants on returns on investments and product profitability are considered using rice as an example. The analysis of the grants impact on the volume of net profit is given. It was proposed to determine the profitability of capital using the net profit reduced by the volume of grants in the calculations to improve the objectivity of the analysis and estimation of the efficiency of agricultural producers.

ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN, PROFITABILITAS DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN OTOMOTIF YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

This research aims to determine the effect of partial sales growth on company performance, theinfluence of profitability on company performance and also the effect of liquidity on companyperformance and to know the simultaneous influence of sales growth, profitability and liquidity oncompany performance. which is listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. As for the results of this studyit turns out that both partially and simultaneously have an effect. This means that sales growth,profitability and liquidity have a very big role in the company's performance.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN LABA KOTOR PADA UD SOFY DI SAMARINDA

This study aims to analyze diverse of gross profit in UD Sofy Samarinda from the results of cement tonasa sales in 2016 compared to 2015. In addition, this study aims to investigate the factors that cause change in gross profit from the sales aspect as well as from the aspect of cost of goods soldThe theory used in this study is management accounting theory, especially about gross profit, sales, cost of goods sold, with the first hypothesis that the increase in sales and increase in cost of goods sold causes an increase in gross profit. The second hypothesis of this study is the factors that cause the change in gross profit due to changes in quantity and selling prices, changes in volume (quantity) and the cost of the product unity.The data collection technique used is library research. The analytical method used is an analysis gross profit change focused on sales price variance analysis, sales volume variance analysis, cost price variance analysis and cost volume variance analysis.The results of the study pointed that the increase in sales and the increase in cost of goods sold in 2016 caused an increase in the gross profit of cement sales in UD Sofy Samarinda in that year compared to 2016. The results also showed that changes in gross profit (increase in gross profit) were caused by sales price variance, sales volume variance, cost price variance, volume price variance.

Assessment of the Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Processing in Siberian Regions

The article assesses trends in municipal solid waste (MSW) processing in Siberian regions. The weakness of the institutional environment in the MSW management sphere is demonstrated, which acts as a key factor hindering the development of modern forms of recycling. An integrated approach to scenario modeling of MSW management is proposed, which makes it possible to obtain estimates of the required capital investments in this sphere for Siberian regions. The authors demonstrate the high requirements on the profitability of sales of secondary material resources and the lack of incentives for investments to increase the level of MSW processing, which significantly limits the effectiveness of government measures to reform the industry.

Editorial

Due to volatile micro- and macroeconomic conditions and increasing competition, companies experience great difficulties in attaining required profitability. The objective of this paper is to identify the profitability determinants for Polish agricultural distributors in a recent period, i.e., 2006–2016. The potential determinants of profitability identified during the course of literature review and after interviews with industry experts are classified into internal and external. With the use of Spearman correlation ranks and regression analysis of figures relating to 24 Polish agricultural distributors, the following internal profitability determinants are identified: age, size, working capital components, indebtedness, salaries, and sales margins. Additionally, the study confirmed the influence of the following selected external profitability determinants: market share, unemployment rate, and several industry-specific variables. This paper proposes the first set of sales profitability determinants for Polish agricultural distributors. The results of this study are interesting for industry-level management.

An analysis of the trilemma phenomenon for Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy

Although fast followers have been making huge investments on their expansion strategies to surpass first movers and dominate the market, they have encountered the trilemma of being unable to simultaneously obtain high market shares, high business profit rates, and high brand innovativeness. This study used the Trade-off model and Diffusion of Innovation theory to statistically examine the trilemma phenomenon in the global smartphone market and revealed that during the early stage of market entry, a company should actively source and use bigmouth consumers and killer app developers, invest limited resources to expand its target market with the aim of sales profits, and develop specifically for innovation. Starting from the later stage of its market growth period, a company should establish some alternative strategies for responding to the possible reduction in the efficacy of marketing expenses.

CHANGES IN THE PROFITABILITY OF PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL POTATOES IN POLAND – A CASE STUDY

This paper assesses the profitability of industrial potato production in Poland. The studies indicated changes on the market concerning industrial potatoes and involved an assessment of the area of cultivation and level of production achieved in comparison to other EU countries. Farm profitability is determined based on the calculated gross margin from which its agricultural income was estimated. An analysis of the profitability of assets and sales was also prepared. Changes in potato production and crop yield as well as the general situation on the potato market were analysed. It was shown that the purchase price of potatoes and potato crop cultivation materials are the most important factors contributing to the profitability of potato production. Research was carried out at a specifically selected family farm specializing in potato production. It was observed that the farmer did not pursue drastic reductions in production costs, as this would have led to a decrease in income and profitability. However, their strategy did allow for a sufficiently high gross margin to be obtained. The gross margin from potato production that was obtained in 2014-2018 was positive, and higher than the average in their province.

OPERATIONAL LEVERIDGE IS AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC INDICATOR

The article establishes the necessity of developing a methodology for assessing the economic stability of production and sales in both theoretical and practical aspects. It is specified that when maximizing the profit of an enterprise, account should be taken of the growing production risks. Estimates of stability and / or riskiness of manufactured and sold products, using the indicator of the price operational leverage and the coefficient of profitability of sales. The article summarizes the methodical approaches to determining the indicator of an operating leverage in foreign economic literature. Practical calculations of the natural and price operational levers are presented, criteria for the acceptable level of entrepreneurial risk are developed taking into account the financial stability of the agricultural enterprise. Statistical information on the size and structure of the cost of production of certain types of plant products (wheat, corn, sunflower, grapes) in agricultural enterprises is systematized. The structure of fixed and variable costs in the production of these crops is determined, as well as the situation of the relevant product markets. It is proved that the calculation of the level of operating leverage in the production of a particular type of crop production allows us to assess the state of economic sustainability and, accordingly, to formulate rational management decisions to achieve the permissible level of risk and increase the efficiency of production activities. The mechanism of management of the production program is based on the consideration of the change in the value of the strength of the operating lever at different trends in the development of the market situation of the corresponding products. It is substantiated that the size of the operating lever is influenced by the sectoral features of agricultural production, the level of technical support, the volume of production, the price conjuncture of the domestic and foreign markets of the corresponding products, etc. indicators. The authors highlight that the main advantage of operational analysis for the enterprise management system is the ability to develop scenarios of influence on the amount of profit that the enterprise will receive, subject to a change in several factors: volume of production, composition and value of costs, product prices, structural changes in the product composition of the production program . Keywords: sustainability, riskiness, operational leverage, profitability of sales, income, profit.

How would the managementof human behavior variables influence customer-oriented management?

PurposeSalesperson’s actions are critical in helping the firm develop customer value orientation and long-term relationship with profitable customers to achieve sustainable sales growth and profitability over time. The purpose of this paper is to examine the salespeople and service executives’ perceptions about the relevance of some human resource management variables and employees’ attitudes as key factors to develop a company’s customer value orientation. The authors tested whether the perceptions of role ambiguity, incentives policy and provided training (PT) had an impact on job involvement (JI), job satisfaction (JS), and consequently, on customer value orientation.Design/methodology/approachResearch design was nested with data from 327 executives from medium and upper positions in Chilean companies.FindingsThe results show that while the perception of role ambiguity had an indirect negative impact on customer value orientation through JI, perception of PT level had a direct impact over and above the other variables.Research limitations/implicationsJS and JI are attitudinal variables, which companies try to encourage in their employees through different human resources, practices. Incentives and training are ways to develop favorable employees’ attitudes and improve their customer value orientation. With the research, companies could invest their resources in better and more effective practices to generate favorable attitudes toward customer value orientation.Originality/valueThrough structural equation modeling, the model shows the relevance in the perception of sales executives about the relationship of employees’ JI and customer value orientation. This commands to open the view of the customer value orientation management to include other attitudinal variables as JI.

ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN SEBAGAI ALAT UNTUK MENGUKUR PENGARUH KEMAMPULABAAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN (Studi Kasus pada PT. Tjiwi Kimia dan PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk.)

Profitability is the ability to create profit in the company, the prifitability can kniw by anayzing elements such as analysis the Operating Profit Margin (OPM), Return On Assets (ROA) and Return On Equity (ROE). Sales growth is a trend or movement from the company activities from sale of each period. The purpose of this research is to determine: 1. To determine the influence sales growth through rasio analysis? 2. To determine a company’s financial condition through ratio analysis? 3. To determine the relationship between the ratio of sales growth and profitability ratio? Research conduction from 2003 to 2007, by taking sampled of two paper companies, namely : PT. Tjiwi Kimia Tbk, and PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk Based on the results of data processing, it can be concluded that the PT. Tjiwi Kimia Tbk., in terms of sales growh ratio,PT. Tjiwi Kimia for 2003 to 2007 produced a positive trend ratio is an average of 8,42 percent. The profitability level of of PT. Tjiwi Kimia Tbk, for the year 2003 to 2007, which is seen from the company’s ability to produce the OPM (Operating Profit Margin) increased overall trend, an average of 17,9 percent, while the terms of return on equity fierm are able produces an average of 3,4 percent, and the ability in terms of return on assets decreased tendency of companies an average of 0,5 percent.Based on the correlation of the PT. Tjiwi kimia Tbk has a relationship to the operating profit margin (OPM) of 0,495 percent (positive, do not approach 1). This means that that the growth rate has a weak relationship to the operating profit marginWhile in PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk, in terms of sales growth rate average of 8.94 percent, the level of profitability from 2003 to 2007, namely in terms of OPM (Operating Profit Margin) increased the overall trend is an average of 16 , 24 per cent, while for the ability in terms of ROE in the year is between 2003 to 2007 the overall trend of declining average of 0.61 percent, and for the profitability of companies in terms of ROA is also experiencing a declining trend that is an average of 1, 87 per cent. sales growth rate relationship with the operatingprofit margin (OPM) has a correlation of 0.637 percent (positive, approaching 1). This means that the growth rate has a strong relationship with the Operating Profit Margin The result ot the evalution in the study states that overall PT. Tjiwi Kimia Tbk hal a level of profitability that is better than PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk, although the company has lost sales growth ratio of PT. Indah KiatKeyword: the ratio of sales growth, profitability

Principles of the organization of wages of managers and specialists of agricultural enterprises

The principal provisions of the organization of the remuneration of managers and specialists of agricultural organizations are discussed in the article. The main functional responsibilities of the managers and chief specialists of crop and livestock are marked. The dynamics of the number and labor costs of these workers is presented for the five years, covering 2011-2015. Indicators of the level of wages and labor productivity of managers and specialists, as well as profitability of sales, are evaluated as a criterion of the effectiveness of their activities. Author’s proposal on the coefficients of the wage levels of certain groups of specialists is given, which is aimed at the objectivity of assessing their work in the economy.

A binary‐regularization‐based model predictive control applied to generation scheduling in concentrating solar power plants

SummaryThis paper proposes the use of model predictive control (MPC) with binary‐regularization to manage the electric power generation problem in concentrating solar power plants with thermal energy storage. The main advantage of the of MPC with binary‐regularization formulation is the inclusion of a power block protection method based on a binary‐regularization term that penalizes power generation variation (also called generation cycling) differently according to the power block situation, ie, normal operation, startup, or shutdown. This distinction simplifies the choice of schedules with reduced variation and high energy sale profits. The interest in this reduction is the achievement of a higher lifetime of the power block elements, lower maintenance costs, and easier plant operability. A benefit of the generation scheduling based on MPC is the capacity of rescheduling the power generation at regular periods, taking advantage of the most recent energy prices and weather forecast, and of the plant's current state. An interesting question is if the proposed protection mechanism affects the economic results of the MPC black strategy. In this regard, an economic study based on a realistic simulation of a 50 MW parabolic trough collector‐based concentrating solar power plant with thermal energy storage, under the assumption of participation in the Spanish day‐ahead energy market scenario, is included. Realistic values for actual and forecasted solar resource and for energy price are used, and for penalties for deviation from the committed generation schedule. The economic study shows that the proposed scheduling method provides an important reduction of the generation cycling without decreasing energy sales profits. Another advantage of the proposed method is the possibility of estimating the highest level of power block protection, which maintains the profits by means of historical data, which favors its practical implementation.

Методи та показники оцінки рівня розвитку видавничо-поліграфічних підприємств

The article deals with the methods of assessing the level of enterprises development, the groups of indicators using in assessing the development of business entities are characterized and a system of indicators evaluation of the level of publishing and printing companies development, is formed taking into account branch features.One of the stages of effective management of enterprise development is the correct and objective estimation of its development level. Approaches to the assessment of the development of the organization are grouped according to the direction of individual indicators (competitiveness, phase of the enterprise life cycle, integral development indicator, implementation of potential) analysis, by methods of qualitative and quantitative assessment. The methods may be based on identifying strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, advantages over other economic entities and identifying its potential. An assessment of the earning capacity of enterprise development management is based on an integrated performance indicator or on the basis of criteria and indicators system.However, the main issue is the choice of a system of indicators, on the basis of which the evaluation will take place, and the possibility of taking into account the sectoral peculiarities. For publishing and printing companies it is expedient to form groups of indicators for the directions of evaluation of the main types of business processes, namely: production, financial, marketing. The production business processes will include indicators for three areas of evaluation: resource usage, cycle duration (production or publishing), performance of the main activity (in relative terms). Financial business processes will be evaluated by indicators of financial stability, liquidity, business activity and performance. Marketing business processes will provide an assessment of competitive advantages, including the corporate image and the market share; the earning capacity of sales activity, which will be characterized by the profitability of sales and the coefficient of shipment/sales of finished products, and the earning capacity of marketing activities.

Factors Affecting Financial Performance of Insurance Industry in Pakistan

This study investigated the indicators of financial performance of insurance companies of Pakistan. Gross written premium (GWP), Claim (CLM), Reinsurance (Rei), Management expenditure (MGE), Interest rate (IR), Size (SIZ), Leverage (LEV), Real GDP (RGDP) were taken as factors (independent variables), whereas Sales Profitability (SAP), Investment Income (INP), and Underwriting profit (UWP) were taken as proxy of financial performance. Data of five 5 insurance companies are chosen covering the period of 2013-2017. Data was analyzed using panel regression. Findings showed that the gross written premium has the significant impact on all three measure of profitability. The further size of the company has a negative impact on sales and investment profit. In addition, the claims, reinsurance, GDP, interest rate and management expenses have an insignificant relationship with all three profitability measures. Hence, in order to improve operational and financial performance of the insurance industry in Pakistan, more focus should be given to factors that could increase premium. Keywords: Growth, Financial Performance, Assessment, Financial stability, financial services, Insurance, Pakistan DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-5-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

PROSES PRODUKSI PIE UBI UNGU

Purple sweet potato pie is a processed food made from the main ingredients of wheat flour and purple yams, and some other additives are margarine, refined sugar, milk and eggs. The process of making purple sweet potato pie includes stages of preparation of raw materials, weighing, mixing, printing, baking, cooling, and packaging. Organoleptic test of purple sweet potato pie showed panelist preferences was formulation of 60% wheat flour and 40% purple sweet potato. The content of antioxidant purple sweet potato pie was 83% and shelf life until 5 days. Economic analysis of purple sweet potato pie produced 2000 cardboard (1 month), with each cardboard containing 5 pcs. The price of purple sweet potato pie is Rp 8.000,00. The net profit of sales is Rp 8,264,953,00. Purple sweet potato pie business has reached the break even point (BEP) at the production level of 1,483 boxes. POT value or payback within 4.5 months. Net B / C value of purple sweet potato pie production is 1.16%. The NPV value is 61,027,031. IRR value of 31%, so that the business of purple sweet potato pie is feasible to run.

Анализ эффективности молочного скотоводства в Республике Беларусь на основе статистико-экономического метода исследований

Introduction. Dairy cattle breeding occupies a leading position among the livestock breeding sectors of Belarus, in which more than half of the fixed assets are concentrated, more than 50% of labor resources are occupied and more than 30% of feed resources are consumed, which creates conditions for its accelerated development along the intensifica-tion path. The purpose of the article is to determine the main factors and directions of increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding in agricultural organizations in Belarus. Results. The redistribution of costs between supporting and productive feed in the direction of increasing the lat-ter as the most effective form of saving in animal husbandry is considered. It is proved that the further development of dairy cattle breeding should be carried out by improving breeding and tribal work to create a competitive Belarusian dairy cow. It is proved that the problem of the competitiveness of dairy products is the labor input, the main reasons for which are highlighted. An economic grouping was constructed according to the annual reporting data for 2017 for 190 agricultural organizations of the Brest region with developed dairy cattle breeding, where the profitability of milk sales was chosen as a grouping attribute. Conclusions. The analysis of the results showed that a high profitability of milk sales is achieved due to the greater density of the population, a higher average annual milk yield. The increase in the profitability of milk sales is accompanied by a decrease in feed consumption while increasing the consumption of concentrated feed per 1 centner of milk. To increase the profitability of the sold products and the productivity of cattle in the dairy sector, it is necessary to provide the animals with full and high-quality feeds of their own production, and to significantly increase the propor-tion of concentrated feeds in the diet. Efficient management of the dairy industry is only possible using intensive cattle production technology. Ways of increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding are proposed. Key words: efficiency, optimization, balance, resource saving, genetic potential, newest technologies.

ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE POSITIONS OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN THE NON-LIFE INSURANCE MARKET IN UKRAINE

The paper explores the practical aspects of forming a competitive environment in the non-life insurance market of Ukraine and analyzes the competitiveness and financial performance of leading insurance companies. Based on the analysis of non-life insurance market concentration indicators, the authors concluded that there is no clear leader in this market, the level of market concentration is negligible. Based on the analysis of non-life insurance market leaders by volume of gross insurance premiums in the whole market and by main types of non-life insurance (CASCO, motor vehicle liability insurance, property insurance, fire and catastrophe risk insurance, CARGO, health insurance) the authors found that the leadership of insurance companies in the market does not mean their leadership in all types of non-life insurance; some insurance companies specialize in certain types of insurance and not being leaders in the insurance market at all occupy leading positions in certain segments of non-life insurance market. In order to provide a general assessment of the competitiveness of individual insurance companies in the non-life insurance market, the following indicators were selected: the volume of gross insurance premiums, gross insurance payments, insurance reserves and the amount of equity. In order to assess the size of market share of an individual insurance company in a more objective way, it is suggested to calculate the average share of the insurance company. The calculations made it possible to identify the leaders of the non-life insurance market in 2018 and to explore the dynamics of changes in their competitive position during 2016-2018. For the three insurance companies that have been identified as the leaders of the Ukrainian market non-life insurance in 2018 (“UNIKA”, “AXA Insurance” and “PZU Ukraine”), the authors analyzed the main indicators of their financial condition, namely the profitability of insurance services, profitability of sales, return on assets, return on equity, overall liquidity, absolute liquidity and autonomy. It was found that all the analyzed insurance companies are profitable, however, among the three leading Ukrainian insurance companies, the most effective in 2018 was the insurance company “PZU Ukraine” and the least profitable – “UNIKA”. Keywords: competitiveness, insurance company, market concentration, market share, competition.

Investment activity and financial results of medical enterprises: intermediate results for 2019

The analysis of investment activity and financial results of enterprises producing irradiation and electrotherapy equipment was carried out according to the data of state statistical reports of Form No. P-2 «Information on investments in non-financial assets» and Form No. P-3 «Information on financial condition of the organization».Investments in fixed capital of enterprises of various economy sectors by type of activity with the OKVED2 code 26.6: «Manufacture of irradiation and electrotherapeutic equipment used in medicine» in the first half of 2019 in Russia amounted to 525.243 million rubles, which is 2.63 times higher than the previous year. At the same time the share of medical industry enterprises with the OKVED2 code 26.6 in the total volume of investments was at the level of 126.22%, which testifies to the fact that in the reporting period the trend for the redistribution of investments by enterprises of the industry in favor of the increase in investments in other (non-core) types of activities was observed.The financial state is the most important characteristic of the economic activity of the industry’s enterprises, which determines its economic attractiveness. As a result of the economic activity in the first half of 2019 the enterprises of the industry of medical products with the OKVED2 code 26.6: «Manufacture of irradiation and electrotherapeutic equipment used in medicine» received revenues from the sale of products, works and services in the amount of 12.203 billion rubles, which is 1.14 times higher than the previous year. In the first half of 2019, as compared to the previous year, the industry’s enterprises increased their sales profit 1.26 times and profit before tax 1.23 times, while the sales profitability increased by 1.31 points accordingly.

Charakteristika sektoru znalostně náročných služeb České republiky

The concepts of Industry 4.0 and then Company 4.0 have been not only discussed for a long time, but have demonstrated their growing role in the development of smart businesses. The aim of the paper was to describe the approaches to the classification of knowledge intensive services of the two largest studies - Eurostat, OECD and on the basis of theoretical theses to select the codes of activity that can be considered as knowledge intensive services. By this procedure, companies with codes J and M were selected. In the last step, a description of the profitability of assets, capital and sales of defined knowledge-intensive enterprises was made with using data from the Bach database. For comparison purposes, profitability indicators were found not only for small and medium-sized enterprises in the Czech Republic, but also for neighboring countries (ie. Germany, Poland, Slovak, Austria). This comparison revealed that small enterprises in the Czech Republic in categories J and M occupy a very good position in comparison with four countries - the first place was recorded in the ROA and ROS indicators, Czech companies rank second place in the ROE indicator. The situation of medium-sized enterprises is significantly worse, especially the indicator of return on sales is at the lowest level in Czech enterprises. Furthermore, the paper graphically depicts the development of profitability indicators in an 11-year time series, where an above-average development of all profitability indicators was found with the exception of ROS in small enterprises.