Sale Price Research Articles

The Application of Fair Value Measurement in Investment Real Estate

Investment real estate has the characteristics of large investment scale and slow monetization speed. Many enterprises usually adopt a cost measurement model. With the establishment of China's market economy system, the difference between the construction price and sale price of investment real estate under the cost measurement model is relatively large, far greater than the fair value and sale price of investment real estate, which cannot adapt to the development of modern real estate industry. The use of fair value model has improved the timeliness and quality of accounting information, and objectively reflects the market value of real estate enterprises. This article focuses on fair value measurement and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of this model in the application of investment real estate. At the same time, corresponding suggestions are proposed for the problems that arise during the use process.

Procedure of forced buyout of shares (squeeze-out) in corporate law of Ukraine

In the context of new changes in corporate legislation this article examines the specifics of the implementation and protection of the minority shareholders’ right to demand fair compensation for the mandatory sale of their shares in case of transfering control over the company to other shareholders (participants).
 It is stated that implementing the right to mandatory buyback of shares by the owners of a controlling stake (more than 95 percent of ordinary shares), the problems arise concerning the violation of the right of the remaining minority shareholders to receive fair compensation for the mandatory sale of their shares.
 It is highlighted that issues on implementing the right to buy back shares at a fair price by controlling shareholders are caused by the flaws of Article 95 of the Law of Ukraine «On Joint Stock Companies» concerning involving a professional appraiser, that violates the general rules established by the legislation on limit prices.
 Involvement of the evaluation activity subject to the independent determination of the company shares’ value at the request of minority shareholders who own at least 5% of the shares (or 1% in the case provided for by Article 95 of the Law on Joint Stock Companies), in order to overcome obstacles to exercise the right to a fair price through the mandatory sale of shares. The rule on the need to involve an appraisal activity subject conducting an independent appraisal of the value of the company’s shares at the request of minority shareholders who own more than 5% of the shares (or 1% or more, if it is provided for in Article 95 of the Law on Joint Stock Companies) should be removed from the Law .
 The method, developed by judicial practice, to protect the right to receive a fair price for shares in case of transfering control is contained in Article 95 of the Law of Ukraine «On Joint Stock Companies». In accordance with clause 21 of this article, any shareholder who believes that the price of the mandatory sale does not meet the requirements established by clauses 5-7 of this article, has the right to demand from the plaintiff compensation for the fair value of the shares purchased for such requirements due to the court procedure.

Research on pricing and replenishment decision of vegetable and fruit commodities-Based on nonlinear programming model and ARIMA time series forecasting

Due to the timeliness of vegetable and fruit sales, supermarkets generally supplement each product on a daily basis based on the past sales and demand of each product according to the specific situation. In order to make replenishment and pricing decisions for vegetables and fruits in commercial supermarkets, this paper considers cost, sales volume, supply and demand relationship and loss factors under profit maximization based on cost plus pricing method. Sales volume, cost plus pricing functions are defined, and seasonal ARMIA model is used for forecasting. The sales profit function and constraint conditions are established, and the nonlinear programming model is constructed to solve the problem to obtain the profit maximization scheme.

Prediction Of Vegetable Commodity Pricing Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

This paper is dedicated to improving the profit of vegetable category goods in superstores and optimizing how to make efficient pricing strategy for vegetable category so as to maximize the revenue of superstores. Therefore, a pricing strategy model based on genetic algorithm for vegetable category goods is proposed. First, we analyze and calculate the Pearson correlation of sales volume between categories, and obtain the positive correlation of leafy and cauliflower categories and the negative correlation of aquatic root and eggplant categories. Then, the cost, price and profit margin of each vegetable category are calculated in a weighted way, and Spearman's correlation coefficient is applied to reveal the relationship between total sales volume and cost. At the same time, we find out the linear relationship between the total sales volume and the weighted sales price of vegetable commodities, and finally, with the total profit as the objective function and the linear regression equation between the total sales volume and the weighted sales price of vegetable commodities as the constraints, we use genetic algorithms to search for the optimum, find out the sales price and sales volume under the maximal profit, and then realize the formulation of the pricing strategy for vegetable commodities.

Research On LSTM-Based Pricing Strategy for Vegetable Category Wholesale Price Prediction and Multi-Objective Planning

Fresh vegetable products constitute an indispensable facet of both daily life and the developmental trajectory of the food industry. Owing to the susceptibility to damage and spoilage, vegetable commodities frequently engender substantial financial losses for food retail establishments. This paper addresses the replenishment and pricing decision problem for vegetable commodities and proposes a solution based on goal programming and LSTM time series forecasting models. Firstly, historical data analysis reveals a linear or logarithmic correlation between vegetable sales volume and cost-plus pricing. Subsequently, an LSTM neural network model is employed to forecast wholesale vegetable prices for the upcoming week. Building upon the forecasted results, a multi-objective programming model is established with the objective of maximizing revenue, utilizing daily replenishment total and pricing as decision variables. The model takes into account the constrained relationship between sales volume and pricing, as well as the lower limit constraint on wholesale prices. Additionally, the paper solves the programming model using the least squares method to determine the optimal daily replenishment quantity and pricing for each vegetable category. Finally, the computational results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in guiding replenishment and pricing decisions for supermarkets, achieving revenue maximization. This study provides a feasible quantitative decision-making solution for supermarkets facing complex replenishment and pricing issues.

Assessing the effect of housing attributes and green certification on Malaysian house price

Purpose Sustainability represents innovative elements in determining the profitability of real estate investments, among other factors, including the green component in real estate. Evidence from the literature has pointed out that incorporating green features into residential buildings can reduce operational costs and increase the building’s value. Although green real estate is considered the future trend of choice, it is still being determined whether prospective buyers are willing to accept the extra cost of green residential investment. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of housing attributes and green certification on residential real estate prices. Design/methodology/approach The impact of the housing attribute and green certification in the residential sectors was assessed using a transaction data set comprising approximately 861 residential units sold in Selangor, Malaysia, between 2014 and 2022. Linear and quantile regression were used in this study by using SPSS software for a robust result. Findings The findings indicate that the market price of residential properties in Malaysia is influenced by housing attributes, transaction types and Green Building Index certification. The empirical evidence from this study suggests that green certification significantly affects the sales price of residential properties in Malaysia. The findings of this research will help investors identify measurable factors that affect the transaction prices of green-certified residential real estate. These identifications will facilitate the development of strategic plans aimed at achieving sustainable rates of return in the sustainable residential real estate market. Practical implications Specifically, this research will contribute to achieving area 4 of the 11th Malaysia Plan, which pertains to pursuing green growth for sustainability and resilience. This will be achieved by enhancing awareness among investors and homebuyers regarding the importance of green residential buildings in contributing to the environment, the economy and society. Originality/value The regression model for housing attributes and green certification on house price developed in this study could offer valuable benefits to support and advance Malaysia in realising its medium and long-term goals for green technology.

Study of Milk Cost Production in Buffaloes of Telangana State

Background: Telangana state stands 13th position in milk production with 5.61 MT of milk production during 2019-20 as compared to 4.2 MT in 2014-15. The profitability of dairy enterprise is determined by sale price of milk and of late there is lot of uproar from farming community on lack of proper support price for milk. So having adequate data on cost of milk production in different sized farms in buffaloes will enable policy makers to arrive at a minimum support price for milk, so that the farmer will not be put to loss. Methods: An investigation was carried out to study the cost of milk production in buffaloes of dairy farmers in Karimnagar, Khammam and Rangareddy districts of Telangana. The data was collected from 240 farmers spread over 24 villages in 6 mandals in the selected districts. The 240 respondents were interviewed as per the questionnaire. Result: Average milk production per day per animal, sale price of milk per kg per animal per day was 8.63 lit, Rs.35.42 respectively. Cost of milk production in large, medium and small herd size was found to be Rs.26.32, Rs.26.68, Rs.27.08, respectively. Average cost of milk production per animal per day was found to be Rs.26.49. The average net income from cow was Rs.77.03. The average profit/litre of milk was calculated as Rs.8.92/lit. The average benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.33.

Institutions, urban space, and residential markets in globalizing Shanghai: A comparative study of housing sale and rental prices

ABSTRACT China’s skyrocketing residential market has raised concerns about housing affordability in metropolitan areas. Current literature usually overlooks the various mechanisms between sale and rent, which may unfold more fundamental structural forces beyond housing location and attributes. This study constructs an analytical framework to investigate how global, regional, and local development contexts, including institutional forces, urban spatial structure, human capital, and neoclassical factors, affect apartment sales and rental prices in Shanghai, China. These factors collectively shape the city’s residential market, but renters and buyers may show different housing preferences. Such variation is highly related to their residential status, as renters may prioritize job opportunities while buyers value service amenities more. From the spatial perspective, suburban areas are more inclusive than urban centers, as globalization and institutional factors have exacerbated inequality in the residential housing market in urban centers, and homeownership is changing the patterns of segregation in Chinese cities.

A method for the competitiveness estimation of the incremental new product through user-generated content

The current dynamic market environment challenges successful incremental new product (INP) launches, compelling enterprise managers to promptly recognize and respond to competitive situations. Estimating INP competitiveness before sale helps enterprise managers adjust their strategies effectively and in a timely manner to ensure successful INP launches. However, a lack of historical evaluation information challenges the estimation. Given that INPs are updates of existing products, massive user-generated content (UGC) regarding existing products and the new product launch provides an appropriate data source for estimating INPs' competitiveness. Therefore, this study proposes a method for estimating the competitiveness of INP using UGC. First, the INP product attributes are classified as non-updated or updated. For the former, existing products containing the same attribute values are used as references, and their reference values are measured based on the time and price of the first sale. UGC regarding the launch of INPs serves as a data source for the latter. Sentiment analysis is performed on the UGC concerning product attributes to obtain the sentiment tendency and sentiment intensity for constructing an intuitive fuzzy number, which represents INP's attribute performance. INP's product performance is estimated by considering attribute weights determined by customer attention. INP's competitiveness in the market environment is then estimated by comparing its product performance with that of competing products. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a mobile phone, and its effectiveness and applicability are verified.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Buffalo Milk Production in India

Context: The vast resource of Indian livestock played an important role in improving the socio-economic conditions of people in rural areas. Dairying has provided strong support to stabilise the Indian economy by ensuring a certain degree of diversification and flexibility.
 Aim: The present study aims to analyse the costs and returns from buffalo milk production in the Punjab state of India to know about the viability of the dairy business.
 Methods: The present study is based on primary data collected through a detailed schedule from 420 dairy farmers belonging to different farm size categories (landless households, large, medium, small, and marginal farmers) from 21 villages situated across three different agro-climatic zones of Punjab state in 2019. A multi-stage sampling technique has been used to select the villages and dairy farmers in the study area.
 Key Results: The study has revealed that the total costs of buffalo milk production are ₹180.16 per day per milch buffalo. The sale of fluid milk constitutes a major component of gross returns. The net returns are calculated as ₹6.42 per litre from buffalo milk production in rural Punjab.
 Implications: Economic analysis of dairy farming is very important to know about the economic viability of dairy enterprises. The profitability from dairying depends upon the milk yield of dairy animals, the sale price of milk, and the cost involved in dairying. Adequate knowledge of the cost involved in dairying is important as it can be used for policy-making and also for providing incentives to dairy farmers.

Understanding the drivers of the live bird trade in Brazil

In this work we sought to evaluate the factors that influence the public's interest in wild birds sold as pets in Brazil, and the relationship of those factors with new occurrences of birds outside their natural range. We compiled the richness of bird species traded in Brazil and obtained comparative data of public interest directed to these species through the Google Trend tool. In addition, we gathered data on biological attributes and the sale price of the species in the trade, to analyze which factors would be related to public interest. Then, factors related to public interest were used to assess whether there was a relationship with these new occurrences. The main founds indicated that the public interest is greater for songbirds, omnivores, which live in more open environments and are sold at lower prices. All those factors also showed to be related to the birds that presented new occurrences. The public's preference for birds more generalist and from more open environments are important results, as such factors generally indicate greater environmental tolerance, which may favor the establishment of these birds in new environments. Therefore, it is likely that species releases or escape from captivity, combined with their life history attributes, may favor the establishment of isolates in new environments. Thus, the present results demonstrate that actions aimed at the conservation of commercialized species are essential to reduce the interregional trade of species, and consequently reduce the impact on natural populations and reduce the potential for new biological introductions.

An inventory model with price- and stock-dependent demand and time- and stock quantity-dependent holding cost under profitability maximization

This paper focuses on inventory models with a broad framework for the storage cost and the demand rate. The cumulative storage cost is modelled with a power function, depending on both time and stock quantity, by using two elasticity coefficients. Similarly, the demand rate has an isoelastic dependence on sale price and stock quantity, modelled with another two elasticity coefficients. These four elasticity coefficients allow many real practical situations to be modelled. A reference price is used to measure the effect of the sale price on the demand rate. The goal is to maximize the income expense ratio (IER), and the sale price, the order level and the reorder point are the decision variables. The operating expense ratio (OER) of the system, defined as the quotient cost/income, is used to solve the problem. The optimum values are obtained with explicit expressions, which is an interesting result for inventory managers. Under the optimum policy, the reorder point is always equal to zero and the order quantity depends on the replenishing cost, the purchase price and the four elasticity coefficients. However, the optimum ordering policy does not depend on the scale parameters of the storage cost and the demand rate. A complete sensitivity analysis for most of the model parameters is performed. A numerical example is used to compare the optimum policies for the maximum income expense ratio and the maximum profit per unit time. Finally, some managerial insights derived from the results are given.

Sharing or reselling? How does manufacturer handle used products?

AbstractTo encourage consumers to reuse their used products, some manufacturers launch second‐hand platforms while others adopt sharing platforms. Which platform benefits them more is an interesting problem for such manufacturers. To address this problem, we propose a two‐period model in which heterogeneous consumers decide whether to buy new products in Period 1 or to rent (buy) used products on the platform in Period 2. Under a proportional transaction fee, we show that the two platforms can benefit the manufacturer if the unit production cost is high, and the valuation difference is low or the number of high‐value consumers in Period 1 is fewer than in Period 2. Moreover, the two platforms are equivalent when the salvage value is 0. When the salvage value is positive, the second‐hand platform benefits the manufacturer more than the sharing platform. The sharing platform induces the manufacturer to set a higher sale price than the second‐hand platform when the unit production cost is high and there are fewer high‐value consumers in Period 1. Otherwise, the sale and reselling prices are higher under the second‐hand platform. We also consider the cases with a general consumer valuation distribution, multiple product life cycles, and a fixed transaction fee. Our findings can help manufacturers make the decision on platform choice to handle used products.

Pediculicide regulations and usage trends in Türkiye in 2015-2022.

Over the years, the increasing prevalence of head lice infestation has led to an increase in treatment-related costs and the development of resistance to pediculicides. This study aimed to evaluate pediculicide sales over an 8-year period (2015-2022), including the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on products registered in the Turkish Pharmaceutical Index Dataview, Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) database, sold on prescription and approved by the Ministry of Health in Türkiye were formally requested from the research organization IQVIA for pharmacologically active pediculicides (PAP) such as permethrin, pyrethrin, and sumithrin. Data for physically active products containing dimethicone (DMT) were obtained from the relevant pharmaceutical companies. Sale revenues were determined based on sale prices in the aforementioned year. Total sales of pediculicides decreased from 2,452,846 units in 2015 to 2,028,840 units in 2022. While PAP consumption decreased over the years, from 1,832,006 to 518,460 units, DMT consumption increased from 620,840 to 1,510,380 units, from 2015 to 2022. The total price of pediculicides for the consumer increased more than threefold in Turkish currency. In terms of USD, an almost similar amount of money was spent over the years, with the exception of 2022 when the expenditure almost halved mainly due to the high inflation rate in the country. The decrease in PAP and the increase in DMT indicate that local lice have developed resistance to the former. Further studies are needed to determine the possible development of resistance in the country.

Examining the effect of apartment attributes on their sale prices in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Examining the effect of apartment attributes on their sale prices in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Bayesian Modelling of a Standard House Configuration Model to Analyze Housing Feature Impacts in Newly Developed Suburbs without Historical Sales

There is a recent trend of entire new suburbs being designed and built to solve the housing crisis all around the world. The aim of this study is to anticipate the value of housing features in newly developed suburbs using a Bayesian approach. We present the Standard House Configuration Model, where housing feature impacts are analyzed relative to the configuration of a standard house for easy interpretation. The benefit of using a Bayesian approach is that we describe housing feature impacts with highest density intervals, which more closely resemble the intuitive understanding of probability intervals than statistical confidence intervals. Our case study on newly developed suburbs in Auckland, New Zealand, demonstrates that the posterior distributions from our model effectively capture the complex relationship between housing features and sale price (R2 value of 93%). The proposed model is cross-validated on four recently developed suburbs in Auckland. For comparable suburbs, our model is able to make reasonably accurate price predictions without using any historical sale records from the target suburb. This indicates that the insights into housing feature impacts are applicable to other new suburbs still in the planning stage and, therefore, have the potential to support future suburb developments.

Impact of Intercompetitor Licensing on Remanufacturing Market Competition and Cooperation

This article investigates the impact of intercompetitor licensing between an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and an independent remanufacturer (IR) on market competition between new and remanufactured products, the IR's remanufacturing strategy, and the IR's optimal quality choice for remanufactured products. In the considered supply chain, the OEM sells new products, and the IR collects used products and then sells remanufactured products to compete with the OEM. To produce remanufactured products, the IR can acquire remanufacturing technology either by paying a licensing fee to the OEM or self-developing it in-house by incurring a fixed research and development cost. We develop game-theoretic models to determine the optimal supply chain decisions concerning the royalty licensing fee, IR's remanufacturing strategy and production quality, and product sale prices. We find that a licensing contract will always induce the OEM and the IR to increase their sales price for new and remanufactured products. However, the OEM will always increase the sales price for new products to a larger degree than that of the IR. This can alleviate price competition between new and remanufactured products and make remanufactured products more competitive in the market. Under licensing cooperation, the IR will always remanufacture used products to a higher quality level that will intensify quality competition. No matter whether the royalty fee is exogenously or endogenously determined by the OEM, there exists a wide range of parameter regions such that a licensing contract will produce a win-win solution for the OEM and the IR. A licensing cooperation may be reached even when the unit royalty fee is at a relatively low level and the total royalty fee is higher than the self-development option.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Research on the decision-making model of power purchase in electricity spot market oriented to market force suppression

Abstract In this study, for the electricity spot market under the market power suppression scenario, the market power suppression effect of contractual decomposed electricity is quantitatively evaluated by first reconstructing different electricity consumption loads using the combined MLR method and then combining the market power assessment model with the Lerner index. In addition, a contract for difference based on surveillance price is designed to inhibit market members from utilizing market power by adjusting the space of competitive electricity and the space of contracted electricity to avoid the market risk of rising electricity prices. Finally, a dynamic power purchase optimization decision model is constructed with CVaR as the risk metric and the profit of the power selling company and customer satisfaction as the objectives, and the MOSADE algorithm is used to solve the model and explore the optimal power purchase scheme. The analysis results show that the risk of the spot market can be avoided by bilateral contracts, option contracts, and unit power generation, and the price of electricity sales can be reduced. The expected returns of the four combinations are 21.37M$, 20.43M$, 19.24M$, 18.88M$, and 17.49M$ under the five risk coefficients, respectively. The CVaR values are −23.14, 2.84, 8.83, 10.75, 12.58. Higher than all the other cases, and their selling price for electricity is lower than all the different cases.

Enfoque químico “estructura-conformación” de la gasolina regular en el mercado de combustibles ecuatoriano

A source of chemical energy storage is fossil fuels that in Ecuador are represented by two derivatives: regular gasoline -EcoPlus- (89 octanes), premium -EcoPremium- (96 octanes), and diesel. This shows that the market is not only focused on automobiles but also on agricultural and industrial machinery. There is currently a remission of the sale price to the public as there are subsidies from the Ecuadorian government. Regular 89-octane gasoline is the most widely used for the abovementioned purposes and for implementing and adapting new proposals in modifying 4-stroke engines. This gasoline mixture's composition and octane isomers were analyzed for physicochemical properties related to its liquid state and intermolecular interactions concerning variables such as boiling points and volatility. With the three-dimensional conformation obtained, it was possible to correlate the variables, as mentioned earlier, with the stabilized structures in the gasoline mixtures.