Vehicle Sales Research Articles

An experimental study on lithium-ion electric vehicles battery packs behavior under extreme conditions for prevention of thermal runaway

The need for efficient and dependable lithium-ion battery packs has significantly increased as a result of the progressively rising sales of electric vehicles (EVs). Thermal management is one of the key factors in battery performance and durability. To avoid thermal deterioration, improve safety, and maximize system effectiveness, the battery pack's temperature must be carefully managed. These battery systems' potential for thermal runaway has raised concerns about how safely they can be operated in harsh environments. Environmental considerations, governmental laws, and developments in battery technology are driving the switch from internal combustion engines to electric automobiles. Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to temperature variations and operating them outside the optimal temperature range can lead to accelerated degradation, reduced capacity, and compromised safety. Key performance indicators used to assess battery thermal management system effectiveness include temperature uniformity, cooling effectiveness, energy usage, and effect on battery life. This paper describes an experimental investigation that looked at how lithium-ion EV battery packs behaved in harsh environments. It also suggests a unique strategy to prevent thermal runaway by using materials like Transformer Oil (TO) and Phase Change Materials (PCM). A specially built experimental setup was created to undertake this inquiry in order to imitate several extreme situations, including high ambient temperatures. A lithium-ion (NMC) battery pack (7S3P) was put through the experimental phase's predicted harsh circumstances to see how it would react thermally. In order to obtain insight into the underlying mechanisms causing thermal runaway, the data acquired were evaluated, and crucial thermal metrics like temperature distribution, heat dissipation, and thermal gradients were studied. The experiment's findings showed that under extreme circumstances, conventional cooling techniques were ineffective in preventing thermal runaway, which resulted in serious safety risks and a reduction in battery performance. The suggested strategy, which incorporates PCM and TO, was then put into practice to fix these flaws and improve battery safety. Due to their ability to self-regulate, they served as components that prevented thermal runaway by limiting the rise in temperature under high-stress situations.

The Review on Development of New Energy Vehicles in China: Characteristics, Factors and Impacts

Amidst the mounting environmental challenges posed by energy supply, the ascendancy of hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) as important instruments capable of curbing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption has garnered attention. However, existing reviews largely predate the surge in new energy vehicle sales, and prevailing studies often narrow their focus, yielding gaps in the panoramic comprehension. Moreover, the remarkable surge of the new energy vehicle industry in China, galvanized by robust governmental support and technological strides, remains a relatively untrodden path in scholarly exploration. This article undertakes a comprehensive dissection encompassing the categorization, historical evolution, policy ramifications, and ecological reverberations of new energy vehicles within China. Notably, this work illuminates the interdependent nexus of governmental backing, technological ingenuity, and market forces, underscoring new energy vehicles' substantial contributions to abating carbon emissions and stewarding resource reservoirs. Employing predictive modeling, this study augments understanding by proffering insights into forthcoming ownership trends of new energy vehicles. In sum, this review bridges existing gaps in research, furnishing an all-encompassing vista of the new energy vehicle sector in China and its transformative power.

From Trends to Drivers: Key Factors Propelling Electric Vehicle Sales

With the rapid advancement of human economic levels and modern civilization, the automobile manufacturing industry is increasingly confronted with challenges related to energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Low carbon emissions and energy savings have become the main focus of automotive development. Under the influence of government incentives, the sales of household electric vehicles (EVs) have increased significantly, although they still represent a small share of the overall car market. To examine the factors influencing consumer purchases of household EVs, this report integrates both qualitative and quantitative analyses, controlling for single variables. Using linear regression, an empirical analysis was conducted on 18 BYD models with varying ranges and prices. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between driving range, selling price, and EV sales. Looking ahead, the development of new energy vehicles should prioritize longer ranges, high-quality features, and cost-effective performance.

Status and Market Evaluation for New Energy and Conventional Vehicles of China

Contemporarily, China’s automobile market has expanded rapidly and become one of the world’s largest automobile producers and consumers. However, facing the environmental pressure and the demand of energy structure transformation, the automobile industry is experiencing a profound change from traditional fuel vehicles to new energy vehicles. This study analyzes the development status and market assessment of traditional fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles in China, and explores the changes and differences between the two. The sales of new energy vehicles show significant growth, and the market share is also rising year by year, while the sales of fuel vehicles show a downward trend. Despite the rapid expansion of the new energy vehicle market, it is still facing problems such as profitability issues, uneven investment in R&D, regulatory mechanisms to be improved and lagging infrastructure construction. In contrast, the fuel vehicle industry is gradually contracting amidst policy restrictions and changes in market demand, and companies need to accelerate their transformation and upgrading, and improve their research capabilities. China’s automobile industry is in a key stage of transformation and upgrading. The traditional fuel vehicle industry needs to shift towards new energy, strengthen collaborative innovation, optimize industrial structure, and focus on the expansion of after-market services. Overall, China is expected to lead the global automotive industry in the direction of green, intelligent and low-carbon development, and realize the historic leap from a large automotive country to a strong automotive country.

Climate impacts of critical mineral supply chain bottlenecks for electric vehicle deployment

New tailpipe emissions standards aim to increase electric vehicle (EV) sales in the United States. Here, we analyze the associated critical mineral supply chain constraints and enumerate the climate consequences of these constraints. Our work yields five findings. First, the proposed standard necessitates replacing at least 10.21 million new internal combustion engine vehicles with EVs between 2027 and 2032. Second, based on economically viable and geologically available mineral reserves, manufacturing sufficient EVs is plausible and reduces up to 457.3 million tons of CO2e. Third, mineral production capacities in the United States and amongst allies support the deployment of 5.09 million vehicles between 2027 and 2032, well short of compliance target. Fourth, this shortfall produces at least 59.54 million tons of CO2e in lost lifecycle emissions benefits. Fifth, limited production of battery-grade graphite and cobalt may represent particularly profound constraints. Pathways that afford comparable emission reductions are subsequently explored.

Household characteristics and electric vehicle adoption: changes from 2017 to 2022

ABSTRACT State and federal agencies have set several ambitious goals regarding electric vehicle sales in the United States. For example, the Biden Administration has set a target that 50% of new vehicle sales be electric by 2030. California aims to have 100% of new vehicles be zero-emission by the 2035 model year. This paper uses data from the 2017 and 2022 National Household Travel Surveys to document the extent of progress achieved in pursuit of these goals. These nationally representative surveys indicate that electric vehicle ownership has increased for both homeowners and renters, across all income groups, in single- and multi-vehicle households, and for urban and rural households. The results also highlight a few areas that vehicle manufacturers and policymakers need to address to accelerate the transition to a vehicle fleet that is less dependent on fossil fuels.

Forecasting the market value of power battery industry chain: A novel RRMIDAS-SVR model

The emergence of electric vehicles has contributed to mitigating air pollution and greenhouse effects caused by traditional fuel vehicles. The power battery industry chain, which is a primary component of electric vehicles, requires more attention to monitor its development status. This study proposes a novel method for forecasting the development status of the power battery industry chain by monitoring the market value index of all listed companies in the power battery industry. It proposes a new forecasting model, RRMIDAS-SVR, which outlines reverse-restricted mixed data sampling (RRMIDAS) into support vector regression (SVR) to end the data-driven challenges of mixed-frequency data and nonlinear relationships. We estimate the RRMIDAS-SVR model using a quadratic programming problem and mixed-frequency West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures prices, electric vehicle sales, and the consumer price index as predictors of the market value of all listed companies in the power battery industry chain. The experimental findings reveal that the RRMIDAS-SVR model outperforms the other models, as evidenced by its lower mean absolute error and root-mean-square error. This study contributes to understanding the development status of the power battery industry value chain by proposing and developing a new approach, RRMIDAS-SVR, to monitor the industry's development status that considers a multi-source information set. Moreover, this study provides strategic insights for stakeholders in the power battery industry.

Optimizing public space design through odd-even policy: Reducing traffic congestion and pollution in DKI Jakarta

Background: The Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta issued Governor Regulation No. 155 of 2018 and its amendments regarding Traffic Restrictions with the Odd-Even System. This regulation aims to reduce congestion levels on 16 main roads. By decreasing congestion, the expected outcome is a reduction in air pollution levels in DKI Jakarta. However, there is concern that the implementation of Governor Regulation No. 155 of 2018 might lead to an increase in conventional car purchases, as affluent individuals may buy two cars with odd and even license plates. This choice is driven by the continued use of fossil fuel-based energy. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Governor Regulation No. 155 of 2018 in reducing traffic congestion and air pollution in DKI Jakarta. Additionally, the study seeks to understand the relationship between the implementation of the odd-even traffic restriction system and electric vehicle sales. Methods: The research was conducted by analyzing secondary data obtained from government agencies and other institutions. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey was administered to individuals active on the 16 main roads where the odd-even policy is enforced. The study also analyzed the purchase levels of electric cars, which is one method for Jakarta residents to avoid fines on odd-even roads. Result: Based on the research findings, Governor Regulation No. 155 of 2018 and its amendments have not yet effectively reduced traffic congestion and air pollution in DKI Jakarta. Conclusion: The increase in electric car purchases potentially introduces new issues, such as the unsustainable management of nickel mines required for electric vehicle battery production. Therefore, other sustainable strategies are needed to address traffic congestion and air pollution. Novelty/Originality of the study: This study shows that Governor Regulation No. 155 of 2018 has yet to reduce congestion and air pollution in DKI Jakarta effectively. In addition, the increase in the purchase of electric cars as a solution to avoid fines has raised new problems related to the environmental impact of electric vehicle battery production.

Evaluation of Run-off-Road Crashes Involving Battery-Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasing in popularity and are among the fastest-growing segments in new vehicle sales. Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) are the highest-selling class of EV. BEVs use a unique frame construction (i.e., a “skateboard” chassis) with a heavy battery pack located below the occupant’s floorpan, and are heavier and have lower centers-of-gravity than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs)—factors that could affect their crashworthiness with roadside features. A crash study was performed to compare the crash conditions for BEVs to ICEVs and hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) covering the numbers of vehicles, posted speed limits, crash locations, time of day, weather conditions, crash severities, and roadside fixed objects struck. Eight state departments of transportation provided crash data spanning 5 years that included vehicle identification numbers or make, model, and year combinations, which were used to isolate BEVs from ICEVs. Crash results were reviewed and EV crash conditions were found to be similar to those of ICEV and HEV crash conditions. Moreover, the frequency of run-off-road crashes was similar for BEVs and ICEVs. Because no substantial differences were observed between the two datasets, it is recommended that impact conditions described in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware be utilized during preliminary evaluation of roadside hardware using electric vehicles.

Multilevel Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Cross-National Factors in Vehicle Sales

SUVs (sport utility vehicles), as a car segment, have become a foundation within the automotive industry due to their versatility, which is used by a wide range of customers. Recognising the complex interplay between geographical and economic conditions across countries, we delve into cross-national factors that significantly influence SUV sales. This article presents an analysis of the global sales of SUVs (sport utility vehicles) using multilevel hierarchical Bayesian modelling. We identify key predictors of SUV sales, including the effects of fuel prices, income levels and geographical aspects. We prepared four statistical models that differ in their probability distribution or hierarchical internal structure. The last presented model, with Student’s t-distribution and separate distribution for unique alpha parameter values, turned out to be the best one. Our analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the automotive market dynamics, and it can also assist manufacturers and policymakers in designing effective sales strategies.

The Impact of Consumer Sentiment on Sales of New Energy Vehicles: Evidence from Textual Analysis

The Impact of Consumer Sentiment on Sales of New Energy Vehicles: Evidence from Textual Analysis

Strategic Forecasting for Electric Vehicle Sales: A Cutting Edge Holistic Model Leveraging Key Factors and Machine Learning Technique

Strategic Forecasting for Electric Vehicle Sales: A Cutting Edge Holistic Model Leveraging Key Factors and Machine Learning Technique

Sales of delivery vehicles in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic

The sale of vehicles is an important element of their life cycle, which includes various stages, from design and production, through use, to recycling or disposal. Sales are an important step in this cycle because they influence how many vehicles reach the market and are put into consumer use. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vehicle sales have dropped significantly. Drastic declines in production during this period were the effect of restrictions that resulted in the closure of production plants. The article presents statistics on the sales of Mercedes-Benz delivery vehicles and the changes that took place during the pandemic. It also contains recommendations that mainly concern improving the effectiveness of vehicle sales in emergency situations. During the pandemic, the activities of many automotive industries were suspended and, additionally, vehicle traffic decreased, which resulted in a general decline in the production of components, parts, as well as future car designs. The aim of the article is to analyse the sales of Mercedes-Benz delivery vehicles and to assess the factors that influenced it in the analysed period.

Comparison of life cycle assessment of different recycling methods for decommissioned lithium iron phosphate batteries

The rapid development of China’s new energy industry has dramatically increased the sales of electric vehicles. Frequent charging and discharging will lead to a decline in the service life of the battery, and consequently a large number of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are discarded. Batteries contain a large number of toxic substances, and the wrong recycling method will produce a large amount of pollution. In China, the question of how to improve the technology for recycling LFP batteries more environmentally friendly is still under investigation. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was employed to analyze the environmental impacts of the whole process of recycling LFP batteries by the conventional recycling technologies used in traditional factories in China. The results of the study show that the hydrometallurgy process is superior to the physical recycling process though environmental benefits of the physical recovery process with complete recovery are better than those of hydrometallurgical process with incomplete recovery. Incomplete hydrometallurgical methods release more toxic substances into the environment, whereas traditional physical process only need to focus on the pollution caused by the battery crushing process. The results of the calculation and analysis provide a new direction for the technological update of power battery recycling in China.

The Impact of the Bursting New Energy Vehicle Market on the Traditional Fuel Vehicle Industry - The Case of Audi

The automotive industry is facing an era of change against the backdrop of escalating environmental concerns and a global shift towards sustainable transportation. This thesis focuses on the impact of the emerging New Energy Vehicle (NEV) market on Audi, a stalwart of the traditional fuel vehicle segment. The purpose of this study is to assess how Audi is responding to this transition, with particular emphasis on its strategy of embracing electrification in the face of increased competition and changing consumer preferences. Through a comprehensive literature review, analysis of Audi's financial reports and sales data, this study provides insights into Audi's investment in electrification, the pace of model launches, and sales of hybrid and all-electric vehicles. The data for this study was obtained from official Audi publications, industry reports, and relevant academic articles. The findings show that Audi has made significant progress in adapting to the new energy vehicle market, as evidenced by significant investment in electric vehicles, an expanding portfolio of electric models, and sales growth in key markets.

Electric Vehicles Charging Services Perspectives and Challenges

Abstract The year 2023 marked another breakthrough in electromobility. Customers accept electric powertrain; sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles are booming and public charging infrastructure follows the similar pace. However, the leading European independent charging stations operators, despite the significant public funding utilized for financing their expansion activities are still experiencing losses, as a result of their operation. Generally, current research work in area of electric vehicle charging is rather focused on specific and rather technical aspects of charging infrastructure operations, like optimization of charger locations, connection to energy networks and operational excellence. Very few authors are focusing on core business essentials of charging infrastructure operation, in particular on sustainability of their operations. Within this paper author conducted financial analyses of selected charging infrastructure operator in Europe, compared the conclusions with its peers. Furthermore, this paper has an ambition to perform synthesis (after thorough review and analysis of relevant information sources) of different aspects of e-mobility ecosystem to conclude innovative recommendations. The main result of this paper is the recommendation for the charging infrastructure operators to adjust their strategies and respective business models in terms to make a move towards slow charging world, by building and operating Vehicle to Grid equipped infrastructure as a supplement to fast chargers’ network. Sooner charging infrastructure operators will develop their competences in Vehicle to Grid world the better, mainly for two reasons. Firstly, it is very probable that Vehicle to Grid market will jump on fast track very soon. Not only from technology point of view, but also from services provided/expected from customers. Secondly, in Vehicle to Grid connected ecosystem lays needed tens or even hundreds of millions EUR opportunities which will be waiting for Electric Vehicle´s owners and any subjects which can facilitate and instrument interconnection between energy network’s needs – auxiliary services, storage of electricity, integration of renewable energy sources and traction batteries of Electric Vehicles.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ КРИВОШИПНОГО МЕХАНИЗМА КОЛЕСНО-ШАГАЮЩЕГО ДВИЖИТЕЛЯ

The article substantiates the rational design of the crank mechanism of a wheel-step mover. Kinematics analysis of a prototype of the wheel-step mover revealed the presence of oscillations in the vertical coordinate of the central axis during movement. To eliminate this drawback, differential geometry methods were used, thanks to which a method for calculating the non-circular profile of support shoes was created. Studies of the dynamics of the crank mechanism of the wheel-step mover showed that even in a steady state of motion, periodically acting inertial forces arise. To reduce their effect, non-circular gears should be used in the mover power drive. The dimensions of the crank mechanism links have been calculated, at which the cross-country ability of the running system, its kinematics and dynamics characteristics are improved, energy costs when laying a track are reduced, as well as the negative impact of the machine on the fertile soil layer. The polar coordinates of the involute points have been calculated. They are needed to construct the tooth profiles of non-circular gears. As the power drive of the crank mechanism, non-circular gears have symmetrical geometric parameters along two axes and provide a constant movement speed. Thus, the wheel-step running system can be used in agriculture, the timber industry, mining, and when working in emergency situations. The mover design being developed is intended for unmanned ground vehicles. This type of unmanned vehicles is at the initial stage of its development, inferior in frequency to air and marine unmanned vehicles. A targeted concentration of production and financial resources is necessary to ensure that domestic industry has a leading position in the production and sale of unmanned ground vehicles.

A predictive modeling framework for forecasting cumulative sales of euro-compliant, battery-electric and autonomous vehicles

The automotive industry faces a transformative time with the advent of advanced vehicle technologies and evolving consumer preferences. This research employs predictive modeling to forecast the adoption of Euro 6d and Euro 7 compliant vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in the European Union’s 27 member states and the United Kingdom. This study provides insightful projections and comparative analyses of these technologies’ future trajectories using the modified Gaussian and Logistic models. The modified Gaussian model projected relatively sharp growth curves for all vehicle types, signaling rapid initial adoption followed by saturation. Conversely, the Logistic model depicted more gradual and continuous growth patterns, suggesting sustained market interest over time. Comparative analyses highlight the unique strengths and limitations of each model. The modified Gaussian model proves effective for identifying early market responses and pivotal intervention points, while the Logistic model aids in strategic long-term planning and trend anticipation. However, disparities between the models show the complexity of forecasting automotive market dynamics, emphasizing the need for multifaceted frameworks and approaches. Thus, enhancing predictive accuracy by refining models and integrating additional variables will be pivotal in navigating the dynamic landscape of emerging automotive technologies. This research stands out for its approach to applying analytical methods to predict future market dynamics, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders in strategizing for the forthcoming technological shift.

Analysis On the Impact of TOPSIS Algorithm on The Sales of New Energy Vehicles in China

Analysis On the Impact of TOPSIS Algorithm on The Sales of New Energy Vehicles in China

New energy vehicle technology research - Charging technology

In recent years, Chinas economic development is becoming more and more rapid, leading to the increasingly serious pollution emission problem of traditional fuel vehicles. In order to solve the environmental problems, the transformation of automobiles has become an urgent problem. At the present stage, electric vehicles are also widely concerned by all sectors of society because of their low carbon emissions, energy saving and low use cost. With the rapid growth of electric vehicle sales, the demand for charging piles is rising, and the mainstream charging facilities for new energy vehicles are still in short supply. Therefore, we need to focus on efficient wireless charging to solve the major problems in the current electric vehicle industry. This paper analyzes the wireless dynamic energy transmission technology, extending the service life of the battery, how to reduce the cost, the optimization of coil parameters design, the offset of transmission coil and receiving coil, foreign body detection and overheating problems.