Gas Sales Research Articles

Implementasi Nilai Nilai Kebangsaan Berbasis UUD 1945 Pada Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Digital Perusahaan dalam Meningkatkan Pelayanan Penjualan Migas di Indonesia

Indonesia has abundant natural resources, one of which is oil and gas. Oil and gas companies will also continue to increase productivity in line with the many demands from consumers. Several large companies in Indonesia, such as Pertamina, Shell, Total, Petronas, and most recently Vivo, are involved in the downstream fuel oil business competition. One of the things that can be improved by companies to overcome threats and challenges in market competition is to maintain the quality of the company itself. Services to consumers such as criticism and input can be available quickly through digital media intermediaries. The company uses digital strategies to improve oil and gas sales services. Of course, these facilities must involve the use of digital technology where the 1945 Constitution is the legal basis that regulates all aspects of the life of the Indonesian nation, ranging from human rights, governance, and citizen rights including technology and digitalization. Advances in information system technology have entered from various fields, so that the existence of the ITE Law has the aim of forming regulations in the field of information and communication technology in Indonesia. For the implementation of the ITE Law, it regulates how to use internet-based media so that accuracy and caution are needed in conducting digital marketing so that the electronic information published is feasible and appropriate and supports oil and gas sales services.

A novel additive for enhancing biomass energy production from agro-industrial wastes: synthesis of hydrophobic nanoporous silica aerogel and its effect on methane production

AbstractAnaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most preferred processes for the treatment of organic waste. However, additional processes such as co-digestion, pretreatment, and additive addition continue to be explored to remove the limits on the applicability of AD. This study investigated the effects of hydrophobic nanoporous silica aerogel (NpSA) synthesized from waste rice husks on the anaerobic co-digestion (AnCD) of the mixture consisting of sewage sludge and fruit processing industry wastes. All bioreactors containing NpSA-free, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.5 g, and 1 g NpSA (0.03–0.3 gNpSA/gVSadded) were operated in a mesophilic-batch process. Biogas and methane yields increased from 346 mL/gVS (NpSA-free) to 387 mL/gVS and from 231 mL/gVS (NpSA-free) to 288 mL/gVS, respectively, with 0.1 g NpSA addition. NpSA additive increased biogas production in all bioreactors compared to the blank. However, biogas production rate and methane content increased faster at lower doses of NpSA. Maximum soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), protein, carbohydrate, and volatile solid (VS) reductions were between 45–71%, 35–54%, 44–65%, and 34–91% for NpSA added mixtures, respectively. The hydrophobic NpSA additive was effective in improving the AnCD performance and biogas/methane production. Experimental results fit the kinetic models frequently preferred in such AD processes. In addition, the possible energy and financial potential of the produced methane were also discussed, and it was determined that the direct sale of methane gas produced by the addition of NpSA in the global market could provide 1.4 $/Lmixture more financial gain than the mixture NpSA-free. Graphical Abstract

A study of operational decisions of city gas operators under the energy metering and pricing model

This study examines the quantitative conditions under which an energy metering pricing model is proposed to increase both gas merchant profits and gas customer consumer surplus compared to a volumetric pricing model. The quantitative condition is found to be related to factors such as the standard unit calorific value of natural gas prescribed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and other relevant government departments under the energy metering pricing model. This paper establishes a mathematical model based on optimization theory to explore the operational decisions of city gas suppliers in the volumetric and energy metering and pricing modes, respectively, under the condition of relatively stable natural gas sales price. The results of the study show that DAC and other authorities can regulate the standard unit calorific value of natural gas under the energy metering and pricing model by regulating the standard unit calorific value of natural gas. This affects the incentives of gas dealers to produce and operate, guides the preference of gas users for natural gas energy metering and pricing, and results in the derivation of formulas for a reasonable range of standard unit calorific values for natural gas. The findings of this paper provide theoretical support to promote the reform of natural gas energy measurement and pricing, and contribute to the development of the natural gas industry.

Position of Russia in foreign economic activity with China in the field of natural liquefied gas

In the current conditions of development of the international market for liquefied natural gas (LNG) under the influence of geopolitical factors, the development of the LNG supply chain, which attracts large-scale international investments, the pursuit of the green agenda and the growing maritime trade in LNG, the issue of identifying the strategic positions of countries in this sector is actualized. In accordance with this problem, the purpose of the study is to identify the position of Russia in foreign economic relations with China in the field of LNG relative to other countries. To achieve this goal, a study was conducted on the main players in the international LNG market, their role in the development, production, transportation and sale of gas, as well as foreign economic relations using methods of analysis, synthesis, systematization and economic analysis. The result of the study showed that in the near future, despite the short-term sharp reduction in China’s gas consumption, the need for LNG will increase due to the influence of a number of identified factors. Under these conditions, it is necessary to evaluate Russia’s position within the framework of the emerging opportunities for the growth of the sales market.

Minimalization of Dissolved Heavy Hydrocarbon on Lean Solvent with Absorption Optimization

Pertamina EP DonggiMatindok Field has an Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)which is an acid gas (H2S) separator unit that flows from the LP Separator. An increase of pressure differential occurred in the AGRU indicates a foaming tendency and impacting on decrease in sales gas. The well switch method was carried out to overcome foaming event by opening the manual valve in stages from 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with waiting time of 30 minutes each stage. Besides, solvent flow adjustment is carried out using HYSYS simulation to find optimal solvent flow requirements through ratio of flow balance between feed gas and lean solvent. This method aims to minimize heavy hydrocarbons dissolved in the solvent by optimizing absorption process. After implementing this method, a decrease occurred in the average solvent flow of 2,308 BPD at 10 MMSCFD feed gas, the pressure differential relatively stable at 3-4 psig which indicate no foaming event. Laboratory result shows that Heavy Hydrocarbon Content parameter were 60 mg/L and Particulate Matter Content (>0.45µm) was 22 mg/L. This method also extends the lifecycle of the solvent and has an impact on reducing the solvent packaging waste which categorized as toxic and hazardous waste.

Monte Carlo Simulation to increase the efficiency of Gas Distribution in Padang City

PT. Cahaya Hermes Indo Abadi is one of the largest non-subsidized gas distributors in the city of Padang. Gas is a necessity in society. It is necessary to pay attention to the availability of gas to meet consumer needs, the state of gas stocks can affect the level of sales revenue. Sales relate to consumer desires for goods and services that they want to fulfill. Increasing the amount of gas demand can generate a large income. In predicting gas needs, a method is needed that is able to overcome society's gas needs. One of the methods used in this research is the Monte Carlo Method. This method is able to overcome further gas needs so data is needed to overcome this problem. The data used is 12 Kg non-subsidized gas sales data for three years, namely Gas Sales Data for 2021, 2022, and Gas Sales Data for 2023. The level of prediction accuracy in 2022 is 86.9% and in 2023 the accuracy is 86.6%. Based on the gas distribution simulation that has been carried out, the average is 86.75%. By obtaining a greater level of accuracy, this method is suitable for use and implementation in predicting future gas demand, making it easier for companies to make decisions in the future.

Kenya’s Mineral Landscape: A Review of the Mining Status and Potential Recovery of Strategic and Critical Metals through Hydrometallurgical and Flotation Techniques

Kenya is an East African country with the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa. The demand for metals and minerals continues to increase due to urbanization, population rise, and new infrastructure growth in different countries. Kenya formally confirmed the discovery of oil and various minerals in April 2013, launching itself as a new player in Africa’s rapidly expanding extractive sector. This review paper highlights the mining status in Kenya and the role of hydrometallurgical and flotation processes in the recovery of deficit metals from ores and mine wastes. The nation’s 2030 Vision is anticipated to benefit greatly from the proceeds from the sale of oil, gas, and valuable metals. Because Kenya was originally mapped as an agricultural region, less mineral prospecting was done in earlier times. The country’s mining industry is now dominated by the manufacture of non-metallic goods, and it is largely neglected for minerals. One of the most serious problems for the mining industry in Kenya is the production of tailings that hold strategic metals. The material is already ground, which means the most energy-consuming process has been already applied, and chemical engineering processes like leaching are more feasible at this point. Hydrometallurgical and flotation recovery of valuable metals from wastes, high and low-grade ores, or tailings is essential. The resources will be preserved, which ensures sustainability in the growth of the mining industry.

Defining trends in the evolution of the Russian gas market

The new “driving force” of the liberalization of the conditions for the functioning of the gas sector associated with demonopolization and the formation of an effective structure of the domestic gas market with a high level of competition and fair principles of the organization of natural gas trade for Russian consumers are the ongoing changes in the economic situation in the global energy market. Against the background of the expected decline in pipeline gas exports to Europe (the volume of decline may amount to 100 billion cubic meters in the medium term) it is important to focus efforts on the development of the domestic gas market, since the task in these conditions is more urgent than ever. First of all, to accelerate the transition to market pricing mechanisms (except for the population) using indicative prices on the stock exchange and within the framework of inter-fuel competition. Currently, gas prices in the domestic market are subsidized by exports, which, as mentioned above, is going to decrease, which in turn will lead to a decrease in such subsidies, and accordingly, there will be a need for higher rates of price growth in the domestic market. The importance of further development of gas exchange trading in Russia is emphasized on various government platforms. The main guidelines for improving the exchange mechanisms for the sale of natural gas are contained in the “National Plan (Roadmap) for the development of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021-2025”. It should be noted that the development of gas exchange trading should take place by increasing the economic attractiveness for participants, creating favorable economically conditioned prerequisites for an equal supply of gas to the exchange for all sellers, as well as developing an appropriate regulatory framework.

Modern methods and means for online measurement of moisture content in natural gas

Moisture-in-gas content is an important quality parameter in production, transportation and processing of both natural and associated petroleum gas. Reliable and accurate measurement of this parameter is required at all stages: from the well to gas processing plant and, further, to consumer, – and influence significantly the efficiency of technological processes. The article presents modern methods and means for online measurement of moisture content in natural gas, their advantages and disadvantages as well as the most effective applications. The article makes it possible to reasonably choose one or another online moisture-in-gas analyzer for each stage of the technological cycle: from natural gas production to processing into a sales gas and its transportation.

Robust LNG sales planning under demand uncertainty: A data-driven goal-oriented approach

This paper addresses the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sales planning problem over a pipeline network with a focus on uncertain demands. Generically, the total profit is maximized by seeking optimal transportation and inventory decisions, and robust optimization (RO) has been a viable decision-making strategy to this end, which is however known to suffer from over-conservatism. To circumvent this, a new goal-oriented data-driven RO approach is proposed. First, we adopt data-driven polytopic uncertainty sets based on kernel learning, which yields a compact high-density region from data and assures tractability of RO problems. Based on this, a new goal-oriented RO formulation is put forward to satisfy to the greatest extent the target profit while tolerating slight constraint violations. In contrast to traditional min–max RO scheme, the proposed scheme not only ensures a flexible trade-off but also yields parameters with clear interpretation. The resulting optimization problem turns out to be equivalent to a mixed-integer linear program that can be effectively handled using off-the-shelf solvers. We illustrate the merit of the proposed method in satisfying a prescribed goal with optimized robustness by means of a case study.

IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM RELY ON DALAM SINKRONISASI DATA PELANGGAN PADA PT. PGN TBK AREA SEMARANG

<p>This research focuses on the implementation of the Rely On system operated by PT PGN Tbk, which is a state owned company providing services to the general public in gas sales activities. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Rely On system in synchronizing customer data and solutions to problems that occurred in 2019-2020 related to customer data errors. This final project is written descriptively, with the research methods used are interviews, observations at PT PGN Tbk Area Semarang and literature study. This study uses the TAM approach to determine perceptions of ease and usability in implementing the Rely On PGN system. The difficulty of finding customer data to make payments is a problem faced by the company. Solutions owned by the company can provide innovative or sophisticated features in the Rely On system, implement periodic data control, and provide suggestions to the central office to link all data from sub-districts, RT, RW so that data searches are easier to do. The result of this research is that thecompany's image as a service provider is getting better.</p>

Akti državnih organa kao viša sila u ugovorima o međunarodnoj prodaji nafte i gasa

This paper examines the effect of public authorities’ acts on performance of obligations in contracts for the international sale of oil and gas. The question arises as to whether such acts represent force majeure that the contracting parties can invoke in order to exempt themselves from the performance of contractual obligations and from contractual liability. This question is analysed through arbitral awards and court decisions in disputes that have arisen on this issue since 1970s. The issue has become particularly relevant since April 2022, when the Decree on the transition to payment for natural gas in rubles had been adopted. Particular attention has been drawn to the fact that the first arbitral award has already been issued, in which abovementioned Decree, as an act of a public authority (president of the state), is qualified as force majeure. The answer to the question of whether the acts of public authorities represent force majeure in contracts for the international sale of oil and gas is not unequivocal, as it depends on the circumstances of each specific case.

Adapting international natural gas and LNG agreements in the light of the energy transition

Abstract This article will examine the bidirectional relationship between private energy contracts and the transition towards a net-zero world. It will focus on long-term take-or-pay natural gas and liquefied natural gas sale and purchase agreements (natural gas and LNG SPAs) that are commonly used in the natural gas sector. These agreements often contain highly restrictive clauses that are designed to ensure stability of supply and demand, which makes them suitable for acquiring the project financing necessary for large capital-intensive energy projects. At the same time, these agreements create an important lock-in effect for the contracting parties. This article will examine the details of gas SPAs from the perspective of this lock-in effect. It will show that current contractual formulations do not provide an adequate solution in the context of the energy transition. Because of this lock-in effect, there is an urgent need to adapt existing contract forms for future use, and to modify the continued application of existing executory contracts to accommodate new realities.

Production of town gas from natural gas in Hong Kong for a reduction in cost and greenhouse gas emissions

Hong Kong has a well-established piped town gas network, with 27.7 billion MJ of gas sales in 2021. The feedstock for town gas production was converted from naphtha to a mixed feedstock of 40% naphtha and 60% natural gas (NG) in 2006, resulting in a 21% decrease in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 1.58 billion HKD/year of cost savings. Increasing the proportion of the NG feedstock would potentially lead to more benefits. However, there may be difficulties in meeting the stringent combustion characteristics of town gas and the existing plant capacity may be reduced. Four processes for the production of town gas from NG are proposed in this work. The feasibility of each process was verified via simulation with Aspen Plus V14. A techno-economic evaluation showed that 296 million HKD/year of cost savings and 172224 t CO2-eq/year of GHG emission reduction could be achieved by using the proposed processes to produce town gas from NG. The reformer duties in the new processes were up to 16.6% lower compared to the existing process. There would not be any reduction in plant capacity associated with a limitation in heat transfer area, which is a common bottleneck.

ТРУДОВІ РЕСУРСИ ТА АНОМАЛІЇ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ДЕМОГРАФІЇ ЯК ВІДДЗЕРКАЛЕННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ АГРЕСІЇ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ФЕДЕРАЦІЇ

The article examines structural shifts in the labor resources and demography of the Russian Federation, its economic potential and sources of filling the GDP. It was determined that the Russian Federation has income from the export of oil and gas, which it uses for the development of dual technologies and the production of military products. It was established that the Russian Federation uses its military potential to conduct armed conflicts, seize and annex the territories of other countries, or create unrecognized territorial groups that cannot develop their own economy and actually become colonies of the Russian Federation, which dictates its laws and places its military contingent on their territories. Such a policy allows the Russian Federation to seize not only territories, but also enterprises and even include the population in its composition, thereby, improving its demography. Armed conflicts are accompanied by human losses, but according to Russian statistics, before the invasion of Ukraine, the losses were not significant, and the inclusion of the population of the annexed territories into the Russian Federation only improved demography. The article builds a model that allows forming the composition of the population by age groups based on information about the birth of the population and taking into account the features of growing up and natural mortality. Using this model, it is possible to calculate the population size by age groups both for the entire population and separately for men and women. With the help of this model, the composition of the population by age groups was constructed based on information on annual birth rate starting from 1946 and taking into account the mortality rate at each age. The paper compares data on the composition of the population by age groups as of January 1, 2022 and data obtained with the help of the model. The comparison revealed anomalies in the data on the demographic composition of the population obtained from the censuses conducted in 2002, 2010 and 2020. The first anomaly is manifested in the fact that the population aged 15 to 50 years, given by official statistics as of 01/01/2022, exceeds the number of births in the corresponding years. Population migration statistics do not confirm such a movement. It was found that this could be a systematic error in the organization of the census processes. The second anomaly is a significant decrease in the population in the age groups over 50 years, which significantly exceeds the natural mortality of the population. It was determined that this may be the result of population losses during armed conflicts of past periods. The third anomaly is based on the fact that having additional revenues from the sale of oil and gas, the Russian Federation directs them not to improving the welfare of its own people, but to the production of murder weapons, trades in military equipment and uses it to carry out its own policy of seizing territories, annexing them, or creating unrecognized territorial groups that are unable form their own economy and become actually colonies of the Russian Federation. It was determined that such a strategy is terrorist for the world and genocide for its own people.

IMPACT ANALYSIS OF LOSS INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AT PT PERTAMINA PERSERO

The Covid-19 pandemic hampered the company's cash flow and reduced public demand for fuel oil, natural gas, geothermal energy at PT Pertamina Persero that year. It was noted that in 2020 PT Pertamina Persero experienced a rapid decline which resulted in losses. This has an influence on the profit earned by PT Pertamina. This study aims to describe the factors that caused PT Pertamina to experience losses, describe the losses experienced, and describe the role of commissioners in the losses that occurred at PT Pertamina. This research uses the literature study method, this is done because literature sources are obtained from journals, information from print media, research reports, articles, and other sources. The approach in this study uses descriptive qualitative, with the aim of describing and disclosing the phenomena that occur in depth and systematically. Pertamina's losses were caused by the pandemic (Covid-19) and the decline in operating income due to the sale of crude oil, natural gas, heat energy and oil production is experiencing a decline. The Role of the Board of Commissioners Against PT Pertamina's Losses, The Board's duty is to examine the competence of the Company and management, management usually pays attention to the Company and its business activities, advises managers on the company's income. In carrying out the supervisory duties of the board of commissioners and in preparing plans for the benefit of the company,

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT OF OIL AND GAS ENTERPRISES BASED ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

This article describes the concept of infrastructures, their economic description and analysis of the current situation in oil and gas enterprises, improving the mechanism of managing infrastructures of oil and gas enterprises, reducing the rate of natural losses in the supply, transportation, distribution and sale of natural gas, investment by foreign and domestic investors. implementation of innovative clusters to improve enterprises' competitiveness and scientific research aimed at improving management on the basis of public-private partnerships in order to reduce state subsidies to monopolistic enterprises is based on feasibility.

Optimizing BUMDes in Improving the Village Economy through Creative Ideas

Many people are experiencing economic difficulties due to decreased income and have lost their jobs, so they no longer have the income to meet their financial needs in the Koto Ranah Traditional Village, Koto Besar Dharmasraya. So, in this case, BUMDes is needed to mobilize village potential and assist in poverty alleviation efforts. The purpose of this service activity is to optimize seven Business Units, namely public service units, leasing units, intermediary units, trading units, finance and loan units, joint business units, and contractor or developer unions in the Koto Ranah Traditional Village to deal with the economic crisis that occurred. The results of the dedication stated that the Trading Unit of the Koto Ranah Sakti BUMDes made a breakthrough by helping the economy through the sale of LPG Gas and Mineral Water at affordable prices, where LPG Gas and Mineral Water are important basic needs in every household that are needed and used every day. With the KKN program, by empowering BUMDes, Koto Ranah Sakti can continue to manage the community's economy amid a pandemic, not so that BUMDes can develop more advanced.

Buying and Selling Gas LPG 3 Kg According to Law Number 8 of 1999 and Sharia: Case Study in Bengkalis District

This analysis examined the phenomenon in Bengkalis District relating to purchasing 3 kg LPG gas. Researchers analyzed following Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection Against the sale and purchase of 3 kg LPG gas. In addition, the research tries to analyze the prohibition of ihtikar for staples. Many problems arise because a business actor, one of which is a business actor, reduces the contents volume of gas liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by 3 kg. Constraints in implementing the protection of the Kosumen against the sale and purchase of gas in Bengkalis Sub-Electricity, consumers need help getting 3 kg LPG gas due to some obstacles. There are still many consumers who feel that they live in injustice carried out by business actors to sell their merchandise because many business actors are looking for profit from consumers. This study also exposed the Ihtikar prohibition for basic goods. This study uses a qualitative method based on Law No. 8 of 1999 and explores, according to Muslim scholars, the ban on the accumulation of goods

Sanctions on Russia’s central bank

Central-bank sanctions imposed in February 2022 by Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States against Russia have constrained the country’s ability to manage its capital account and lowered its future growth potential. There are, however, gaps in the sanctions regime, and some hard currency held by Moscow has flowed abroad, where it has been invested productively. In addition, Russia has been able to replace the assets immobilised by sanctions through external sales of oil and gas.