Sale Of Pharmaceutical Products Research Articles

Efficient Strategic Pricing in a Dual-Channel Stackelberg Supply Chain: Incorporating Remanufacturing and Sales Commissions across Multiple Periods

The rise of e-commerce has significantly impacted consumer shopping habits, resulting in profit loss for traditional supply chains. In response to intense competition, numerous companies have transitioned their business models to embrace dual-channel configurations, seeking to captivate customers and increase their market share. Nonetheless, research on decentralized dual-channel supply chain configurations is scarce and predominantly concentrates on single-period pricing. This paper addresses this gap by employing Stackelberg’s game theory to investigate the multi-periodic pricing and remanufacturing decisions within a decentralized dual-channel supply chain with reverse logistics, specialized in the manufacturing and sales of pharmaceutical products. Moreover, this work considers that the online channel pays a sales commission to the pharmacy in return for the provided after-sales services, aiming to incorporate the aspect of sharing revenues. A mathematical formulation is proposed in a multi-periodic environment allowing us to simultaneously maximize the total profits of the manufacturer, the pharmacy and the online channel, by optimizing the pricing and remanufacturing strategies. Numerical analyses examine the customer purchasing preference’s effect on the demand and pricing decisions of each channel, the impact of the collection cost on the optimal remanufacturing strategy, and assess the break-even point of the total profits generated in both channels according to the sales commission. This study’s novelty lies in employing Stackelberg’s game theory to develop a mathematical formulation for the multi-periodic pricing and remanufacturing problem within a decentralized dual-channel supply chain, incorporating a sales commission between both distributors.

МАРКЕТИНГОВЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОГО РИНКУ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents a marketing research of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. It was determined that the marketing research of the prospects for the development of the pharmaceutical market in the new socio-economic conditions is extremely relevant, both directly for the manufacturers of the pharmaceutical industry, the population – consumers of drugs, and for the Ukrainian economy. Based on the results of the research, it was established that the consolidation and expansion of the pharmaceutical business are necessary conditions for survival and development in the conditions of martial law, fierce competition and the growth of costs aimed at scientific research, development and establishment of an effective sales system. The structure of the pharmaceutical market, which consists of the retail market of pharmaceuticals and the hospital segment, is analyzed. It was determined that the creation of products with high added value and significant employment of the population are important features of the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry provides high-skilled jobs in the context of direct employment, contributes to the creation of many ancillary jobs and the dissemination of knowledge. Employment growth in the pharmaceutical industry is to some extent due to higher wages compared to other industries. The structure of the consumption of pharmaceutical products, which consists of the consumption of prescription and non-prescription drugs, was studied. The volumes of production and sales of pharmaceutical products were analyzed. It was determined that one of the most important and socially acute problems of the development of the modern Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry is the problem of drug pricing. The main problems faced by the pharmaceutical market in today's conditions are revealed, namely: damage or even destruction by missile attacks of the production and storage capacity of pharmaceutical enterprises; low purchasing power of the population; large migration of the population who were potential consumers of pharmaceutical products; power outages; the importation of large volumes of humanitarian aid into the territory of Ukraine.

Review on Current Good Manufacturing Practice

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is procedures that must be followed in order to adhere to the recommendations made by the organisations in charge of authorising and regulating the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products. With the use of these rules, manufacturers can ensure that their goods are consistently of a high quality for the intended use from batch to batch. Cosmetics, nutritional supplements, food and beverages, and medical equipment are all subject to the GMP. However, the main goal of GMP is always to prevent harm from occurring to the end user. This includes making sure that the final product is free from contamination that its manufacture is consistent, and that it has been thoroughly documented. The staffs are well-trained, and the product has through more than just the last round of quality inspection. Typically, a quality management system is used effectively to assure GMP. To control pharmaceutical production and packaging processes, the term GMP was first used. The guide to GMP, commonly known as the Orange Guide, was created by the Medicine Inspector of the Department of Health and Social Security of England in cooperation with other concerned parties. The 1977 publication of the second version (52 pages, five appendices). In 1983, the third version (110 pages, 5 appendices) was released.

Market Premium and Macroeconomic Factors as Determinants of Industry Premium: Evidence from Emerging Economies

In this study, we examine the equity (industry) premium of seventeen nonfinancial sectors covering sample 306 firms using monthly data from January 2002 to December 2018. Two-stage least square (2SLS) method is applied to estimate the macro-based multifactor model. It is found that the market premium and the interest rate factors are significantly affecting the industry equity premium of all the nonfinancial sectors. However, there exists a positive effect of other macroeconomic variables such as money supply, foreign direct investment, and industrial production which is different for the different sectors based on its nature of product and services they offered. The industries based on their product development which are linked to particular macroeconomic variables have more effect than others such as increase in money supply which cannot increase the sale of pharmaceutical products until needed. Similarly, an interesting insight reveals that industries producing seasonal goods, e.g., food producing, are not very much affected by macroeconomic variables but the change in seasons and similar results also revealed for tobacco industry.

The marketing of OxyContin®: A cautionary tale.

This paper provides a review of Purdue Pharma, LP's development and marketing of the long-acting oral narcotic OxyContin®. Within five years of the drug's launch, OxyContin® became the number-one prescribed Schedule II narcotic in the United States. This commercial success was in part the result of a marketing campaign that promoted questionably "distinctive" benefits and minimised the very real dangers of OxyContin®, which include abuse, addiction, overdose, and death. The marketing was based on scientifically invalid or unproven claims of safety and efficacy, inappropriate, off-label marketing, and inadequate warnings. When the FDA belatedly asked for changes to some of the marketing language, Purdue exploited these changes to further marketing objectives and misled healthcare practitioners. This case highlights questions of industry and governmental/regulatory accountability and responsibility for the production, marketing and sale of pharmaceutical products that increase risk while driving enhanced profits.

Analysis of the activity of pharmaceutical distributors of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Today, the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by active interaction between enterprises of the wholesale and retail sector and the growing influence of distribution companies on the activities of pharmacies.Aim. To analyze trends in the activities of pharmaceutical distributors of the Republic of Kazakhstan, features of their activities and development prospects.Materials and methods. The materials of the study were the statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Such research methods as logical, analysis and synthesis, mathematical-statistical and analytical-comparative were used.Results. According to the analysis of statistical data the distribution of the pharmaceutical market sector in Kazakhstan has been analyzed. This indicates a significant role of the wholesale market. In addition, in accordance with the statistical data, over 2000 licenses for the wholesale sale of pharmaceutical products have been issued in the Republic of Kazakhstan, while the leading distribution companies have the national status and perform their activities in several regions of the country, the remaining distributors work at only local markets. In Kazakhstan, the share of the distribution company does not exceed 25-35% of the range of pharmaceutical products. The distinctive conditions for functioning of pharmaceutical distributors in Kazakhstan are the absence of a standardized number of firms, low productivity and the use of manual labor.Conclusions. According to the results of the study the main development trends and shortcomings of the activities of pharmaceutical distributors of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been determined. The main characteristics of the business required by foreign partners when working with pharmaceutical distributors of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been described. The modern portfolio of services provided by pharmaceutical distributors of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been investigated. Based on the analysis the development prospects for the pharmaceutical distribution sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan have been proposed.

Serious Adverse Reactions Caused by Counterfeit Drugs. A Clinical Case of Transient Global Amnesia Caused by Dietary Supplement Containing a High Dose of Sildenafil

On 25/11/2014 the patient VHG arrives at emergency department of Cardarelli Hospital in Naples following prolonged confusional state and total loss of memory in the last 24 hours. The episode is diagnosed as transient global amnesia (TSA). During the hospitalization the patient receives specialist visits that don't reveal any abnormalities. The patient reports that he assumed, a few hours before the onset of amnesia, a dietary supplement. The product named Sex Bull, purchased online, it’s indicated for the improvement of sexual performance both in men than in women and, in according to label, it doesn't contain any pharmacological active ingredient. Poison Control Centre of Cardarelli Hospital provides to send a sample of tablets of Sex Bull to Superior Institute of Health (Rome) for a qualitative and quantitative determination of components. The analyses show the presence of Paracetamol, vitamin C, sugar and at the dosage of 100 ± 1.5 mg is a drug used in clinical practice for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and the sale of pharmaceutical products containing the active substance Sildenafil is subject to medical prescription. In literature, are published several case-reports and a review reporting cases of TGA following a first administration of Sildenafil. In this case report, it’s difficult to establish the causal link between the adverse drug reaction (ADR) and the consumption of the active substance Sildenafil, because Sex Bull” it is a counterfeit drug. The production and distribution of counterfeit drugs is not done according to Good Manufacturing Practice and Good Distribution Practice so the quality of pharmacological active ingredients isn't guaranteed. Because of these reasons it is not possible establishing any form of interaction between counterfeit products and other pharmaceutical therapies in progress or the ability of these drugs to induce serious ADR or aggravate a pre-existing medical condition.

English

The importance of branding as a tool for differentiation in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry in Ghana has come to the fore due to competition and the influx of fake drugs. The purpose of this study was to assess the perception of managers about the strategic role branding plays in the marketing of pharmaceutical products in Ghana. Sixty respondents were sampled from three pharmaceutical companies. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistic using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings of the study indicate respondents perceive that branding plays a significant role in the sale of pharmaceutical products, helps consumers to easily identify with the brand and helps pharmaceutical companies in communicating tangible differences of their brands to differentiate them from competing brands. The study further revealed that there exists a significant relationship between perceived roles of branding and marketing of pharmaceutical products. Finally, the study clearly shows that the major challenge confronting pharmaceutical companies in Ghana is the sale of imitated pharmaceutical products on the market. The study recommends that management of pharmaceutical companies seek government support in terms of stricter enforcement of laws governing imitation of pharmaceutical products and also improve upon their quality and packaging. Key words: Branding; consumer decision making, pharmaceutical industry, Ghana.

Essential Competences to the Pharmacy Industry Competitivity: Case Study With Cooperators in the Town of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most promising markets in the world. It is highly competitive, complex and requires huge investments in research, development, production, marketing, and sale of pharmaceutical products. One of the main strategies of the pharmaceutical industry is the promotion of its products for the medical fraternity through a drug sales representative, essential for the acceptance and prescription of your brand. This study identifies the essential drug promoter skills to competitiveness and the success of these organizations. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and resulting 46 competences mentioned as the most important by own sales representatives. The research points to the need for new methods of empowerment, essential to the competitiveness of sales representatives, considering that these competences contribute to the strategies of establish industry

PURCHACE BEHAVIOR OF ONLINE PHARMACIES CLIENTS

Sales of pharmaceutical products that do not require a prescription to purchase (over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements) are increasingly being made in the Czech Republic through Internet pharmacies. If the operators of e-shops are to succeed in the ever-increasing competitive environment, and be better than the competition in satisfying the customers, they need to improve not only their offer, but to increase user-friendliness of the electronic shopping system and improve care for clients of these e-shops. This requires a thorough knowledge of the shopping procedure these clients consider to be the most natural and most appropriate for them. This article summarizes the possible procedures when purchasing through e-commerce and presents the results of a quantitative research by method of online interview among clients of online pharmacies. The goal of this research was to map the reasons that lead clients to shop in an internet pharmacy, purchase frequency and procedure for the purchase of over-the-counter medications and nutritional supplements on the Internet. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.3.2147

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neurosciences products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta® and Symbyax®; Endocrinology products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50®, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular products, including Cialis®, ReoPro® and Xigris®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Vancocin® and Ceclor® . Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (ELI) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neurosciences products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta® and Symbyax®; Endocrinology products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50®, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular products, including Cialis®, ReoPro® and Xigris®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Vancocin® and Ceclor® . Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neurosciences products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta® and Symbyax®; Endocrinology products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular products, including Cialis®, ReoPro® and Xigris®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Vancocin® and Ceclor®. Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neuroscience products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®; Endocrine products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular agents, including ReoPro® and Xigris®; Anti‐infective products, including Ceclor® and Vancocin®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Cialis®. Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neuroscience products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®; Endocrine products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular agents, including ReoPro® and Xigris®; Anti‐infective products, including Ceclor® and Vancocin®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Cialis®. Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (ELI) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neuroscience products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®; Endocrine products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular agents, including ReoPro® and Xigris®; Anti‐infective products, including Ceclor® and Vancocin®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Cialis®. Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co.'s principal products are: Neuroscience products, which includes Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®; Endocrine products, including Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®; Oncology products, including Gemzar® and Alimta®; Cardiovascular agents, including ReoPro® and Xigris®; Anti‐infective products, including Ceclor® and Vancocin®; and other pharmaceutical products, including Cialis®. Co. also has an animal health segment.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co. also has an animal health segment. Neuroscience products include Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®. Endocrine products include Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®. Oncology products include Gemzar® and Alimta®. Anti‐infective products include Ceclor® and Vancocin®. Other pharmaceutical products include Cialis®.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

AbstractPharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412)Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co. also has an animal health segment. Neuroscience products include Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve™. Endocrine products include Humalog® and Humalog Mix 75/25®, Humulin®, Actos®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®. Oncology products include Gemzar® and Alimta®. Cardiovascular agents include ReoPro® and Xigris®. Anti‐infective products include Ceclor® and Vancocin®. Other pharmaceutical products include Cialis®.

Lilly (Eli) & Co.

Mergent's Dividend AchieversVolume 3, Issue 2 p. 166-166 U.S. Company Reports Lilly (Eli) & Co.† First published: 20 April 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/div.3974 † Contact: : Sidney Taurel — Chmn., C.E.O. Address: : Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 Web Site: : www.lilly.com AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Pharmaceuticals (MIC: 9.1 SIC: 2834 NAIC: 325412) Eli Lilly is engaged primarily in the discovery, development, manufacture, and sale of pharmaceutical products. Co. also has an animal health segment. Neuroscience products include Zyprexa®, Strattera®, Prozac®, Cymbalta®, Permax®, Symbyax®, Sarafem®, and Yentreve®. Endocrine products include Humalog®, Humalog Mix 75/25®, and Humalog Mix 50/50™, Humulin®, Actos®, Byetta®, Evista®, Humatrope®, and Forteo®. Oncology products include Gemzar® and Alimta®. Anti-infective products include Ceclor® and Vancocin®. Other pharmaceutical products include Cialis®. Volume3, Issue2Spring 2006Pages 166-166 RelatedInformation