Oil Sales Research Articles

Survey Impact of Petroleum Products Taxation on Economic Growth of Oil Provinces of Iran

Taxation of petroleum products is one of the value-added tax (VAT) which imposed on seven provinces in Iran. Taxation of petroleum products is because oil and petrochemical companies in these provinces generate revenues from the sale of oil, oil extraction, and petrochemical products. This study seeks to provide a comparison between the impact of taxation on petroleum products and direct taxation on economic growths in the mentioned provinces. For this reason, statistics during 2008-2016 together with Panel VAR method are used. Results for impulse-response functions and variance decomposition show that the major origin of the most changes in economic growth rate could traced back to the government expenditure, as well as taxation of petroleum products during the defined period. It also can realize that taxation of petroleum products in the above provinces has a greater impact than direct taxation on economic growth rate.

Predictive study on time series modeling and comparison with application

Efficient time series modeling and forecasting are essential in different practice areas. Consequently, much active research work on this topic has been ongoing for several years. Given the importance of different prediction methods, this research aims to provide a brief description of some common time series prediction models used with their salient features. Therefore, Box-Jenkins and exponential booting models were compared, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the prediction. Our discussion on various time series models is supported by giving the experimental prediction results, which were made to the actual monthly sales of some fuel products for the period 2014-2017. While installing the Data Set template, special care is taken to select the most creative. To evaluate prediction accuracy in addition to comparing it, we used several criteria, mean square error (MSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean square error (RMSE). To obtain originality and clarity in our discussion on modeling and forecasting a time series, we were able to obtain assistance from various published research work from famous magazines and some standard books and it was concluded that the 3ARMA terms best model among the Box-Jenkins models built based on the dependence of gas oil sales in Iraq, as well as Simple exponential smoothing is the best exponential smoothing model to forecast in the coming years for sales of improved gas and gas oil in Iraq.

Ensaios ecotoxicológicos com Eisenia fétida para avaliação de áreas supostamente contaminadas com derivados de petróleo no município de João Monlevade/MG

A contaminação do solo pode ocorrer por disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos, por diversas atividades industriais, e esta pode atingir direta ou indiretamente os corpos d’água, fauna, vegetação e o ar. A contaminação do solo por derivados de petróleo tem sido intensamente estudada, mediante a preocupação em relação aos riscos ambientais, principalmente quando se trata de comercialização de petróleo e logística de produção e distribuição de seus derivados. Para avaliação dos efeitos de substâncias químicas sobre os ecossistemas terrestres os testes ecotoxicológicos podem ser empregados como uma ferramenta de monitoramento de contaminação de uma determinada área e para demonstrar a eficácia durante um processo de remediação. Em tais estudos, a espécie de minhoca Eisenia fetida é amplamente utilizada como organismo-teste. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a aplicabilidade de bioensaios de ecotoxicidade utilizando Eisenia fetida para avaliação da toxicidade de solos de locais supostamente contaminados por derivados de petróleo da cidade de João Monlevade-MG. No teste de comportamento, apenas nas amostras do solo P1 pode ser considerado propício à sobrevivência desta espécie. A análise do percentual de mortalidade da Eisenia fetida no ensaio de letalidade mostrou-se que estatisticamente os resultados não possuem diferença significativa. Na análise da biomassa final, os solos P2, P3 e P4 foram considerados iguais estatisticamente e solo P5 (controle) foi diferente dos demais. Nos solos P4 foi possível observar uma mudança na coloração das minhocas, indicando um possível efeito sub-letal, causado pela presença de agentes tóxicos no solo. O teste de reprodução apontou que os solos P1 e P5 foram os únicos propícios à reprodução, o que pode ser evidenciado pela presença de casulos e filhotes. Os resultados sugerem que Eisenia fetida constitui-se em um bioindicador sensível para avaliação da contaminação dos ecossistemas terrestres por petróleo e derivados.

Modelling the effect of store flyers on supermarket sales: An application to olive oil demand

In this paper we study the effect of store flyers on supermarket sales while controlling for other promotional strategies. We use a dataset of weekly sales of 16 olive oil products from a Spanish supermarket chain during the year 2017. We estimate a dynamic panel data model by GMM which allows us to examine both the short- and long-run effects of displaying products in store flyers. Our estimates show that products being featured in a store flyer exhibit 85 percent higher sales in the short-run, being the effect in the long-run of 109 percent. We also provide evidence that olive oil is a highly price-elastic product. Our estimates also indicate that placing the products on the end-of-aisle increases olive oil sales. Conversely, multibuy promotions are negatively related with sales.

Saudi neomercantilism in the oil price war

Purpose The so-called “oil price war” of 2014-2016 took place between several main global oil producers; OPEC (led by Saudi Arabia), Russia and the newcomer; American tight oil or fracking oil. These oil producers were competing against each other over market shares in the global oil market, by maintaining their high oil production rates, even if this led to a decline in oil prices and a reduction in revenues from oil sales. As energy politics need more coverage in International Political Economy (IPE) theory, this paper aims to argue that Saudi Arabia's policies during the oil price war of 2014-2016 reflected a policy of neomercantilism, which is the IPE equivalent of the school of realism in International Relations (IR). Design/methodology/approach This paper tests for neomercantilism by testing three of its main definitional components. The first definitional component is that the state, as the political authority, intervenes in the economic decisions. The second component is the primacy of the state interests over business corporate profits, or the primacy of political and security considerations over short-term economic and corporate profit considerations. The third is the zero-sum or relative gains nature of dealings between states. Afterwards, this paper tests for neomercantilism in the Saudi policy by examining how each of these definitional components is reflected in the Saudi policy during the oil price war. Findings As energy politics need more coverage in International Political Economy (IPE) theory, this paper argues that Saudi Arabia's policies during the oil price war of 2014-2016 reflected a policy of neomercantilism, which is the IPE equivalent of the school of realism in International Relations (IR). Originality/value As energy politics need more coverage in International Political Economy (IPE) theory, this paper argues that Saudi Arabia's policies during the oil price war of 2014-2016 reflected a policy of neomercantilism, which is the IPE equivalent of the school of realism in International Relations (IR).

Evaluation of the Framework of Urban Tourism in Iraq

Most countries seek to develop and protect their economy from collapse and avoid risks, Some countries depend on economic diversification, some depend on natural resources, Like oil to achieve economic growth, including Iraq, which lacks industry, agriculture, and human resources management to support development at the present time for various reasons, the most important of which is relying on selling oil in the first place, And the spending of resources achieved on the local community, therefore, development depends on oil resources only and on the justice of the central government and its vision for development. Iraq is a country rich in its civilization and historical depth in the region. It includes many historical, cultural, natural and religious sites scattered throughout Iraq, but it lacks how to invest in supporting economic development. Accordingly, the research assumes that the resources obtained from urban tourism differ in their effectiveness and their impact on spatial development events from the revenues accruing from the sale of oil. The current research aims to reach mechanisms for converting Iraqi cities into tourist destinations that combine religious, cultural, natural and medical tourism as an entry point to increase opportunities for distributing resources directly to the local community through the idea of urban tourism without relying on oil resources. The results of the practical study of Iraqi cities showed that they are weak cities that do not meet the requirements of urban tourism, although they include a large number of historical sites and civilizational, natural and religious monuments, therefore they need to review policies related to tourism and planning.

EXPORTING IRANIAN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS TO RUSSIA’S MARKET: POTENTIALS AND BARRIERS

The pharmaceutical market is one of the most important and lucrative industries in the trade world. The expansion of non-oil exports and shifting away from the mono-product economy and its problems (high volatility in the oil market and, consequently, the country's revenue, as well as the issue of sanctions on Iran's oil sales by the West) have made it inevitable for Iran to expand its export of pharmaceutical products. Meanwhile, the Russian Federation, for historical reasons, has a high potential to become a destination for Iran's pharmaceutical products due to the geographical proximity of the two countries and the possibility of direct shipment of goods to Russia via the Caspian Sea, as well as due to the fact that Russia is a large consuming market with the population of 145 million and high volume of pharmaceutical imports (over $ 10.5 billion in 2018). The article analyzes the pharmaceutical export potential of Iran to the Russian Federation using the indicators of revealed comparative advantage index, cosine index and trade plan index. The findings of this study indicate the high potential of Iranian pharmaceutical products for export to the Russian consuming market and the lack of utilization and the neglect of the Iranian pharmaceutical manufacturers and exporters from the Russian market. As policy implications, the authors recommend making pharmaceutical products a priority for export to the Russian market, which will lead to more efficient use of Iran's productive potential.

ФАКТОРЫ ВЛИЯНИЯ НА ДИНАМИКУ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НЕФТЯНЫХ ЦЕН

The article analyzes the state of pricing in the oil market, examines topical issues of assessing the emerging factors of influence both on the domestic and foreign markets. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the emerging situation of supply and demand for oil and oil products, regulation of its production, storage, transportation, processing, formation of sales volumes and income from sales. Highlighted and disclosed the problem of price regulation in the aspects of finding and achieving flexible forms of negotiating prices for oil supply and oil sales, taking into account various options for the volume of oil production.

Guest Editorial: Permian Shale Water Management: The Hidden Costs

Guest editorial Water management in shale plays is an extremely competitive business. Every cent counts. This is most evident in the Permian Basin where companies work tirelessly to minimize operating costs in order to contract new capacities and fill their capital-rich infrastructure. These players are under enormous pressure to evaluate every component of costs and wring out excesses. While traditional operating expenses (OPEX) are heavily scrutinized, a full picture of profitability in water management is gained only after comprehensively examining the unique aspects of their overall business model. Traditional OPEX components in produced water management include labor, chemicals, consumables, infrastructure maintenance, transportation, disposal, solids handling, and power and other utilities. Capital expenses (CAPEX) must also be considered in light of tradeoffs between CAPEX and OPEX. Water CAPEX is generally composed of infrastructure, including pipelines, disposal wells, ponds/storage treatment facilities, and associated utilities infrastructure; equipment; engineering, project management, and permitting costs; and land. While all companies focus on these key expenses, another very significant cost driver emerges when the business model is more closely examined. Midstream companies’ revenues originate from three primary sources: Handling fees. Operators pay companies to collect and dispose of their produced water/flowback on a volume basis, and disposal is usually to a saltwater disposal (SWD) well. Gathering fees are charged for pipeline collection and disposal fees are charged for volumes disposed into SWDs. Commodity-based margins. Companies separate skim oil from disposed volumes and sell oil. In some cases, ownership of the skim oil remains with the operator. Royalties and accounting costs must be considered as a component of the profitability of skim oil sales. Treatment fees. Instead of disposing to a SWD, companies can treat produced water/flowback and sell recycled water to operators on a volume basis. The fact that recycling in the Permian is gaining in popularity due to local water scarcity, transportation costs, environmental stewardship, and/or SWD limitations creates additional opportunities for generating new revenue by increasing the volumes of water treated and associated water disposal/delivery fees. Revenue Bottlenecks As recycling is more readily adopted, revenues are becoming constricted by a number of factors including: pipeline capacity, treatment facility capacity, water quality fluctuations that cause upsets in facility operations, and transportation distances/location to fracturing sites.

Oil Crisis in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Genesis and Extent

The people of Niger Delta have suffered several years of negligence and marginalism from the exploration of petroleum and distribution of its products by multinational oil companies and the government. This has necessitated attacks from the locals on government forces, oil workers, and oil installation sites as a means of expressing their grievances. The oil crisis in the region has led to the disruption of oil exploration and reduction of revenues accruing to the state from the sales of oil. These crises have led to the multiplication of several criminal vices that has turned the region into a state of disarray. The military and the militants are currently benefiting from the booming business of illegal bunkering, pipeline vandalism, and diversion of refined petroleum products running through the pipes from the refineries. This paper focuses on examining the history of oil exploration, origin, and consequences of the oil crisis in the Niger Delta, and how the government can put an end to this menace.

Kryzys gospodarczy w Wenezueli. Przyczyny i konsekwencje

Ropa naftowa jest najważniejszym surowcem energetycznym świata. Od lat 40. XX wieku gospodarka wenezuelska w coraz większym stopniu uzależniała się od produkcji i sprzedaży ropy na rynkach światowych - przychody z eksportu ropy naftowej osiągały poziom 50% PKB i ok. 96% przychodów z eksportu ogółem. W konsekwencji, gwałtowny spadek cen ropy w ostatnich latach doprowadził do poważnego kryzysu gospodarczego, który obecnie nosi znamiona kryzysu humanitarnego. Zasadna wydaje się teza, że obecny kryzys, w jakim znalazła się Wenezuela, w dużym stopniu jest zatem skutkiem oparcia gospodarki na monokulturze ropy naftowej, co w czasach dekoniunktury musiało znacząco odbić na funkcjonowaniu całej gospodarki. Wenezuela byłaby więc modelowym przykładem gospodarki podlegającej tzw. „klątwie surowcowej” (ang. resource curse) lub też „paradoksowi bogactwa” (ang. paradox of plenty). Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sytuacji gospodarczej Wenezueli, źródeł kryzysu, przebiegu oraz perspektyw wyjścia z kryzysu.

A Multiobjective Mixed-Integer Bilevel Linear Programming Approach to Global Crude Oil Purchase and Sale with Noncooperative Stakeholders

The petrochemical industry is an integral component of the global today. The petrochemical supply chain itself is a worldwide undertaking, and the final products that are offered to consumers will often travel thousands of miles from oil well to gas station pump. In the crude oil supply chain, there are three main stages: crude oil extraction, oil separation and refinement, and final product delivery. Within this supply chain, various companies will compete and attempt to maximize their profits by exploiting the demands and needs of the other companies within the supply chain. Each company or player in the crude oil industry has its own objective, and it will compete against other companies trying to pursue their individual objectives. In this work, the crude oil supply chain from oil well to refinery is modelled as a mixed-integer bilevel linear program (MIBLP) which accounts for conflicting objectives and interactions between different stakeholders. The composition, pricing, transportation distances, and environmental impacts of the different oils are taken into consideration when constructing the model. The resulting model is then applied to a U.S.-based refinery that purchases oil from various countries surrounding the Persian Gulf. The case study produces a pareto-optimal curve that displays the trade-off between environmental impact and profit. One intermediate point on the curve is selected to show how a 4.4 % decrease in profit can lead to a 3.0 % decrease in total kg CO2-eq produced.

The ruble exchange rate and the price of oil: assessment of the degree of dependence, its causes and ways of overcoming

This article is an attempt to estimate the impact of the volatility of oil prices on the income of Russian economic entities associated with the oil realization, as well as the importance of the price of oil in stabilizing the exchange rate of the national currency. The authors have analyzed dependencies between the variance of the price of oil, ruble exchange rate against the US dollar and Russian oil export volume and observed the correlation between these indicators. It has been concluded that the problems of the Russian economy are expressed in the loss of dollar revenues from oil sales by 2.37 times in the last five years, which significantly affected the trade balance and served as the basis for the devaluation of the ruble. According to the results of the research, the authors suggest several solutions for raising the price of oil and stabilizing the ruble exchange rate.

Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan untuk Memprediksi Penjualan Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Algoritma Backpropagation

This study discusses the prediction of palm oil sales using artificial neural networks, which is one of the artificial representations of the human brain that always tries to simulate the learning process of the human brain. The application uses a backpropagation algorithm where the data entered is the number of sold. Then artificial neural networks are formed by determining the number of units per layer. After the networks is formed, training is carried out from the grouped data. Experiments are carried out with an architecture consisting of input units, hidden units, output units and architecture. Testing is done with matlab software. For now the competition for palm oil sales is getting tougher. Predictions with the best accuracy use the 12-2-1 architecture with an accuracy rate of 92% and the lowest level of accuracy using 12-6-1 architecture with an accuracy rate of 58%

Penerapan Metode Backpropagation Dalam Memprediksi Jumlah Penjualan Oli Shell

The application of a prediction is very important to do in research, so that research becomes faster and directed. Just as in predicting the number of shell oil sales, studies and the use of appropriate methods are needed to obtain optimal results. The data used in this study is sales data from PT. Mitra Petra Sejahtera Kota Medan from 2012 to 2017. The algorithm used to make this prediction is the backpropagation algorithm. This algorithm is used to predict future results based on previous data. There are 6 architectural models used in the backpropagation algorithm, among others, 4-2-1 which will later produce predictions with 83% accuracy, 4-3-1 = 78%, 4-4-1 = 83%, 4- 5-1 = 78%, 4-8-1 = 100% and 4-10-1 = 72%. The best architecture of these 6 models is 4-8-1 with an accuracy rate of 94% with a level of Error 0.001, MSE = 0.04133616. so this architectural model is good enough to be used to predict the amount of shell oil sales.

THE EFFECT OF OIL PRICE ON UNITED ARAB EMIRATES GOODS TRADE DEFICIT WITH THE UNITED STATES

We seek to investigate the effect of oil price on UAE goods trade deficit with the U.S. The current increase in the price of oil and the absence of significant studies in the UAE economy are the main motives behind the current study. Our paper focuses on a small portion of UAE trade, which is 11% of the UAE foreign trade, however, it is a significant part since the U.S. is a major trade partner with the UAE. The current paper concludes that oil price has a significant positive influence on real imports. At the same time, oil price does not have a significant effect on real exports. As a result, any increase in the price of oil increases goods trade deficit of the UAE economy. The policy implication of the current paper is that the revenue of oil sales is not used to encourage UAE real exports.

Impact of behaviour change communication interventions on sales of fortified sunflower oil in Tanzania: A spatial-temporal analysis and association study.

The Masava project was implemented in Manyara and Shinyanga regions in Tanzania to improve vitamin A intake by making available vitamin A-fortified sunflower oil with a subsidy through a mobile phone-based e-Voucher system. This study was conducted to assess the impact of the behaviour change communication (BCC) campaign of the project on volume of sales of vitamin A-fortified sunflower oil. The e-Voucher system provides real-time data on the number of e-Vouchers redeemed. The number, type, and locations of BCC events were obtained from the implementation agency. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the associations between (a) the number and type of BCC events conducted in a ward and the volume of subsequent fortified oil redeemed in the ward and (b) distance of clinic shows, a component of the BCC campaign, from participating retailers and the volume of fortified oil redeemed in the store. After 1year of the campaign, the volume of fortified oil redeemed monthly increased by more than 5 times in Manyara and by more than three times in Shinyanga. Among the different types of BCC events conducted, only clinic shows and cooking shows were significantly associated with the volume of redemptions (p<.05). Compared with retailers where at least one clinic show was conducted within 0.5km from its location, the volume of redemptions was significantly lower at retailers where no clinic show conducted within 3.0km from its location (p<.05). These findings suggest that future health promotion interventions in rural Africa should involve health clinics.

PENERAPAN BISNIS MODEL KANVAS DALAM PENENTUAN RENCANA MANAJEMEN USAHA KEDELAI EDAMAME GORENG

Business model canvas (BMC) is a strategic management and lean start-up template for developing new or documenting existing business models. It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm's or product's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances. It assists firms in their aligning activities by illustrating potential trade-offs. Business model canvas focuses on the idea of creating value in a business. The purpose of implementation of BMC was to determined the best business planning of fried edamame, when it applied to the industry or MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises). The method in the research used descriptive method, while the data analysis used qualitative analysis. Primary data collection was obtained from interviews. Analysis was done by compiling the initial hypothesis, hypothesis testing and verification of business model canvas (BMC). The results showed that the business model strategy for fried edamame products in the value proposition component were crispy, natural, labeled and applied good cooking oil for use. The customer segment component were the buyers of the entire Jember Regency including men and women over 20 years old with middle income. Components of revenue streams were fried edamame product sales, sale of unused oil, and sale of edamame peel to farmers, while the component channels were direct selling and retailers for fried edamame product.&#x0D; Keywords: business model, fried edamame, strategy, value proposition

Notes from the Editors, June 2019

buy this issue&#x0D; The situation in Venezuela has become extremely dire due to Washington's heightened economic warfare, its continuing attempts to engineer a political coup, and its growing threats of massive military intervention—all aimed at bringing down the Bolivarian Republic. The recent seizure of Venezuelan oil assets in the United States and its gold reserves in British banks, as well as the sanctioning of Venezuelan oil sales, have come on top of a long series of economic sanctions—beginning with the Obama administration and now intensified under Trump's—that constitute nothing less than a modern form of siege warfare, extended to food supplies and medicine. But the Venezuelan Revolution has managed to resist in the face of the economic and political warfare of the most powerful imperialist nation in the world, and the reasons why are to be found in the nature of the Bolivarian Revolution and the Venezuelan people themselves.

Restructuring Venezuela’s Debt: An Update

Lee Buchheit and Mitu Gulati have proposed an innovative and aggressive strategy to facilitate the restructuring of Venezuela’s external debt based on consensual agreement between Venezuela and a supermajority of its broad creditor universe. Borrowing from the United Nations Security Council’s decision (supported by action of the United States) to shield Iraq’s assets from seizure by its creditors in order to promote a restructuring of Iraq’s debts, they propose that the Security Council or (more likely) the President of the United States by Executive Order shield Venezuela’s assets (particularly revenues from the sale of oil into the United States from) legal process. The rationale for their proposal rests on the premises that (1) virtually all of Venezuela’s foreign exchange is generated by sales of oil into the United States, (2) the revenues from exports of oil to the United States are vulnerable to attachment by creditors and therefore a small group of aggressive creditors could strangle the entire economy of the country, (3) existing restructuring techniques are inadequate to the task and (4) the policy of the United States is to promote the restructuring of sovereign debt based on an agreement between the debtor state and a supermajority of its creditors in the context of a process in which all creditors are bound by the vote of a supermajority. This article argues that (1) a new Venezuelan government (which all agree is a prerequisite to a restructuring) will have substantial means to shield the country’s oil revenues from seizure by creditors, (2) a new government will also be able to expand its foreign exchange earnings to include sale of oil outside the United States, (3) the proposals do not create a mechanism to allow all of Venezuela’s creditors to have a voice in the terms of a restructuring — by supermajority or otherwise — and would treat U.S. and non U.S. creditors differently and (4) the unintended consequences of the proposals advanced by Buchheit and Gulati would negatively affect the ability of emerging market sovereigns, and Venezuela in particular, to fund themselves in the debt markets and would be disruptive of the sovereign debt market generally. Referring to the paper that the author and Richard Cooper wrote one year ago, the author argues that there are tested, market-based mechanisms to achieve the goal of a consensual restructuring arrived at by a supermajority vote of creditors, in particular a restructuring of PDVSA’s debts under a newly enacted Venezuela law that is implemented with the support of a Chapter 15 proceeding under the United States Bankruptcy Code. To the extent that the application of Chapter 15 proves problematic, action by Executive Order of the President of the United States would ensure that the process and benefits envisaged by Chapter 15 are available.