Drug Sales Research Articles

The impact of sales promotion techniques on consumer purchase decisions within community pharmacies

The study analyzeshow sales promotions affect customer behaviourin community pharmacies by looking at psychological factors, economic incentives, and ethical issues. The goal of the study is to offer practical insights and evidence-based suggestions to make sales promotion strategies more effective and ethical in community pharmacies. The objective is to study is to examine the influence of sales promotions on consumer behaviour in community pharmacies, with a specific focus on whether sales promotions effectively improve drug sales to customers. The findings suggest that a combination of product availability, brand trust, cost savings, and professional advice drives consumer decisions. Convenience-related services are particularly attractive to consumers, with 43.8% valuing extended hours and 21.5% appreciating delivery services. This influence of sales promotion highlights the need for pharmacies to consider various promotional strategies to cater to different consumer preferences. The study concludes that while sales promotions do impact consumer buying decisions at local pharmacies, their influence varies widely among individuals. Factors such as product availability, brand loyalty, price discounts, and pharmacist recommendations also play significant roles. Most of the time customers aren't influenced by sale promotions because they might be confused about whether the products are expired or if there's something wrong with the stock. The study concludes that effective promotional and service strategies should take into account these diverse consumer preferences to boost customer satisfaction and increase sales.

Prescriptions of antidepressants and anxiolytics in France 2012–2022 and changes with the COVID-19 pandemic: interrupted time series analysis

BackgroundDepression and anxiety have increased in prevalence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveTo evaluate the consumption of antidepressants and anxiolytics from 2012 to 2022 and the pandemic’s potential impact...

Factors Influencing Drug Shortages and Their Resolution in South Korean Community Pharmacies.

Drug shortages directly affect the final stage in the pharmaceutical supply chain, prescription fulfillment in community pharmacies (CPs). This study investigated the current state of drug shortages, their resolution, and influencing factors within CPs. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among pharmacists working at pharmacies in Seoul between 7 and 31 October 2022. The survey gathered data on pharmacies and pharmacists' characteristics, drug distribution, information, communication, and administrative practices. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing these rates. Regression results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the 1200 pharmacists approached, 713 participated, yielding a response rate of 59.4%. After excluding incomplete responses, data from 671 respondents were analyzed. Pharmacies with higher prescription drug sales demonstrated a lower OR for drug shortages (OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.60-0.72) compared to those with lower sales volumes. Resolution rates were significantly higher when pharmacies were located near clinics (OR=3.30, 95% CI=2.3-4.74) and general hospitals (OR=3.45, 95% CI=2.35-5.07) compared to those without nearby medical facilities. Additionally, good communication with prescribers increased the resolution rates (OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.26-1.69). This study examines the influence of pharmacy purchasing power on drug shortages, identifying proximity to healthcare facilities and communication with prescribers as factors affecting the resolution rates. These findings provide valuable insights for pharmacists, policymakers, and future researchers to optimize drug supply chain management and mitigate shortages in community settings.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПЛАТИНОВЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ

The article provides a summary of the biological effects and existing indications for the use of registered platinum compounds. Cisplatin continues to be used to treat a wide range of malignancies, the main ones being lung (49%), testicular (2%), ovarian (7%), uterine cancer (13%), head and neck tumors (16%), and bladder cancer (13%). The results of an analysis of the global market for these drugs and a forecast until 2026, as well as the Russian market for 2022, are presented. The prospects for the development and registration of new drugs and new promising combinations involving drugs from this group are described. Analysis of recommendations from the professional oncology community indicates continued widespread use of existing platinum drugs. There has been a trend towards an increase in global sales, largely due to their increase in the Asia-Pacific region, countries of Central Asia and Africa. On the Russian market, whose capacity is 1.3% and 1.9% of sales of all anticancer drugs in value and volume terms, domestic manufacturers are satisfactorily represented. New promising treatment regimens are being developed, including those that include proprietary drugs (primarily PARB inhibitors); There remains interest in the development of innovative platinum drugs. The summarized information was obtained from official sources of the State Register of Medicines of the Ministry of Health of Russia, the Electronic Rubricator of Clinical Recommendations and Clinical Guidelines and orders on Standards of Medical Care prepared on their basis, and the drug sales database of the marketing agency DSM Group.

Appointment Booking and Drug Inventory System in Healthcare Services Using Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry by improving data security, reducing administrative inefficiencies, and enabling the seamless sharing of medical information. In the healthcare sector, blockchain can be applied to a wide range of use cases, such as medical record-keeping, clinical trials, drug traceability, and telemedicine. By using a secure, decentralized system, healthcare organizations can ensure that sensitive patient data is kept confidential and can be easily accessed by authorized parties. Additionally, the use of smart contracts can contribute to reducing the risk of errors and saving time and resources. In the proposed work, a decentralized application integrates healthcare services with blockchain technology to ensure transparency and security and prevent tampering with electronic medical records. The three main functionalities implemented in this work are to provide a transparent appointment booking system where patients can view the real-time availability status of the doctors and book an appointment with the doctor of their choice, and to store and retrieve data in an efficient and secure manner. To maintain a transparent and tamper-resistant medical inventory to prevent the unauthorized sale of medicines and drugs and also verify the availability of the drug. This helps the patients get the drugs in the quickest manner possible. Compared to existing centralized storage techniques, the proposed decentralized storage technique provides higher data availability, the fastest response time, and immutable storage of existing data. Experimental results show that, compared to existing work, the proposed work provided better results in throughput and latency. The communication cost of the proposed technique is 7% lesser than the existing Telecare Medicine Information system.

Peculiarities of Investigating Criminal Offenses Related to Illegal Turnover of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances, Their Analogues or Precursors: Criminal Law Aspect

The article highlights the legal regulation of peculiarities concerning investigation of criminal offenses related to the illegal turnover of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors.. Main content. It has been established that effectiveness of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of illegal sale of substances excluded from free circulation using the Internet and other telecommunication technologies is complicated by the need to identify the user under a nickname. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. It has been established that in today’s conditions, against the background of the global IT development of society and the active introduction of the latest technologies in all spheres of human life, the forms of sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors are also changing. While using the assets of modern technologies criminals constantly improve their criminal activities, change directions of interaction with the aim of committing offenses. In Ukraine, as well as in the world in general, drug crimes are actively carried out through smartphones via the “Internet” network using messengers and special applications for the distribution of psychoactive substances, narcotic drugs and their analogues.

Antimicrobial Sales Comparison before and after the Implementation of Nationwide Restriction Policy in Saudi Arabia.

Antimicrobial dispensing without a prescription has been identified as a significant contributor to the burgeoning crisis of antimicrobial resistance. To combat this, the Saudi Ministry of Health introduced a stringent antimicrobial restriction policy in mid-2018, mandating prescriptions for all antimicrobial drug dispensations at pharmacies. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the immediate impact of this policy on retail antimicrobial sales. To do so, we analyzed annual sales data from 2017 to 2019 sourced from the IQVIA-MIDAS® database, which included a range of antimicrobials, such as antibiotics, antifungals, and other related agents. The analysis revealed a notable reduction in overall antimicrobial sales by 23.2%, decreasing from 818.9 million SAR in 2017 to 648.4 million SAR in 2019. While the Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated a statistically significant median reduction in total antimicrobial sales post-policy implementation (p = 0.0397), it is important to acknowledge that the long-term effects and adherence to the policy require further investigation. Notably, sales of amoxicillin dropped by 70% in 2019 compared to 2017, contributing largely to the decline. Conversely, a continuous increase in sales of some antimicrobial drugs following the restriction policy was observed, led by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Our data support the implementation of antimicrobial restriction measures as an effective means of controlling excessive antimicrobial sales and dispensing without prescriptions.

Views and Factors Influencing Primary Care Practitioner (PCP) Interactions With the Pharmaceutical Industry’s Representatives in Malaysia: A Multi-sectors Qualitative Study

Introduction: Pharmaceutical companies invested billions in direct marketing to medical practitioners as it increased sales of prescription drugs. Medical professionals believed that their decision-makings was not influenced by such interactions, but studies have shown that engaging with the industry and accepting gifts might lead to impulses to reciprocate, such as prescribing marketed drugs. This study explored the views and experiences of PCP on interactions with the pharmaceutical industry’s representatives. Methods: We used qualitative methods using semi-structured interviews among primary care practitioners from three sectors; academic, public and private. Participants were purposively sampled from various sectors. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. Results: A total of 32 participants were interviewed. The ages of the participants ranged from 33 to 53 years. Most of the participants were female, of Malay ethnicity and from the public sector. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Perceived impact of interactions on prescribing habits, (2) Perceived benefit and harm of interactions, (3) Previous positive or negative encounters, (4) the role of geographical, organisational and policy. Conclusion: The study highlighted the views and factors influencing PCP interactions with the representatives of the pharmaceutical industry in Malaysia. Understanding PCPs’ viewpoints on such interactions could help PCP better navigate their future interactions without compromising their clinical decision-making through multi-agency collaborations and actions.

რეცეპტის ინსტიტუტის დანერგვის გამოწვევები საქართველოს ჯანდაცვის ინსტიტუციურ განვითარებაში

Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs realized reform from 1th february till 1th september in 2014 for prescription system implementation. According to these changes pharmaceutical products of second group becamethe prescription medicines. In Georgia, access to and supply Rx medicines is governed by a regulatory framework. Second group drugs are only available to the public when prescribed by doctors on new prescription form N 3. The aim of research is to reveal and evaluate positive and negative sides of new prescription system; to study it, sinfluence on achievement process to drugs. As part of the quantitative research, doctors and pharmacists of the medical institution were interviewed. As part of the qualitative research, in-depth interviews with healthcare experts were conducted. The special questionnaire was designed for each aimed group. The questionnaires consist of open and closed questions. The results of the study revealed the positive aspects of the Prescription Institute: with this reform, the system returned to the logic of normal clinical medicine; The role of the doctor in relation to the patient's pharmacotherapy has been strengthened; The competence of the pharmacist was included in the appropriate framework and the specific skills of selling medicinal products by prescription were developed; The culture of purchasing medicines with prescriptions has been established among the population; At the same time, the results of the research revealed such actual problems that are an obstacle to the introduction of the prescription institute: prescription drugs are sold without a prescription; In the doctor's offices opened next to the pharmacies, the doctor is limited to prescribing only prescriptions; In case of chronic or long-term diseases, patients' access to prescription drugs is complicated; Doctors do not have complete information about the dispensing mode of this or that pharmaceutical product from the pharmacy. Pharmacists talk about the lack of specific skills in prescribing prescriptions: in the case of more than one medicine prescribed on one prescription form, the prescription is cancelled; Prescriptions not certified with a seal are invalid; Incorrectly indicated generic name, inconsistency between generic and trade names, prescription of a combined pharmaceutical product with a generic name prolongs the service of the user; Incorrectly indicated course of treatment, drug release forms, medicinal dose are the cause of misunderstanding; e.g. A pharmacist is prohibited from selling a 10 mg tablet of the same name medicine instead of a specified 5 mg tablet. One of the goals of the reform planned by the Ministry of Health is the correct treatment, the reduction of the share of expenses on medicine and the harm caused by self-medication. It is too early to talk about these achievements within the framework of the conducted research, however, one of the details was revealed that will contribute to the reduction of expenses on medicines, namely: it is necessary to indicate the diagnosis in the prescription according to ACD-10; The doctor's prescription should always be consistent with the diagnosis; The institute of prescriptions should reveal the rationality of the prescription issued by the doctor, compliance with the guidelines, which will partially reduce the costs of medicines. The reform implemented in connection with the restoration and establishment of the Institute of Recipes in Georgia is a step forward. The medical community unequivocally welcomes this change. The competence and authority of the doctor increased; the specific rules for prescribing by a doctor and issuing prescription medication by a pharmacist are gradually being established. Along with the highlighted positive aspects, significant systemic errors and technical flaws are visible. The sale of drugs of the second group without a prescription is an obstacle to the introduction of the Institute of Prescriptions. At this stage, fining the pharmacy cannot solve the problem. The Ministry of Health considers the establishment of an electronic prescription system to eliminate this problem. The current activity of the "pharmacy" doctor also hinders the reform. Access to medicines for patients with chronic diseases is complicated. The existing classification of medicines has flaws. Recommendations Based on the conducted research, the following recommendations were developed: • Improving the administration of the prescription institute implementation process; • Study of the activities of "pharmacy" doctors by the Agency for the Regulation of Medical Activities; • Refinement of regulatory normative base, administration tools; • Revision of the classification of pharmaceutical products and periodically making rational changes taking into account the data of AMEA, WHO, PSUR; • In order to use medicines rationally, it is advisable to introduce a system of electronic prescriptions.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Bagi Pihak Marketplace dan Penjual dalam Jual Beli Obat Ilegal Jenis Cytotec Secara Online

Indonesian society, especially those in urban areas, is inseparable from the internet, because almost all activities always involve the internet and information technology. So, it is not surprising that the internet has now become a basic necessity for some groups, especially for those who use the internet for business purposes (E-commerce). One of the online suggestions for selling illegal drugs is E-commerce as access to transactions via online media. Through these trade transactions, conventional buying and selling is no longer valid, and E-commerce has become an alternative trade for consumers. What is the responsibility of the marketplace and sellers in the illegal buying and selling of Cytotec hard drugs online. The type of research used is normative juridical (legal research). using a statutory approach and a case approach. In this research, researchers found that the marketplace has criminal responsibility for buying and selling illegal drugs such as misoprostol online. Based on an analysis of applicable laws and regulations, it was found that the marketplace has an obligation to monitor and prevent illegal drug buying and selling transactions on its platform. This research concludes that the marketplace is criminally responsible for buying and selling illegal drugs such as misoprostol online. Research findings show that marketplaces have an obligation to monitor and prevent illegal drug sales transactions on their platforms. However, in several cases studied, there is strong evidence that marketplaces do not take adequate steps to prevent the sale of illegal drugs, such as a lack of seller verification mechanisms, monitoring of unlawful advertisements, and a disinterest in removing illegal drug offers.

Stockpiling at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Analysis of National Prescription Drug Sales and Prices

At the onset of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals experienced a demand surge for COVID-19–related medical care while simultaneously struggling to source prescription drugs needed to manage COVID-19 patients. This is worrisome as shortfalls in the supply of essential drugs can negatively impact patient outcomes. The popular press reporting on these challenges suggests that they are caused by supply chain disruptions. However, rigorous research on the relationship between the pandemic and prescription drug supply is limited. To address this gap, we leverage a quasi-experimental design and IQVIA’s National Sales Perspectives™ data from 2018 to 2020. We focus on prescription drugs indicated for the management of COVID-19 patients and a set of control drugs (i.e., drugs not used for COVID-19). We find that in the early phases of the pandemic, hospitals stockpiled prescription drugs indicated for the management of COVID-19, making this behavior an under-recognized cause of the sourcing challenges. The sales volume of drugs indicated for COVID-19 management was concentrated in the first two months of the pandemic, after which sales decreased significantly despite a nationwide increase in COVID-19–related hospitalizations. We investigate another potential cause of stockpiling: expected price increases. Counter to concerns of price gouging, we find little evidence of price inflation for these drugs. An implication for drug manufacturers is that orders due to stockpiling by downstream buyers early on in a pandemic may need to be discounted when predicting future demand. Our results have implications for drug suppliers, hospitals, and policymakers interested in improving medical product supply chain resilience. This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management. Funding: R. M. Conti was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant 1123649-463157) and the Sloan Foundation. Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.04150 .

Modern Practice of Drug Sales Qualification

The article deals with the issues of qualification of the sale of narcotic drugs using caches. The author, commenting on the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 15.06.2006 No. 14 “On judicial practice in cases of crimes related to narcotic drugs, psychotropic, potent and poisonous substances” (16.05.2017), analyzes law enforcement practice in terms of assessing the stages of drug sales through bookmarks. Methods. The research uses methods of analysis and synthesis, system, structural, formal and legal. Brief conclusions. Based on examples of court decisions in specific criminal cases, typical errors in qualifying the illegal sale of narcotic drugs through bookmarks, caused by an incorrect interpretation in some cases of the concept of sale of narcotic drugs and the moment of its end, are considered. It is concluded that the sale of narcotic drugs committed by a group of persons by prior conspiracy or by an organized group is completed for each of the accomplices only if it is established that the purchaser has been informed of the location of the stash. Thus, the actions of a pawnbroker who is detained while constructing a hiding place in a place not previously agreed upon with the purchaser, as a rule, are subject to qualification as an attempted sale.

Antimicrobial veterinary drug sale pattern incorrelation with critically important antimicrobials for human use: A five-year studyin Montenegro.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat in veterinary medicine due to the excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents, compromising the effectiveness of these drugs. To combat AMR, the collection of data on the consumption of antibiotics is paramount, as there is a well-established connection between antibiotic use and AMR in both humans and food-producing animals. Hence, the current study aimed to generate measurable data concerning the sales patterns of antimicrobial drugs used in animal treatment in Montenegro over a five-year period (from 2017 to 2021). Furthermore, the study aimed to compare these sales figures with the overall sales of antimicrobial veterinary medicine products (AMVMPs) during the same period, with particular emphasis on the utilization of critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) for human use. Data on AMVMPs consumption from 2017 to 2021 were expressed in euros and were sourced from the Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro (CInMED) annual reports, complying with the regulatory framework of the Law on Medicines in this country. Research results indicate that the sales of AMVMPs increased from 2017 to peak in 2019, followedby a stable decline of 21.79% in 2021. However, the portion of selected CIAs AMVMPs in total sales experienced a minor decline from 2017 to 2019, followed by a noticeable 6.11% increase from 2019 to 2021. In order to address AMR challenges, these findings emphasize the importance of enhancing surveillance and monitoring of veterinary antimicrobial use, as well as CIAs for human use.

Branded response to generic entry: Detailing beyond the patent cliff

The literature on pharmaceutical marketing devotes little attention to the promotion of branded drugs after generic competitors enter the market. This paper addresses this gap in the literature and explores how the sales of branded drugs respond to specific promotional strategies following generic entry. We focus on physician detailing, and specifically, firms’ post-generic-entry decisions regarding overall detailing spending and physician-level allocation (i.e., which physicians to visit). We utilize a novel, custom-built dataset containing information on aggregate-level sales, prescriptions, and promotional budget for 72 brands and their competitors; our dataset further includes detailed physician-level data on detailing visits and prescription behavior for 25 of these brands. We first describe the detailing strategies that brands use in practice, and then analyze the outcomes associated with changes in detailing spending and allocation. Our analyses reveal that, on average, brands’ detailing spending decreases after generic entry, yet the ROI on such spending increases compared to before generic entry. Refocusing of detailing efforts after generic entry such that physicians with higher brand preference are targeted is more likely to lead to an increase in detailing ROI than other allocation strategies post entry. However, in practice, many brands do not undertake such reallocation and do not enhance their ROIs. Our findings are of clear practical relevance to manufacturers of branded drugs, as well as to policy makers who wish to curb detailing efforts for branded drugs when generic alternatives are available, so as to lower healthcare costs.

A discursive presentation of community pharmacies: Premises, storage, staff, documentation and legal compliance

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess compliance with legal requirements, safe medication storage and staffing standards in community pharmacies in Punjab, Pakistan. MethodWe conducted a three-step cross-sectional study using observations, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in 544 systematically-selected community pharmacies. We used descriptive statistic and one-way ANOVA to assess the data. ResultsOnly 23 (4.2 %) pharmacies had accurate area and only 3.9 % had appropriate walls. In total, 23.3 % had glass-fronted shelves and 38.2 % had a glass door. More than half (53.8 %) had separate narcotics shelves and 43.0 % a separate shelf of expired medicines. Less than half (47.5 %) of the pharmacies were able to maintain hygiene. About 36.2 % of the pharmacies segregated different types of product. Drugs were protected from direct sunlight in most (61.3 %) pharmacies, but the refrigerator was working properly in less than half (43.4 %) and only a very small number (2.4 %) had an alternative power supply for the refrigerator. Only 37 (6.8 %) were able to maintain an appropriate room temperature. The vast majority (93.0 %) displayed a valid drug sale license, but a qualified person/pharmacist was only present in 4.8 %. The average number of employees was 4.2, and more than 71.0 % of staff had 10–12 years of formal education. Only 0.2 % of employees could explain term “PRN”, although 57.3 % explained “IV” correctly. About 22.8 % replied correctly about the room temperature but the vast majority (97.6 %) did not know about cold chain temperature. The location of the pharmacy (p-value = 0.045) affected its performance. ConclusionsNoncompliance with legal requirements, unsafe drug storage and limited human resources reflect the poor enforcement of drug laws in Pakistan. The findings suggest that there is a need to strengthen inspection and management of community pharmacies.

Sales of antitumor drugs in the retail segment of the Russian pharmaceutical market

Objective: to study the features of the population consumption of antitumor drugs (ATDs) of groups L01 and L02 according to the anatomical, therapeutic and chemical classification (ATC), purchased at the expense of personal funds of citizens in the retail sector of the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation (RF).Material and methods. We analyzed data on the range of ATDs sold in retail pharmacies in all federal districts of the RF in 2020–2023. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of grouping data by ATC groups and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results. At the end of 2022, in the RF, about 6 million packages of ATDs worth 6.5 billion rubles were purchased at the expense of citizens’ personal funds, i.e. approximately 1/6 of the total sales of oncology medications in monetary terms and 3.0% of the total sales in physical terms. The maximum sales in monetary terms per 100 thousand population were noted in the Central, Northwestern and Southern Federal Districts. The Central Federal District accounts for about 50% of total sales of ATDs in monetary terms and 35% of sales in physical terms. The maximum costs were for medications in ATC groups L01B Antimetabolites, L02A Hormones and related compounds and L02B Hormone antagonists and related compounds. The average shares of ATDs in the ATC group L01B were 32.8% in total sales in monetary terms and 50.8% in physical terms, in the ATC group L02B – 27.3% and 31.9%, L02A – 21.8% and 5.7%, L01X – 8.9% and 7.9%, respectively. In the RF as a whole, the top-3 international nonproprietary names of greatest demand in the pharmaceutical market retail segment included methotrexate, buserelin and anastrozole, which account for more than 40% of sales volume in monetary terms.Conclusion. The obtained results can be used by healthcare organizers to clarify the real need for ATDs, as well as to improve drug care for cancer patients.

The role of a clinical pharmacist in implementing modern guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of arterial hypertension

Aim. To study the possibilities of participation of a clinical pharmacist in complying with modern guidelines for antihypertensive pharmacotherapy using fixed combinations of drugs in the conditions of a pharmacy and determine the directions for improving the work of a clinical pharmacist to improve the quality of hypertension control.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of reports on the sale of antihypertensive drugs containing one active substance and fixed combinations of two or three active substances was carried out in a pharmacy at a healthcare institution.
 Results. Sales volumes of combined drugs prevailed over sales volumes of drugs that contained one active substance, and fixed combinations of two active substances prevailed over triple combinations. However, the frequency of selling two drugs of different groups as separate drugs was higher than the sale of drugs of two or three pharmacological groups as fixed combinations. At the same time, sales of fixed combinations prevailed for individual active substances among the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. 
 Conclusions. Data on the sale of fixed combinations of two or three active substances in the pharmacy have demonstrated insufficient compliance with current guidelines for antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. One of the ways to improve compliance with modern guidelines for the use of fixed combinations is the active participation of the clinical pharmacist in the selection of drugs for a particular patient, actively interacting with the doctor. Thus, a clinical pharmacist can be an important link in the control of arterial hypertension and the implementation of modern guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of arterial hypertension.

On the peculiarities of investigating criminal offenses related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors in modern conditions

The article examines the peculiarities of carrying out certain procedural actions during the investigation of criminal offenses related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, in modern conditions. The author states that in today's conditions, against the background of global informatization of society and the active introduction of the latest technologies in all spheres of human life, the forms of sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors are also changing. Criminals, using the assets of modern technologies, constantly improve their criminal activities, change directions of interaction with the aim of committing offenses.
 In Ukraine, as well as in the world in general, drug crime is actively carried out through smartphones and the Internet using messengers and special applications for the distribution of psychoactive substances, narcotic drugs and their analogues.
 The author researched the peculiarities of ensuring the prosecutor fulfills the tasks of criminal proceedings during the investigation of criminal offenses in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors: the prosecutor's exercise of powers aimed at ensuring the completeness and comprehensiveness of the investigation of the circumstances of the criminal offense and the correct application of the norms of the criminal law, and as well as the specifics of conducting investigative actions in criminal proceedings on the facts of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors.
 The author concludes that the effectiveness of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of illegal sale of substances excluded from free circulation using the Internet and other telecommunication technologies is complicated by the need to identify the user under a pseudonym.

Revolutionizing Medicinal Chemistry: Al Powered Drug Discovery for Faster Innovation

The great majority of medicines on the market today are tiny molecule pharmaceuticals with a few hundred atoms or fewer.These pharmaceuticals, which account for 90% of global drug sales, range from ordinary over-the-counter remedies like aspirin to complex targeted therapies used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and respiratory infections. The process of identifying and developing novel small molecule medications, on the other hand, is both expensive and time-consuming, frequently taking a decade and costing upwards of $1-2 billion, with a shocking 90% of drug candidates failing in clinical trials. Fortunately, artificial intelligence (AI) has enormous potential for speeding up drug discovery by allowing researchers to quickly identify the most appropriate compounds. Finding new small-molecule medications is a time-consuming, iterative process that includes examining thousands of chemical compounds to find the best one. The first step in the procedure is for scientists to discover a prospective therapeutic target, such as an enzyme that plays an important role in a disease. Medicinal chemists then set out to find a tiny molecule that can alter the target's activity. To demonstrate its efficacy as a successful medicine, the chemical must contain several additional critical 'drug-like' features, such as non-toxicity, solubility, and stability inside the body, in addition to generating the required biological reaction. High-throughput screening, which uses automated technology to rapidly screen enormous collections of small compounds for potential hits with the requisite activity against the target, is the traditional technique of finding prospective drug candidates. The next stage is to turn these findings into lead compounds that could one day be used to create effective medications. This procedure, known colloquially as hit-to-lead, entails a sequence of chemical alterations to the hit molecules to improve their potency, selectivity, and other drug-like qualities. The hit-to-lead process frequently requires multiple iterations of chemical synthesis, biological testing, and computer modeling, all of which take a significant amount of time, resources, and skill. Furthermore, a significant number of these early compounds are eliminated during succeeding stages of development due to ineffectiveness, inadequate drug-like qualities, or difficulties in chemical synthesis.

Usage of Web Scraping in the Pharmaceutical Sector

INTRODUCTION: Web scraping is a technique that provides organizations with the ability to analyse large amounts of information and gather new information. 
 OBJECTIVES: Find a group that is a health check, a full body test, a blood test, and so on. In this way, the pharmaceutical industry should consider how to improve information, information storage, information retrieval, and capture. For example, the healthcare system may decide to standardize the assessment of speech and allow information to be shared across organizations to improve treatment outcomes in web scraping applications.
 METHODS: Web scraping is based on the pharmaceutical industry. From here, we get information about pharmacies, such as drug names in different categories or drug sales. However, we are dealing with diseases and common medicines. Using this information, we can find the most common viruses. There are many factors to consider when creating a junk website for the pharmaceutical industry, such as drug names, tablet categories, and syrups found in the pharmaceutical industry.
 RESULTS: As is clearly visible from the output, there are columns for drug names, manufacturers, drug types, and prices. This is the information we get from a website called Net meds, a pharmacy site. With the help of this information, we learn which drugs are most needed, and then we can find the most common diseases today.
 CONCLUSION: The results of this web scraping can be very useful and powerful. However, the industry's success in web scraping and data extraction techniques depends on the availability of clean chemical data.