Sale Of Bread Research Articles

Коммерческая торговля в системе общественного питания Сталинградской области в 1944–1947 годах

Introduction. The article deals with the creation and development of a commercial trade system in public catering in the city of Stalingrad and the Stalingrad region at the end of the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, and historical comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods, were used in the examination of newspaper sources. Analysis and results. In order to replenish the budget and meet the demand of the population, already in the spring of 1944, free trade in alcoholic beverages began in the canteens of Stalingrad. In the spring and summer of 1945, the first restaurants and commercial halls at canteens opened in the city. The opening of commercial tea houses in the system of state and cooperative trade became widespread in early 1946 after the decrees of the USSR government were issued. This process took place in the face of an acute shortage of inventory, kitchen equipment, and utensils. A feature of Stalingrad was the complete lack of premises for new catering establishments. As a rule, commercial tea houses were opened at or instead of existing canteens. Since a significant part of the products for commercial tea houses were purchased from collective farms and the population at market prices, the cost of even the simplest dishes was 8–10 times higher than in ration canteens. Procurement of products occurred with difficulty due to the priority of mandatory supplies of agricultural products to the state. After the drought in 1946, even commercial tea houses and restaurants limited the sale of bread. At the same time, there was a second wave of the establishment of commercial restaurants and cafes. In 1947, commercial canteens with a small selection of dishes appeared, occupying a middle position between restaurants and tea houses. Having completed the task of attracting funds from the population, commercial catering enterprises, at the same time, did not become centers for cultural leisure. Most of the teahouses were located in adapted premises that needed repair and were poorly maintained. The assortment of dishes was not maintained, and violations of technology and theft by workers flourished. Most of the profits came from the sale of purchased goods, primarily alcoholic beverages.

Analisis Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Tingkat Penjualan Roti UD Nabila Bakery Di Desa Kalasey Kecamatan Mandolang

This study aims to identify and analyze the application of the marketing mix in increasing sales at UD Nabila Bakery in Kalasey Village, Mandolang District. The method of data collection in this study uses primary data, where the primary data is obtained through interviews with 4(four) respondents which include product variations, price variations, sales condisitions and promotion. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained through interviews with the owner of UD Nabila Bakery. The results of this study, it shows the application of the marketing mix in increasing sales volume at UD Nabila Bakery, namely in terms of products, the products produced are able to compete with competitors by always providing good quality both in terms of taste and texture of bread. In terms of price, UD Nabila Bakery sets a selling price that is relatively affordable considering its target market is from all walks of life. In terms of place/distribution channel, UD Nabila Bakery's bread has not been able to increase sales optimally due to competition for the same product, rising raw material prices and lack of expansion of the target market area, causing a decline in sales of the bread. And in terms of promotion, UD Nabila Bakery's bread still uses a simple promotion system, namely through word of mouth. So it has not been able to increase sales to the maximum. The increase in sales of UD Nabila Bakery's bread could occur because the product strategy and pricing strategy used were able to attract consumers to repurchase the products offered. With increasing consumer interest, there will be an increase in sales of UD Nabila Bakery's bread.

Sales Digital Cashier Application Development Using Website (Case Study : Gogo Bakery)

Cash register technology can simplify and optimize payment transaction management. The activity of buying and selling goods cannot be separated from sales transactions and the sales transaction process cannot be separated from the cashier. GOGO Bakery is a trading shop engaged in the sale of bread. At this store, the transaction process, data processing, and report generation have not been managed computerized, until now this store still has not provided satisfactory and ineffective service, because the payment process at the cashier is not optimal and also the provision of product and price information is not listed properly, which causes consumers to not know the prices and the latest products in the store before buying. In stores, there are usually a lot of item data, transaction data, and others that are impossible to memorize. for that,

Кредитная политика на Южном Урале в начале ХХ века

Relevance. The experience of state regulation of Russia's credit policy is of great practical importance for the modern economic and political development of the country. Currently, current forms of management are being devel-oped, which include credit cooperation. The purpose – analysis of the government's credit policy in the Southern Urals at the beginning of the XX century. Objectives: to determine the forms and main activities of credit cooperation; to study the regional aspects of credit policy in rural areas, to show the features of its implementation in the Southern Urals. Metodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodo-logical basis of the research is a systematic approach. The chronological method and the method of comparative historical analysis are used. Results. At the beginning of the XX century, credit institutions – savings and loan partnerships, most of which functioned in rural areas, became widespread in the Southern Urals. In addition to the main purpose – lending to the small peasant, they were engaged in the sale of bread and other types of agricultural products. Restraining factors for the development of small-scale credit in rural areas were a low level of commodity-money relations on the one hand; legal and class isolation on the other, since there were restrictions on the disposal of peasant property, both allotment land and movable property. Conclusion. Credit policy was one of the results of the development of commodity relations, contributed to providing the most favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in general, had an important impact on the socio-economic development of the South Ural region in the early twentieth century.

Management Accounting System, Internal Control of Credit Sales and Accounts Receivable Collections in Bakery Industry

This study aims to analyze the management accounting system, internal control of credit sales and accounts receivable collections in bakery industry. The novelty of this paper is to find out the results of bakery industy by considering a specific topic of financial issues. Every company has a role in the provision of credit problems but one of the most efficient ways for increasing sales is the provision of credit. However, basically credit sales have considerable customer risks who are not supposed to pay on accounts or customer who are not willing to pay for some reasons. To minimize these risks regarding the provision of credit, the company manager must be careful in selecting prospective customer before approving credit sales. This bakery industry is a company engaged in production and sales of bread and pastries. Based on research conducted by the author, the author asked the question whether the procedure of credit sales of accounts receivable collection has implemented internal control or not. The research method used is a library at the research field. Based on the result of this study, it concluded that the company sales of the applicable credit are in considerable amount, but the accounts receivable collection still has a few weaknesses which allow overdue customers to proceed the purchase orders. It is preferably to customers who have an overdue to be given limitation in ordering goods.

LAYOUT PLANNING FLOOR PRODUCTION BREAD FACTORY USING SYSTEMATIC LAYOUT PLANNING METHODS

Tight competition in the food industry especially bread does not shrink the sales of bread produced by CV. Anni Bakery, but there are some problems that arise at this time, the limited production floor which is increasingly narrow due to increased production without adjusting existing capacity and the irregular placement of production floor facilities. The background is used as a reference for the company to create a new factory. The purpose of this study is to propose the layout of production floor facilities with the right facility layout so that the cost of transferring materials is small. The systematic layout planning (SLP) approach was used. The result performance of the 1st proposal layout obtained material handling distance of 405 meters while in the 2nd proposal layout the material handling distance becomes 386 meters. The cost of moving the proposed material to 1 obtained a total cost of 22,644,300 rupiah per month, while in the second material transfer fee the total cost of 21,993,825 rupiah per month. Based on the alternative initial layout and the proposed layout, the most suitable layout is the second proposal layout.. So this facility layout plan is feasible for new factory to create.

FOOD SUPPLY OF THE FRONTLINE CITIES OF THE VOLHYNIAN GOVERNORATE IN 1914–1917

The purpose of the article is to analyze the state and the main factors that influenced the food supply of the frontline cities of the Volhynian Governorate in 1914–1917. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, the effectiveness of systematic and scientific using national (analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The research novelty . For the first time a comprehensive analysis of the food supply of the Western Volhynia’s cities during the First World War is made; price fluctuations at the level of individual frontline cities are investigated; major pricing factors for staple foods are identified. Conclusions. Most of the losses in the Russian Empire from the effects of the First World War were in the frontline areas, including five counties (Kremets, Dubno, Lutsk, Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Kovel) of the Volhynian Governorate. The severity of the situation associated with the devastating effects of hostilities has been compounded by the crisis in the region’s economy. Mass mobilization of the able-bodied male population, large-scale requisitions and purchases for the needs of the army of livestock and grain resulted in a significant reduction in acreage and the profitability of farms in general. The inability of the Russian government to meet the army’s food needs at the expense of remote regions has led to the food depletion of the frontline governorates. Population of the Volhynian Governorate frontal districts suffered most from the food crisis. The crisis was aggravated by such crisis phenomena of the Russian economy as militarization, lack of able-bodied population, inflation, devaluation of the Russian ruble, loss of purchasing power of the population, etc. Attempts of the Russian government to prevent crisis phenomena through the introduction of martial law, fixed prices for basic goods, monopolies for the sale of bread, the introduction of a card system of goods distribution, did not produce the desired results. Frontline cities have suffered from a semi-starvation. A promising area of research for this topic is to compare the food supply of the frontiline cities of Volhynia, Podilia and Minsk governorates during the First World War and to track the role of local economies in supplying the army with the necessary food and goods.

Implementasi Sistem E-Commerce Pada Aroma Bakery & Cake Shop

Aroma Bakery & Cake Shop is one of the businesses engaged in the sale of bread that was established on January 17, 2005. Aroma Bakery & Cake Shop runs smoothly only on certain days, in addition consumers must come directly to Aroma Bakery & Cake Shop In fact, there are still many consumers who do not know the existence of Aroma Bakery & Cake Shop. To overcome this problem, an e-Commerce application was built using the PHP programming language and for the database using MySQL. E-Commerce is one of the use of information technology in the field of trade. E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce can be translated as a sale and purchase transaction carried out through electronic media. The e-commerce application created is expected to be a promotional media, help increase sales and reduce operational costs for the company and facilitate the ordering process and payment for a product because it is done online.

Strategi Pemasaran Roti Bakar Jamin Halal Nikmat (JHN) Wangi Madu Studi Kasus Desa Sepuk Tanjung Kacamatan Sebawi Kabupaten Sambas

Bread is an additional food favored by people in Sambas Regency. One of the businesses engaged in making baked bread is "Halal and Delicious Guarantee (Jaminan Halal Nikmat-JHN)" bread of Wangi Madu which is located in Sepuk Tanjung Village, Sebawi District, Sambas Regency. This JHN was founded by Mr. Tiong Nyit Kong in 2010, with a household scale. Production, sales and production leftover from January to March 2017 have decreased every month. One of the factors that causes the production and sales of bread to decline monthly is the reduced purchasing power of consumers against JHN's bread. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how "Marketing Strategy for Baked Bread" Halal Delicious Guarantee of Wangi Madu (Scented Honey) in Sepuk Tanjung Village, Sebawi District, Sambas Regency". In determining the marketing strategy, analysis of internal and external factors was used, then processed using SWOT analysis. From the IFE / EFE analysis, obtained seven strengths with the main strength is to have complete permits and halal certificates with a value of 0,313. Six weaknesses, with its main weakness is that the product is not durable with a value of 0,307. Four opportunities, the biggest opportunity with a value of 0,508 is Consumer Loyalty. Four threats with the main threat value of 0.463 is the rise of online cake traders / sellers. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, Ten strategies are obtained, namely: introducing current products and expanding the marketing area, developing product variants or adding new products, openness and cooperation, production and sales forecasting, improving product packaging, improving product quality by adding flavors and size, recruiting personnel in certain fields and increasing vehicles, increasing creativity for processing new products that are more in demand by consumers, increasing promotional efforts, creating websites and social media accounts about JHN’s Bread.Keywords : bread, Halal Delicious Guarantee (Jaminan Halal Nikmat-JHN), marketing strategy

SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED BASES OF REDISTRIBUTION THE VALUE ADDED IN INTEGRATED COMMODITY MARKET (AT THE EXAMPLE OF BREAD MARKET OF UKRAINE)

In the article author developed of theory circulation of sectoral value added in integrated commodity market, which distinguishes two stages or processes of its movement: process of formation and process of use value added. Determined the internal and external contradictions of economic interests of participants in reproduction process according to the stages of value added movement in market system. The emphasis is on external contradictions of financial interests the subjects of various sectors of integrated commodity market, which in practice are manifested in migration (cross-sectoral redistribution) of unproductive value added component usually from the production to the trading sector. Fiscal redistribution of added value associated with external contradictions between the economic interests of state and market subjects.In practice, to determine deformations in the processes of formation and use of value added in certain commodity markets it is necessary to use a reproduction methodical approach and build a cross-sectoral balance of key indicators of market efficiency. The analysis on example of bread market of Ukraine showed the presence of deformations in fiscal use of value added of production sector, which for a minimum profitability of products (4,1 %) has the highest among sectors the level of taxcapacity of value added (0,34 points). The expediency of implementation is substantiated of reduced rates of value added tax for the sale of bread and bakery products in Ukraine in order to balance the volumes of fiscal and reproduction use of value added in production sector of integrated bread market. On the basis of reproduction methodical approach impact assessment was conducted of this regulatory measure on indicators of the efficiency of bread market. According to calculations, a 1 % reduction in value added tax rate will contribute to the growth of value added by 13,23 million UAH. (by 0,82 %), its share in production � by 0,11 %, the profitability of products � by 0,19 %, while the reduction in taxes will be 2,4%. Such a calculation allows you to determine various options for reducing fiscal load and choose the best scenario in terms of harmonization of economic interests state, bakery enterprises and population.

Truth and Tales: Cultural Mobility and Medieval Media ed. by Fiona Somerset, Nicholas Watson

Reviewed by: Truth and Tales: Cultural Mobility and Medieval Media ed. by Fiona Somerset, Nicholas Watson Eric Weiskott Fiona Somerset and Nicholas Watson, eds., Truth and Tales: Cultural Mobility and Medieval Media. Interventions: New Studies in Medieval Culture. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Pp. xiv, 294. isbn: 978–0–8142–1271–4. $69.95. This collection, dedicated to Richard Firth Green, grew out of the fourth annual meeting of the Canada Chaucer Seminar (Toronto, April 2012). The volume’s fourteen essays move across and between the large topics of popular culture, orality and literacy, and media studies, with a primary focus on medieval English literature and culture. The contributions are organized into three central sections: ‘Repetition and Continuity: The Claims of History’ (Thomas Hahn, Stephen Yeager, M. J. Toswell, and Fiona Somerset), ‘Cultural Divides and Their Common Ground’ (Alastair Minnis, Michael Johnston, Lisa J. Kiser, and Barbara A. Hanawalt), and ‘New Media and the Literate Laity’ (Nicholas Watson, Robyn Malo, Kathleen E. Kennedy, and Michael Van Dussen). These are bookended by two single-essay sections entitled ‘The Truth of Tales 1’ (Green) and ‘The Truth of Tales 2’ (Andrew Taylor). Intersecting the editors’ chronological/methodological groupings, one can discover various subconversations about, e.g., vernacular theology (Toswell, Minnis, Watson, and Malo), merchants and their books (Johnston, Malo, and Kennedy), the way in which literature encodes human-animal relations (Somerset and Kiser), and London law (Hanawalt and Kennedy). In the Introduction, Somerset situates the contributions in relation to new developments in media studies and orality and literacy as these pertain to medieval English social and literary history. In ‘“The Vanishing Leper” and “The Murmuring Monk”: Two Medieval Urban Legends,’ Green traces two medieval tales across languages, discursive fields, and social contexts, arguing that the rubric of ‘contemporary legend’ offers a way to understand the social functions of some [End Page 152] promiscuous medieval texts. In ‘Don’t Cry for Me, Augustinus: Dido and the Dangers of Empathy,’ Hahn reads the uses of Dido in Chaucer’s House of Fame and Legend of Good Women against earlier and later depictions, contending that Chaucer has his two narrators enact a schoolboy cathexis on Dido in the course of founding ‘a new vernacular poetics’ (48). In ‘The New Plow and the Old: Law, Orality, and the Figure of Piers the Plowman in B 19,’ Yeager historicizes the figure of Piers Plowman in terms of fourteenth-century appropriations of Anglo-Saxon legal and homiletic documentary forms, concluding that Piers Plowman B 19 ‘is highly concerned with administrative transparency’ (75). In ‘The Exegesis of Tears in Lambeth Homily 17,’ Toswell discusses a short English homily on the exegesis of tears, found in two late twelfth- or early thirteenth-century manuscript collections, as paradigmatic of ‘a changing attitude to the vernacular in the second half of the twelfth century’ (95). In ‘Mingling with the English in Laʒamon’s Brut,’ Somerset uses the keywords leode ‘people; land’ and leoden ‘language’ to trace the poetics and politics of national belonging in the Brut. In ‘Unquiet Graves: Pearl and the Hope of Reunion,’ Minnis compares the Pearl poet’s representation of postmortem community to that of earlier, contemporary, and later texts, revealing that ‘Pearl offers a quite robust response to that desire for the postmortem persistence of family ties that has been such an abiding component of popular narrative and theological speculation alike’ (134). In ‘Mercantile Gentility in Cambridge, University Library MS Ff.2.38,’ Johnston reads an understudied Middle English poem alongside other literary treatments of the question of gentility within and beyond CUL MS Ff.2.38, uncovering literary reactions to ‘the ongoing interpenetration of the landed and urban spheres in late-medieval England’ (149). In ‘Resident Aliens: The Literary Ecology of Medieval Mice,’ Kiser canvasses the mice of late medieval fables for evidence of medieval attitudes toward real mice, focusing on habitat, diet, species terminology, and relationships to human life. In ‘Toward the Common Good: Punishing Fraud among the Victualers of Medieval London,’ Hanawalt introduces the written regulations and public punishments governing the manufacture and sale of bread, meat pies, and wines in late medieval London, with glances at mentions of millers, bakers, and...

English

Bread is an important staple food that does not require further processing before consumption. Despite the awareness created and efforts of government to ensure that quality bread are available for consumption of all, there are several routes through which bread is being contaminated. The aim of the study was to assess the hygiene involved from the point of production to sale of bread and document pathogens isolated from bread. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with 10 out of the 30 registered bakeries spread across wards randomly selected and only six consenting to participate (60% response rate), and a total of 10 representative bread sellers were purposively selected with respect to their spread in Ile Ife. Observational checklist was used to assess environmental and personal hygiene while microbiological specimens taken from bread were assessed for pathogenic contamination. Only a third of bakeries assessed had good hygiene while hygiene of bread sellers was suboptimal. Bread samples from bakeries and bread sellers yielded S. aureus in 33 and 90%, respectively. Several points of contamination were identified and poor bread handling practices documented. Existing laws should be enforced and bread sellers educated on proper handling of bread to prevent outbreaks of food borne illnesses.   Key words: Bread, food safety, hygiene, food-borne.

APLIKASI BREAK EVEN POINT PADA PEMBUATAN ROTI Studi Kasus: Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) Roti (Rotiku Rotimu) Desa Babakan

In recent years many companies both micro and macro level national and international emerging. As UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) have an important role in opening new jobs and boost economic growth of a region. With the development of business world has been brought towards the increasingly fierce competition. That businesses are required to conduct an economic analysis that can help entrepreneurs to consider actions proposed in choosing the alternatives or strategic decision.This research aimed to analyze the feasibility of the operation of UKM bread (my bread your bread) Babakan Village by using BEP (Break Even Point).Location research Babakan Village, District Cakranegara, West Lombok. By collecting various kinds of costs of making bread among other fixed costs and variable costs as well as to record income from the sale of bread in a period of 1 year. Examples of fixed costs is the cost of equipment, maintenance costs, the cost of building and examples of variable costs is the cost of raw materials, the cost of operation of the device, the cost of salaries, the cost of packaging.The results of this research indicate that UKM income Bread (my bread your bread) for 1 year is Rp. 912,000,000.00 of the total production of 1.14 million pieces of bread. This UKM bread achieve the BEP (Break Even Point) occurred in the month 4th at a fixed cost is Rp.30,250,733,33 and VC (Variable Cost) is Rp.212,240,114,71 on the amount of bread produced 303114 fruit bread with a TC (total cost) Rp.242,490,848.04. So that UKM Bread (my bread your bread) feasible to be operated. With the increase in the selling price of Rp.850.00 fried bread resulting increase in profit of Rp57,000,000.00 while the selling price of Rp.750.00 fried bread resulted in a decrease in profit of Rp.57,000,000.00 while equally produce 1.14 million pieces bread. By lowering the variable costs, employers can accelerate the achievement of breakeven levels (Break Even Point).

Food loss rates at the food retail, influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures

This paper quantifies food loss rates for fruit & vegetables, dairy products and bread & pastry as well as donations to social services. In addition potential influencing factors and reasons for food losses are investigated in order to provide a basis for the development of waste prevention measures. Detailed data from 612 retail outlets all over Austria, which covered the period of one year, were analysed and sorting analyses of discarded food were carried out in a small sample of retail outlets. Food loss amounts to 1.3% of the sales of dairy products, 2.8% for bread & pastry and 4.2% for fruit & vegetables. Returned bread amounts to additional 9.7% of the sales of bread & pastry. The food loss rates are similar to the results of previous publications. At present, 7% of the food loss is donated to social services, 38% of retail outlets do not donate any articles at all. Food loss rates are declining with increasing sales areas, increasing numbers of purchases per year and increasing sales of the retail outlet, but explain only 33% or less of the variation of food loss rates. Large differences between retail outlets of comparable structure indicate potential for reduction. More than a quarter of discarded food articles did not show any flaws besides the expiration of the best before or sell-by date. Waste prevention approaches should focus on avoiding returns, transfer of best practices, information and education of employees and customers as well as strengthening the donation to social services.

Bread upon the waters: the St. Petersburg grain trade and the Russian economy, 1703-1811

Bread upon the waters: the St Petersburg grain trade and the Russian economy, 1703-1811, by Robert E. Jones, Pittsburgh PA, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013, xii + 298 pp., US$45.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-822-94428-7Robert E. Jones analyzes the workings of eighteenth-century Russia's economy, government, and society through a deep examination of the cereal trade with special emphasis on the flour trade to feed St Petersburg. Starting with Peter the Great's founding of St Petersburg in 1703, the study chronicles his efforts and those of later rulers to provide the capital's inhabitants with food at prices they could afford. Accepting responsibility for provisioning St Petersburg, the government actively subsidized the process by creating a public granary, and the tsarist state took the lead in engineering the waterways that made the transport of rye flour to the capital possible. However, a key insight of the work is that the state allowed a large role to private enterprise by generally leaving the grain trade to private forces in the market and not restricting the cereals trade to a privileged group or category of its subjects. Thus, Jones demonstrates that, in contrast to Muscovite and Soviet Russia, imperial Russia tolerated and encouraged private enterprise. Peasant traders participated in the earliest deliveries of grain and flour to St Petersburg, and by the 1720s they accounted for 20 percent of those commodities arriving in the capital. Nobles, peasants, and non-merchants played a significant role in the grain trade as the money economy grew. For example, the peasant Savva Iakolev, a grain dealer from Ostashkov, made a fortune shipping food to the court of Elizabeth Petrovna and by the 1770s he was the wealthiest and most influential Russian merchant in St Petersburg and the director of the St Petersburg customs house. Among nobles, Prince M. M. Shcherbatov entered the long-distance grain trade and had his stewards buy grain from Iaroslavl and Nizhnii Novgorod and bring it to his mill for grinding. From among the recognized merchants, the largest contingent to supply grain to St Petersburg came from Tver.Chapters move chronologically and cover the sale of bread and flour, the sources of St Petersburg's grain supply, the growing of rye, wheat, and other grains in different regions of European Russia, the sale and processing of grain, the transport of grain from distant villages to St Petersburg, and the export of Russian grain through the Black Sea, especially Odessa. Jones shows how the supposedly closed economy of the self-sufficient estate vanished in the eighteenth century thanks to the development of St Petersburg, the levying of taxes in cash rather than in kind, and the settlement of the southern steppe that expanded the commercial grain market. …

Analisis Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Pemberian Kompensasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan CV Mum Indonesia

Mum CV is a company engaged in the sale of bread. To increase sales of bread (performance) it needs to investigate the influence of work environment and compensation of employees. The method of analysis used in this study is descriptive, Pearson Regression, and Multiple Regression. The data were obtained from the employees performance by completing the questionnaires provided using Likert scale which was useful to determine the level of disagreement questions on the questionnaires. Results achieved in this study are the work environment has no significant influence on employees performance in CV Mum Indonesia, amounting to 0,068. Compensation has significant, no influence on employees performance in CV Mum Indonesia that is equal to 0,580 and there is a significant effect of 33.6%. Work environment and compensation have a significant impact on employees performance in CV Mum Indonesia. It is equal to 0,580 and there is a significant effect of 33.6%.

Point-of-Purchase Nutrition Information Influences Food-Purchasing Behaviors of College Students: A Pilot Study

The goal of point-of-purchase (POP) nutrition information is to help consumers make informed, healthful choices. Despite limited evaluation, these population-based approaches are being advocated to replace traditional, more expensive, individual behavior-change strategies. Few studies have examined the effect of POP information on buying patterns of college students, a group with high obesity rates and poor eating habits. This quasi-experimental pilot project sought to determine whether the “Eat Smart” POP program affected food-purchasing habits of multiethnic college students shopping at an on-campus convenience store. Baseline sales data of foods in the cereal, soup, cracker, and bread categories were collected for 6 weeks during Fall 2008. After Winter break, a few food items within each of these food categories were labeled as healthful using a “Fuel Your Life” shelf tag, and sales data were then collected for 5 weeks. In each of the four food categories, nontagged foods were available at the identical price as tagged items. Following intervention, there were increased sales of tagged items (measured as a percentage of total sales) in the cereal, soup, and cracker categories, while sales of bread decreased. Although none of these changes were statistically significant, the intervention resulted in a 3.6%±1.6% ( P=0.082) increase in the percentage of sales from tagged items. Thus, providing POP nutrition information in a college campus convenience store may promote healthful food choices. A longer study examining the effect of POP on sales of items in other food categories is warranted.

Point-of-Purchase Nutrition Information Influences Food-Purchasing Behaviors of College Students: A Pilot Study

The goal of point-of-purchase (POP) nutrition information is to help consumers make informed, healthful choices. Despite limited evaluation, these population-based approaches are being advocated to replace traditional, more expensive, individual behavior-change strategies. Few studies have examined the effect of POP information on buying patterns of college students, a group with high obesity rates and poor eating habits. This quasi-experimental pilot project sought to determine whether the “Eat Smart” POP program affected food-purchasing habits of multiethnic college students shopping at an on-campus convenience store. Baseline sales data of foods in the cereal, soup, cracker, and bread categories were collected for 6 weeks during Fall 2008. After Winter break, a few food items within each of these food categories were labeled as healthful using a “Fuel Your Life” shelf tag, and sales data were then collected for 5 weeks. In each of the four food categories, nontagged foods were available at the identical price as tagged items. Following intervention, there were increased sales of tagged items (measured as a percentage of total sales) in the cereal, soup, and cracker categories, while sales of bread decreased. Although none of these changes were statistically significant, the intervention resulted in a 3.6%±1.6% ( P=0.082) increase in the percentage of sales from tagged items. Thus, providing POP nutrition information in a college campus convenience store may promote healthful food choices. A longer study examining the effect of POP on sales of items in other food categories is warranted.

Baking for the common good: a reassessment of the assize of bread in Medieval England1

This article reassesses the structure of the assize of bread and its relevance for bakers and consumers in late medieval England. It has long been thought that the laws governing the manufacture and sale of bread, although adhering to a logical relationship between weight and price, were nevertheless ill‐considered in formulation, calculation, and enactment and did not, in reality, provide the stable allowance recommended for bakers. By examining the economic and moral ideology underlying the assize of bread it is possible to demonstrate that legislators were actually employing a rationale that best fitted contemporary circumstances and retail practices. There nevertheless remained one fundamental flaw in its construction, which was to have implications for its enforcement.

Progenitors of modern management accounting concepts and mensurations in pre-industrial England

Edwards and Newell (1994: 407) noted that ‘the application of accounting techniques in business management continues to be a largely unexplored area of business history’. Outcomes of this lack of research and knowledge are simplistic conclusions such as ‘accounting systems for managerial decisions and control can be traced back to the origins of hierarchical enterprises in the early nineteenth century’ (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). In contrast, the case and conclusion presented in this paper hold that innovative measurements for decisions and control attributed to industrial revolution managers were adaptations of concepts used by auditors, stewards and bailiffs who, on behalf of lords of the manor, controlled agricultural activities on landed estates. In addition, evidence is presented which shows that concepts of production standards and standard costs were used in pre-industrial England to control the manufacture and sale of bread. Much of the evidence used to build the case was drawn from translations of medieval management, accounting and legal treatises and is presented under six headings. In each of the six sections evidence of the use of a progenitor of a modern management accounting concept and associated mensuration (action of measurement) is presented and discussed. The headings are: production capacity; production standards; standard costs; cost allocation; performance analysis; and relevant costs.