Salary Income Research Articles

Impact of the Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) infrastructure on the returns to higher education in Mexico: A gender analysis

This paper aims to analyze the impact of access to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on the private returns to higher education (HE) focusing on gender inequality in 2020. Methodology: To evaluate the above impact a set of Mincerian equations will be estimated. The proposed approach mitigates biases associated with self-selection and individual heterogeneity. Data: The database comes from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares, ENIGH) from 2020. Results: Empirical evidence suggests that individuals that have HE have a positive and greater impact on their salary income compared to those with a lower educational level, being women that do not have access to ICT those with the lowest wage return. Policy: Access to ICT should be considered as one of the criteria that integrate social deprivation in the measurement of multidimensional poverty. Likewise, it is necessary to design public policies that promote the strengthening and creation of educational and/or training systems in technological matters for women. Limitations: No distinction was made between individuals that graduated from public or private schools, nor was income from sources other than work considered. Originality: This investigation evaluates the impact of access to ICT on the returns to higher education in Mexico, in 2020, addressing gender disparity.

The Influence of Open Unemployment Rates, Inflation and Minimum Wages on Income Inequality in The North Sumatra Region

Income inequality is the existence of differences in income in a society, giving rise to real income inequality in society. As a result, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. In fact, when it comes to income inequality, the more flexible wages are, the greater the impact on employment. However, inflexible wages, which are said to be an inability to respond to changing market conditions, lead to ever-increasing poverty and inequality. This research aims to determine the correlation between the influence of open poverty levels, inflation and minimum wages on income inequality in North Sumatra. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) noted that the level of expenditure disparity between residents in North Sumatra has widened since September 2023. The Gini ratio, which measures this inequality, is recorded as high. BPS Based on North Sumatra data, this large deviation was caused by the increase in fuel prices at the beginning of September last year. The research method used is Multiple Linear Regression which is processed using eviews 10 software. The approach used in this research uses a quantitative approach with associative analysis, with a population from the North Sumatra BPS report for 2014-2023. The results show that the open unemployment rate and minimum wage have an effect on income inequality. Therefore, the solution offered is a policy of establishing equal distribution of employment income by opening job vacancies and training as well as equal distribution of salary income which is applied evenly in various regions so as to reduce income inequality in North Sumatra

TAX POLICY IN THE WORLD OF SPORT EXEMPLES IN TURKEY, UK, SPANISH, ITALY AND GERMANY

Taxes are the most important source of revenue the state relies on to maintain public services. The basic objective of our tax system is to collect taxes in a fair and balanced manner, within the framework of the principles set out in the Constitution. Taxes on income make up a large proportion of tax revenues. In this context, salary income is taxed under the Income Tax Act and there are special regulations for the salary of athletes for the promotion of sport. Looking at Turkey's tax system, different methods of taxing athlete fees have been applied at different times. Comparisons with other countries show that in Turkey, the income tax rates applied to athlete salaries are relatively low, causing problems in terms of tax fairness. The study examined the legal regulations on the taxation of athlete fees and the implementation processes of these regulations, as well as proposals for the correction of practices that distort tax fairness. Keywords: Taxation of Athletes, Sports Benefit, Income Tax, Tax Justice, Wage Revenue, Athlete Pay

Impact of the Panama Canal on the Panamanian economy: analysis with input-output tables

The effects of canal activity not only prevent a greater economic contraction derived from the pandemic, but also allow for rapid economic recovery in Panama. The objective of the study is to determine the economic impact of the Canal in relation to production, added value, employment and salary income. The methodology used is the analysis of direct, indirect and induced impact attributed to the Input-Output Tables (IOT) method, for which the 45X45 IOTs have been developed in the years 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, incorporating the financial information from the Panama Canal Authority and the Supply and Use Tables at 2018 prices and with chained volume measurements provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Census. The results indicate that at the time of the considerable economic contraction in the country, estimated at 17.9%, the Canal grew by 7.2% of its production compared to fiscal year 2019, maintaining that the weight of this activity for this referenced year reached 5.5% of the GDP when adding indirect and induced effects; while in 2020 it reached 7.6%, gaining 2.1 units of this magnitude. For its part, the added value exceeds the growth in production, setting an evolution in its growth of 11.1%, with a less intense participation than in production, going from 4.2% in 2019 to 5.8% in 2020 of the value total added; However, the results in employment and salary income show a different dynamic when compared to 2019, with the former falling by 2% and the latter by 5%, considering that by 2019 canal employment included all the effects between 0.5% and 1.2% of total employment; improving this relationship in 2020 with a range between 0.6% and 1.5%. In subsequent years, the behavior of this service activity provides an important contribution to the aforementioned indicators in the country, ignoring the negative impacts of the container crises, the war between Russia and Ukraine; and the increase in interest rates.

Descriptive Study of Community Based Disaster Management in Rural Western Nepal

This study inspects community-based disaster management (CBDM) in Nepal. Employing secondary and primary data, the study used descriptive statistics tool. Firstly, the study identified multiple natural risks (flood and landslide). Secondly, in the practice of CBDM, the collective action was found mainly on planning of disaster calendar, early warning, preparedness, and rehabilitation. Thirdly, there was mean salary income loss per annum (330 USD). It is one third of national per capita. Having a significant economic cost, CBDM reduced effectively humanitarian and economic cost of the community. Thus, CBDM is effective collective action to be resilient at the community. Therefore, mainstreaming CBDMG in multi-hazard risk management program, the government should improve its technical capacity and performance by training &equipment for disaster resilience. This study is expected to contribute disaster risk reduction program of the local, province and central government and also preparedness to resilient.

Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Nutritional Knowledge among Working Mothers in Terengganu

Broadly defined, nutrition knowledge relates to understanding concepts and processes connected to nutrition and health, such as diet and health, diet and disease, main nutrient sources, and dietary guidelines and recommendations. This study aims to determine the association between sociodemographic factors (age, educational level, marital status, salary income, location, type of job, and family members) and nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. This cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic information and nutritional knowledge using General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire among 281 working mothers aged 19 to 60 years old. The results show the majority of the participants (70%) had good scores, 23.8% had excellent scores, 6.4% had an average score and 0.4% had poor scores respectively. The prevalence of nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu was excellent as they were 93.2% scored for high nutritional knowledge, and only 6.8% scored for low nutritional knowledge. Furthermore, there was a significant association between sociodemographic factors (age, educational level, marital status, and salary income) with nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. Meanwhile, there was no significant association between sociodemographic factors (location, type of job, and family members) with nutritional knowledge among working mothers in Terengganu. A nutritious diet helps to maintain healthy body weight, promotes favourable pregnancy outcomes, supports normal growth, development, and aging, and minimizes the risk of chronic disease, all of which contribute to overall health and well-being. Therefore, nutritional knowledge should be widely disseminated to Malaysians of all ages.

Employees’ Work Performance Using Accounting Information System in Remittance Centers

This study aimed to determine the effects of using an accounting information system on the work performance of remittance centers’ 53 employees utilizing a descriptive survey method with a questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering data. It was found that the respondents strongly agreed on the factors affecting the usage of the Accounting Information System and are very high in their work performance. There is a significant difference towards Technological, Location, Effectivity, and Productivity based on the number of years in service, Effectivity based on salary income, and a significant relationship between the factors affecting the usage of AIS and work performance. Therefore, the owners of remittance centers are encouraged to improve the office readiness and safeguard from natural calamities; the internet connectivity and facility for the centers are encouraged to keep abreast of the needs of time and develop a competitive edge over other remittance centers; that employees and personnel may be given seminar, training and workshop for work cooperation, teamwork and collaboration for better and efficient delivery of services; an appropriate amount of orientation and awareness for mastery on the usage of accounting information system to avoid pressures on the implementation and manipulation of the software program.

The Prevalence of Nurses’ Emotional Exhaustion during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Nurses in many countries face a high prevalence of psychological pressure while caring for COVID-19 patients. Several determinants of emotional exhaustion leading to occupational burnout risk were documented. However, a recent review examining nurses’ emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19 pandemic is lacking in nursing literature.Purpose: This review aimed to examine the prevalence of nurses’ emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also describes the organizational contributing factors to nurses’ emotional exhaustion.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted in March 2022. Four databases, including PubMed, ProQuest Platform, Wiley, and Google Scholar, were searched from 1 January 2020 to 28 February 2022. The prevalence of nurses’ emotional exhaustion (EE) was pooled using random effect meta‐analyses. The quality appraisal of the studies was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Data analysis utilized a random effect model to evaluate the pooled effects of the studies due to the high heterogeneity between results.Results: Nine studies were included with a total number of 16,810 subjects surveyed, of whom, 8,150 (48.50%) met the criteria for emotional exhaustion. Based on the standard effect model, the pooled estimate for EE prevalence was 48.9% (95% CI:48.1% to 49.6%). Several organizational factors contributing to nurses’ emotional exhaustion included working in critical care units or isolation wards, longer working hours in COVID-19 quarantine units, night shifts, working with confirmed or suspected co-workers, monthly salary income, and inadequate hospital resources.Conclusion: This review found that nurses were suffering from high to moderate emotional exhaustion levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, several organizational factors influence this emotional exhaustion. These findings highlight the necessity for urgent interventions to decrease psychological impacts on frontline nurses.

Research on the Relationship between Undergraduate Major and Income

With the increase of the number of college graduates, the scale has gradually exceeded 10 million. With the influence of external environmental factors, more and more college students are facing employment problems, which has become the focus of social attention. This paper mainly uses the method of data analysis to explore the changes in the income of Chinese college students in the past five years. The researcher will discuss the differences in professional income caused by different factors such as professional division, year, university level, gender and region. Based on the project data of MyCOS's "MyCOS 2021 Employment Report for Chinese College Students," this research conducts an empirical analysis of the influencing factors of the monthly starting salary income of undergraduates. The results show that gender, major category, university level, gender and university location all affect the monthly income of college students six months after graduation to some extent.

Foreign direct investment and employee income share: Firm-level evidence

This paper explores the impact effect of foreign direct investment on the share of employee salary income at the firm-level in China. We find that: 1) FDI raises the share of employee salary income on average; 2) FDI raises the number of patents and total factor productivity, reflecting the promotion of technological advancement, which in turn raises the share of employee compensation income; and 3) macroeconomic downward pressure and industry market competition reinforces the effect of FDI on the increase of the share of employee compensation income. Our finding provide important policy implications for further enhancing the openness and internationalization.

How Much Do Teachers Value Compensation Deferred for Retirement? Evidence From Defined Contribution Rate Choices

How much do teachers value compensation deferred for retirement (CDR)? This question is important because the vast majority of public school teachers are covered by defined benefit pension plans that “backload” a large share of compensation to retirement relative to the compensation structure in the private sector, and there is scant evidence about whether pension structures are consistent with teacher preferences for current compensation versus CDR. This study examines a unique setting in Washington State, where teachers are enrolled in a hybrid pension system that has both defined benefit and defined contribution components. We exploit the fact that teachers have choices over their defined contribution rate to infer their revealed preferences for current versus CDR. We find that teachers on average contribute 7.23% of salary income toward retirement; 62% in fact elect to contribute more than the minimally required contribution of 5%. This suggests that teachers value CDR far more than suggested by prior evidence.

Quantile regression with multiple proxy variables

Data integration has become increasingly popular owing to the availability of multiple data sources. This study considered quantile regression estimation when a key covariate had multiple proxies across several datasets. In a unified estimation procedure, the proposed method incorporates multiple proxies that have both linear and nonlinear relationships with the unobserved covariates. The proposed approach allows the inference of both the quantile function and unobserved covariates and does not require the quantile function's linearity. Simulation studies have demonstrated that this methodology successfully integrates multiple proxies and reveals quantile relationships for a wide range of nonlinear data. The proposed method is applied to administrative data obtained from the Survey of Household Finances and Living Conditions provided by Statistics Korea, to specify the relationship between assets and salary income in the presence of multiple income records.

Social trust and income of rural residents: Evidence from China

ABSTRACT We examine the relationship between social trust and residential income in rural China by using two microeconomic survey datasets. Social indicators of trust are measured from three dimensions: personalized trust, or trust in relatives and friends; generalized trust, or trust in people other than relatives and friends and public trust, or trust in the state and public officials. Our results show that personalized trust can increase rural residents’ income, while generalized trust may reduce their income. In addition, a significant positive relation is found between public trust and income only in the West and East of China. Three underlying economic mechanisms are also identified: health effects, organizational learning effects, and insurance effects. Furthermore, we empirically assess the impact of the different types of social trust on sources of residential income. The results indicate that personalized trust enhances residents’ financial assets income, generalized trust raises business income, and public trust contributes to salary income.

The Returns to Education and the Determinants of Race and Gender Earnings Gaps Using Self-Reported versus Employer-Reported Earnings Data

There are wide and persistent gender and race differences in wage and salary incomes. Much of the literature attempting to explain these differences relies on self-reported earnings. Many self-reported wages and salary incomes differ, however, from those reported by employers. These errors can bias the measurement of the returns to education and the decomposition of racial and gender earnings gaps. This article examines the implications of using selfreported data for measuring gender and race disparities in earnings. We find that relative to employer-reported data, self-reports understate the wage and salary incomes of black women with low educational levels and overstate the returns to higher education for black women. These previously unexplored and unrecognised findings of bias in the estimation of the returns to black women’s education and the large understatement of earnings among less-well educated black women have implications for interpreting the sources of race and gender earnings inequality.

Gender disparities in multiple sclerosis research and leadership: A Colombian perspective.

The neurological academic field is an illustrative example of persistent gender-related disparities reflected in compensation, funding, leadership, promotion, publishing, and recognition. Several studies indicate that neurology is one of the most underrepresented specialties with female physicians as first authors, but also has one of the highest gender payment gaps. Neglecting the role of women in academic leadership positions hinders the visibility and recognition of research and leadership in multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing diversity within academia has positive effects, such as widening focus and expanding the plurality of research outputs. The gender gap and visibility of female MS clinicians and researchers remains an unexplored research topic in our country despite the rising number of female neurologists. This study aims to establish the gender distribution between researchers and clinical neurologists in multiple sclerosis in Colombia and raise awareness about gender disparities in this area. We applied a cross-sectional survey study of Colombian neurologists and neurology residents currently members of the Colombian Neurology Association. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were used for quantitative variables and frequency for qualitative variables. To evaluate the influence of gender, logarithmic regression was used. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26. A total of 201 participants agreed to complete the survey, most of whom were female (n = 135, 67.2%). All the Colombian regions were represented in the survey. Of those surveyed, 31.5% (n = 64) had an interest in demyelinating diseases and MS, of which 46.8% (n = 30) were female. Of the women with MS training, only 50% (n =5) had more than three publications as the first author of a scientific article compared to men (n = 5, 83%). After adjusting the number of publications by gender, there were no significant differences between men and women (median 2.0[2, 1.21] vs. 2[2, 0.5], p = 0.904). However, only 16.6% (n = 5) of women had a visible academic, leadership, or teaching position compared with men 75.7% (n = 25). When adjusting the salary income by gender, we found a statistically significant difference between women and men (median 2.0 [5, 1.47] vs. 3 [5, 1.65], p = 0.006). Women in MS earned between USD 2,500 and 3,800 per month; while men earned between USD 3,800 to 5,070. Despite a higher number of female neurologists trained in MS in Colombia, our data suggest considerable differences and gender gaps with regard to diverse opportunities at the academic, salary promotion, leadership, teaching, and recognition levels between male and female MS neurologists.

Participation in Recreational Activities and Stress Management Relationship Among High School Teachers in Lopez Jaena

The study aimed to determine the relationship between participation in recreational activities and stress management among high school teachers in Lopez Jaena during SY 2018–2019. The study used an evaluative-inferential research design that used quantitative and qualitative descriptive-correlational approaches to interpret the data. There were 119 respondents, with 34 males and 85 females. The instruments were adopted from those made by Prof. Henry C. Daut’s SPEAR 174 class in 1994 for participation in recreational activities and by Della Franklin in 2008 for managing stress. The study found that most of the respondents were young adults or middle-aged females; the majority were Cebuano; married; most were regular or permanent employees, with salary income ranging from ₱10, 001.00 to ₱20, 000.00. Almost all the respondents participated in one recreational activity. The relationship between the variables showed that daily schedule is related to monthly income; money involvement in recreation is related to age; cost of money is related to sex; venue/place is related to ethnicity; off-campus is related to the tenure of work and monthly income; recreation activities are related to age, and involvement in recreation is related to age. It was also found that the correlation between moderating variables and stress management revealed a highly significant relationship with ethnicity. It was concluded that the correlation between recreational activities and stress management revealed that the cost of participating in recreational activities is highly correlated with stress management. Results from this study suggest that policymakers create ideas and plan programs to engage teachers in recreational activities to lessen work-related stress. The school administration should also provide a recreational activity center that will cater to the recreational activities needed for the development of recreation among schoolteachers. Future researchers should conduct similar studies using a broader scope.

Optimal Investment Strategy of Defined Contribution Pension Based on Bequest Motivation and Loss Aversion

Under the S-shaped utility of loss aversion, this paper considers the bequest motivation of pension plan participants, random salary income before retirement and the substitution rate between receiving pension benefits after retirement and wages before retirement, and studies the optimal investment strategy of defined contribution (DC) pension. Assuming that pension funds can invest in a financial market consisting of three assets (risk-free asset cash, rolling bonds and stocks), inflation is considered by discount. Under the S-shaped utility, the Lagrange method is used to find the terminal optimal surplus of pensions in retirement, so as to find the terminal optimal wealth, and then the martingale method is used to find the optimal wealth process and investment strategy. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out on the the influence of bequest motivation and loss aversion on the optimal investment strategy of DC pension.

Rehabilitation psychology: 2020 state of the field survey.

To date, there are no published formal surveys of the "state of the field" of Rehabilitation Psychology in terms of education, training, practice patterns, professional identity, and relative salary and income structures for those who identify as Rehabilitation Psychologists. In an effort to gather this information, the Practice Committee of APA Division 22 (Rehabilitation Psychology) conducted a convenience-sample survey of its listserv subscribers to obtain a representation of Rehabilitation Psychologists across the United States, and a depiction of the fields in which they work. There were 282 respondents to the survey. Most respondents were female (69%) and worked in hospital/medical facilities (70%). Most worked in urban/suburban areas (96%), with adults (57%), and had a straight salary income structure (78%). Salary was found to be associated with age (p < .001), gender (p < .001), degree (p = .001), board certification status (p < .001), years licensed (p < .001), and Manager/Director position status (p < .001). Salary was not significantly different by region. Implications regarding the need for advocacy for the roles of Rehabilitation Psychology in health care, promotion of the specialty with consumers, and the development of future professionals are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceptions toward the nursing profession among Ethiopian nurses: A mixed-method study

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was i) to determine nurses' perception, ii) to identify factors associated with nurse's perception, and iii) to explore nurses perception towards nursing profession among nurses working in public hospitals in the West Shewa zone, Central Ethiopia. Material and methodsA mixed method study was done among 243 randomly selected nurses from May 25-June 20, 2020. Quantitative data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interview were collected from nurses (n = 11). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. ResultsIn this study, 54.6% [95%CI (48.0%, 61.0%)] had a good perception towards nursing profession. Those nurses who had a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), OR = 3.00, 95% CI; 1.55–5.80, P = 0.001, those who earn a monthly salary of 6194 ETB and 3,934 Ethiopian Birr (ETB), OR = 2.28, 95% CI; 1.01–5.16, P = 0.001, Nurse working in primary, OR = 4.39, 95%CI; 1.39–9.95, P = 0.001 were more likely to have good perception towards Nursing profession than those nurses who had a Diploma, those who earn a monthly salary of less than 3,934ETB, and nurse working in Referral hospital respectively. ConclusionsNearly six in ten nurses in the study area had a good perception of the nursing profession. Nurses' level of education, monthly salary income, and type of hospital were nurses working in should be considered for improving nurses’ perception towards their profession and thereby to keep the experienced nurses in their profession.

Demographic Factors and Job Characteristics Associated With Burnout in Chinese Female Nurses During Controlled COVID-19 Period: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: To investigate the prevalence of burnout syndrome among Chinese female nurses during the controlled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period and explore its associated socio-demographic factors and job characteristics.Methods: With the multistage, stratified sampling method, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted from September to October 2020 in China. The survey tool included revised Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with 15 items, socio-demographic and job characteristics. Univariate logistic regression analysis and multivariate factor logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors for burnout of female nurses.Results: During controlled COVID-19 period in China, the overall prevalence of burnout symptoms among Chinese female nurses was 60.2% with a breakdown in severity as follows: 451 (39.8 %) mild, 163 (14.4%) moderate, and 68 (6.0%) severe burnout. Little variance was reported for burnout symptoms according to job tenure (Waldχ2 = 14.828, P < 0.05,odds ratio [OR] <1), monthly salary income (Waldχ2 = 12.460, P < 0.05, OR <1), and night shift (Waldχ2 = 3.821, P < 0.05, OR > 1).Conclusion: Burnout symptoms among Chinese female nurses were prevalent and associated with job tenure, monthly salary income, and night shift. Female nurses who were with shorter job tenure, worked at night shifts, and had lower monthly salaries tended to exhibit increasing high-level burnout than their counterparts. This study serves as an implication for administrators and policy-makers to improve the work conditions of nurses for promoting overall healthcare service quality.