Salary Costs Research Articles

An Exploratory Study of Profit Reporting Differences of Publicly Owned Professional Service Firms and Partnerships

There has been a trend for large professional service firms (PSFs) to move away from the traditional partnership structure to other ownership forms such as publicly owned companies. Research on the relative performance of these ownership forms has been constrained by the lack of availability of financial information for partnerships, and proxy revenue‐based measures used have resulted in conflicting findings. This paper seeks to guide future research by exploring accounting reporting differences between partnerships and publicly owned PSF companies in order to identify adjustments required for comparison and implications for performance measures used. This paper reviews the literature and examines the annual reports of two Australian publicly owned accounting companies and one large accounting partnership; pre‐initial public offering pro forma reporting in the prospectus of one of the companies identifies significant profitability reporting differences across ownership forms. The findings also suggest that the lower revenue per professional and per person for publicly owned PSFs found in prior studies may be offset by significantly lower salary costs. The paper concludes that significant value can be achieved by further analysis of profitability across ownership forms and suggests data requirements to inform the development of further case studies and large‐scale surveys of financial performance.

Premium copayments and the trade-off between wages and employer-provided health insurance

This paper estimates the trade-off between salary and health insurance costs using data on Illinois school teachers between 1991 and 2008 that allow us to address several common empirical challenges in this literature. Teachers paid about 17 percent of the cost of individual health insurance and about 46 percent of the cost of their family members’ plans through premium contributions, but we find no evidence that teachers’ salaries respond to changes in insurance costs. Consistent with a higher willingness to pay for insurance, we find that premium contributions are higher in districts that employ a higher-tenured workforce. We find no evidence that school districts respond to higher health insurance costs by reducing the number of teachers.

Estimating transaction costs in the New Zealand construction procurement

Purpose – Within construction procurement, transaction cost economics offers a mechanism to understand “unseen” costs associated with the pre- and post-contract work. Pre-contract, these include costs related to information gathering and procurement. Post-contract they include activities of contract administration and enforcement. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the magnitude of transaction costs (TCs) for different procurement systems used in construction projects in New Zealand. Specifically estimating the relative values of TCs for Traditional and Design-Build delivery systems for the purpose of comparison. Design/methodology/approach – This study develops a conceptual model for the relationship between procurement systems and TC. The model was operationalized and developed into a questionnaire. A cross-sectional sample approach was deployed, involving pilot and survey questionnaires, and results verification through “real world” cases. Data were sought from construction professionals in management, design and operations (i.e. project managers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and procurement officers). TCs were measured using time-spent conducting procurement-related activities as a surrogate for cost. Professionals evaluate their time-spent in procurement activities using a Likert scale 1-5, comparing the Traditional and Design-Build delivery systems. Data were triangulated with “real world” cases to test and explain the developed model. The test included validity and reliability, path analysis, regression analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modelling (SEM). The primary analytical technique used was SEM to yield information on goodness-of-fit, model development and comparison, and confirmatory strategies. SPSS Amos 21 statistical software was used for data analysis and model development. Findings – The results suggest that procurement systems have indirect impact on TCs. The relationship between procurement system and TCs is fully mediated by costs of information, procurement, administration, and enforcement. Applying the developed models (the Traditional and Design-Build) to “real world” cases, it was found that TCs in the Traditional system amounts to 18.5 percent of the annual salary cost of a project manager (as an indicator quantum), while in the Design-Build system, it amounts to 14.5 percent of the annual salary cost of a project manager. TCs were calculated using regression equations based on factor loadings in the Traditional and Design-Build models. Practical implications – This study applies new theoretical model for the link between procurement system and TCs, investigating and empirically demonstrating the influence of procurement system on TCs in construction. It also offers a new plausible explanation for the factors influencing TCs in procurement. The study emphasizes “in-house” TCs from the perspective of the professionals. The findings have practical implications on construction business practice due to their robust empirical nature and theoretical framework, which might enhance the performance of the construction industry. Originality/value – This study contributes to the procurement selection in construction, by introducing a new conceptual model for the link between procurement system and TCs. It has extended the current practices for procurement selection by estimating TCs for the Traditional and Design-Build systems for comparison.

Is There a Motherhood Wage Penalty for Highly Skilled Women?

Abstract We use a unique data set of all individuals who graduated from universities in Israel during the period 1995–2008 in order to investigate the widening of the gender wage gap during the years following graduation. It is found that the main explanation is having children, rather than skills or academic background. The results show that each additional child reduces a woman’s wage by 6.6%, and increases a man’s wage by 3.4%. Furthermore, we examine three channels that may explain the motherhood penalty: periods of non-employment, a shift to the public sector and lower-paying firms and the timing of births. Having children increases a woman’s period of non-employment while decreasing a man’s, and each month of non-employment due to maternity leave reduces a woman’s wage by 1.0%, while non-employment reduces a man’s wage by only 0.6%. Mothers tend to shift from the private to the public sector and from higher-paying to lower-paying firms, which offer a more flexible and more convenient work environment, at the cost of a lower salary. Finally, a delay in having children increases a woman’s wage while having little, if any, effect on a man’s wage. Furthermore, controlling for this variable reduces the estimated motherhood penalty.

The faculty costs to educate a biomedical sciences graduate student.

Academic medical centers nationwide face numerous fiscal challenges resulting from implementation of restructured healthcare delivery models, contracting state support for higher education, and increased competition for federal and other sources of biomedical research funding. In pursuing greater accountability and transparency in its fiscal operations, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) has implemented a responsibility centers management budgetary model, which requires all MUSC colleges to be eventually self-sustaining financially. Graduate schools in the biomedical sciences are particularly vulnerable in the face of these challenges, depending traditionally as they do on financial support from training grant tuition, occasional medical school tuition and medical practice plan revenues, graduate college-based revenue-generating programs, and faculty payment of PhD tuition. The revenue streams are often insufficient to support PhD training programs, and supplemental financial support is required from the institution. In the context of a college of graduate studies, estimates of the cost of educating a graduate student become a significant necessity. This study presents a readily applicable model of empirically estimating the faculty salary costs that may provide a basis for budgetary planning that will help to sustain a biomedical sciences graduate school's commitment to its teaching, research, and service mission goals.

APLIKASI BREAK EVEN POINT PADA PEMBUATAN ROTI Studi Kasus: Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) Roti (Rotiku Rotimu) Desa Babakan

In recent years many companies both micro and macro level national and international emerging. As UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah) have an important role in opening new jobs and boost economic growth of a region. With the development of business world has been brought towards the increasingly fierce competition. That businesses are required to conduct an economic analysis that can help entrepreneurs to consider actions proposed in choosing the alternatives or strategic decision.This research aimed to analyze the feasibility of the operation of UKM bread (my bread your bread) Babakan Village by using BEP (Break Even Point).Location research Babakan Village, District Cakranegara, West Lombok. By collecting various kinds of costs of making bread among other fixed costs and variable costs as well as to record income from the sale of bread in a period of 1 year. Examples of fixed costs is the cost of equipment, maintenance costs, the cost of building and examples of variable costs is the cost of raw materials, the cost of operation of the device, the cost of salaries, the cost of packaging.The results of this research indicate that UKM income Bread (my bread your bread) for 1 year is Rp. 912,000,000.00 of the total production of 1.14 million pieces of bread. This UKM bread achieve the BEP (Break Even Point) occurred in the month 4th at a fixed cost is Rp.30,250,733,33 and VC (Variable Cost) is Rp.212,240,114,71 on the amount of bread produced 303114 fruit bread with a TC (total cost) Rp.242,490,848.04. So that UKM Bread (my bread your bread) feasible to be operated. With the increase in the selling price of Rp.850.00 fried bread resulting increase in profit of Rp57,000,000.00 while the selling price of Rp.750.00 fried bread resulted in a decrease in profit of Rp.57,000,000.00 while equally produce 1.14 million pieces bread. By lowering the variable costs, employers can accelerate the achievement of breakeven levels (Break Even Point).

Factor analisis of cost of production in the production and processing of meat and meat products in the Stara Zagora

The goal in this article is to investigate the cost of in one of the branches of the food industry, namely production and processing of meat and meat products. The empirical study included 7 companies in Stara Zagora. In methodological factors, cost analysis includes consideration of the isolated influence of each factor, the amount of output, costs of materials, costs for external services, depreciation and costs for salaries and benefits on the cost by using regression analysis. The results of the analysis are the demand for strong and weak links between the cost price and the underlying factors. Thus, it is assessed in which factor has a reserve to be used. The conclusion is related to the evaluation of the results of the study and display of summary conclusions and recommendations.

Constraint on Repair Resources, Optimal Number of Repairers and Optimal Size of a Serviced System

The focus of this paper is the analysis of the constraint on the repair resources caused by breakdowns of components in large systems. The study has been conducted by creating a very efficient discrete-event simulator, based on a min-heap data structure, for determining the probability of constraint on the repair resources. In finding the right balance between the number of repairers and salary costs, an exact optimisation algorithm has been proposed for the first time. The algorithm determines the optimal number of repairers which guarantees that the probability of constraint on the repair resources will not exceed an acceptable tolerable level. In addition, an exact optimisation algorithm has been proposed for the first time, for determining the maximum size of the system that can be serviced by a specified number of repairers so that the probability of constraint on the repair resources remains below a specified tolerable level. Unlike heuristic optimisation algorithms, the proposed algorithms are exact and always guarantee optimal solutions. The presented results are of significant importance to operators of computer networks, production systems, transportation networks, water distribution systems, electrical distribution networks etc. They are a solid basis for management decisions regarding the optimal number of maintenance personnel needed to service the breakdowns in large systems. Increasing the number of repairers beyond the optimal level leads to high salary costs while reducing the number of repairers below the optimal number leads to a poor quality of service.

Labour market in Serbia: An opportunity or limitation of economic growth

This raises the question of why some countries based their economic power to human resources, the knowledge economy and large investments in science, while others see their citizens primarily as a social category which requires the cost of education, medical treatment, social protection, salaries and pensions? The answer lies in the concept of social development, that is, whether investing in people is considered as an investment or cost. The Company's investment in human resources, education and science, the investments are those companies that are leaders of development and their economies recorded the highest growth rates in recent history. Opposite them are the companies that have not yet recognized the importance of education and investment in people as the most important resource and a factor of development. Such companies are on the margins of development, marginalized and occupied 'internal' problems, unaware that standing in the village, in the context of economic growth, the reverse. Serbia at this moment belongs, unfortunately, this second group of countries that do not understand the full meaning and significance of human potential. Under certain conditions, it is possible to reverse the existing concept and establish an open and developed labor market that will be the engine of development and a key factor of economic growth in Serbia.

Evaluating the importance of the weight factors in DEA optimisation

In data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency of business units are evaluated based on the general assessment of unit outputs divided by unit inputs. Users can specify those inputs including: costs of equipment, overhead, salaries, etc. and output can be directly related to revenue or any other non-monetary output such as performance. To utilise DEA approach effectively, a decision support tool is also developed to allow decision-making unit (DMU) decision-makers to change input and outputs attributes on the fly and see the change impact on the DMU efficiency. This helps those users understand the value of the DEA analysis and see the change impact resulting from its measurements of DMU efficiency in this dataset.

Fellowship Funds Lifelong-Learning Initiatives in Psychiatry

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Education and TrainingFull AccessFellowship Funds Lifelong-Learning Initiatives in PsychiatryEve BenderEve BenderSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:14 Aug 2014https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2014.8a19AbstractABPN is providing $100,000 fellowships to educators in psychiatry and neurology who develop innovative programs to promote learning across the professional life span.The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) has created its Faculty Fellowship Award to support the development of innovative education and/or evaluation projects that promote effective residency and fellowship training or lifelong learning for practicing psychiatrists and neurologists.CEO Larry Faulkner, M.D., says the new ABPN fellowship “supports innovative educators” whose work affects physicians throughout their careers.“ABPN has always endeavored to support quality specialty and subspecialty training, and the development of maintenance of certification programs by the members of the American Board of Medical Specialties has led us to focus on lifelong learning for practicing psychiatrists and neurologists as well,” ABPN President and CEO Larry Faulkner, M.D., told Psychiatric News. “The goal of these awards is to support innovative educators whose work is likely to have a positive impact across the professional life spans of our candidates and diplomates,” he said.Each year, up to two psychiatry and two neurology faculty fellows will be selected. The duration of the fellowship is two years, with a maximum amount of funding set at $50,000 per year for the fellowship award winner or a total of $100,000 for the two-year fellowship. The award covers salary, fringe benefits, and other costs. Fellows are required to spend at least 25 percent of their professional time and effort on the project. This is the second year that the ABPN Faculty Fellowship Award has been offered, and the deadline for submissions is August 18. This year’s awardees will be announced November 3, with the funding to be disseminated in January 2015.Michael Jibson, M.D., Ph.D., one of ABPN’s faculty fellowship awardees from earlier this year, is using his funding to analyze the psychometric properties of the Clinical Skills Verification (CSV) process and to assess its utility for measuring certain milestones in psychiatric residency training. Jibson is a clinical professor of psychiatry and director of residency education in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical School.ABPN announced in 2007 that general psychiatry training programs must conduct the CSV, consisting of observed clinical interviews and case presentations during residency training, as one requirement to establish whether residency graduates are ready to sit for ABPN’s written certification exam. The CSV took the place of the live patient exam, conducted under a high-pressure situation. “The CSV is a better way of assessing how a resident interacts with and treats patients,” he said. Jibson said that in 2009, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) began requiring that training directors perform an annual clinical-skills assessment, so the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training Task Force on Clinical Skills Verification Training, of which Jibson was a member, expanded the CSV form to include two additional items—treatment planning and case formulation. “These forms are now widely used by training programs and are accepted by the ABPN as evidence of competency in the areas of physician-patient relationship, conduct of the interview, and case presentation,” Jibson said. “My goal during the fellowship is to determine whether the CSV process in general, and these instruments in particular, are reliable and valid measures of those competencies.” Jibson added that he has acquired a great deal of interrater and test-retest reliability data through his research, but no data have been published yet, so the ABPN fellowship will enable him to publish the data. “I am also gathering additional data on the performance of the CSV in several other training programs to allow an assessment of its validity by examining how the scores change as residents go through training and how they correspond to other measures.”Since the ACGME now requires residency programs to track residents’ progress with developmental milestones, Jibson is hoping to use the CSV form to help to track that progress as well. ■ ISSUES NewArchived

A case study of cost-efficient staffing under annualized hours.

We propose a mathematical programming formulation that incorporates annualized hours and shows to be very flexible with regard to modeling various contract types. The objective of our model is to minimize salary cost, thereby covering workforce demand, and using annualized hours. Our model is able to address various business questions regarding tactical workforce planning problems, e.g., with regard to annualized hours, subcontracting, and vacation planning. In a case study for a Dutch hospital two of these business questions are addressed, and we demonstrate that applying annualized hours potentially saves up to 5.2% in personnel wages annually.

Do wages reflect labor productivity? The case of Belgian regions

We simultaneously estimate a wage and a labor productivity equation where we include regional dummies as explanatory variables. We find that the wage-productivity gap reached 11% for Brussels and 4.2% for Wallonia in the years 2005-2012. This was driven by the negative performance in labor productivity of firms in these regions relative to Flanders, which more than compensated for the advantage in average salary cost they enjoyed. These results are coherent with the existence at the regional level of institutional barriers to the firm-level adjustment of wages to labor productivity. J24; J31; J5; R23

CP-103 Subcutaneous single-use injection device and intravenous formulations in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer

BackgroundTrastuzumab is a HER2-specific monoclonal antibody infused intravenously (IV) over 30 min. A new fixed-dose subcutaneous (SC) formulation enables trastuzumab to be delivered over 5 min without compromising its efficacy...

Economic burden of time lost due to injury in NHL hockey players

ObjectiveTo determine the economic burden of salary costs lost due to injury in the National Hockey League (NHL).MethodsAll NHL players who engaged in at least one regular season game during...

Hospital Militar de San Miguel (1838-1839)

The settlement of several infantry and cavalry regiments in the area of Trujillo led the general captain to install a Hospital in the town. Such hospital was placed in San Miguel’s convent, since it was unoccupied. The three physicians, a pharmacist and the nursery assistant of Trujillo rendered service at the hospital, together three nurses hired to attend military patients. The Province Council of Caceres was encharged of supply the hospital material necessities, and the City Council beared the cost of expenses and staff salary. As the recordings shown, 93 military patients and one prisioner were attended at the hospital in a three-months period, rendering 1714 days of internment. San Miguel Hospital was operative for two years, being closed at the end October 1839. Objectives: to determine the staffing of the institution, focusing on the figure of the nursing staff; exposing the materials that had the care team to give such care and attention given to describe the military patients who were admitted to the hospital resources. It has made a historical documentary study for the years 2013-2014, of the files that are deposited in the Municipal Archives of Trujillo. Following this research we can conclude that the figure of the nurses was crucial in the functioning of the Military Hospital of San Miguel, because this group is responsible for providing the necessary care for military patients towards recovery. Were entities like the County and the City of the city which covered the cost that it originated.

Implementation of surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Belgium according to the ECDC guidelines.

BackgroundIn 2012, the new guidelines for the surveillance of IMS in Europe, produced by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), were tested in Belgium. This study aimed at (1) testing the usefulness and applicability in the field of the ECDC guidelines for the surveillance of IMS in Europe and (2) surveying IMS throughout Belgium.MethodsFirst, the scenarios, which Belgium is facing, were identified according to the ECDC guidelines. Second, the surveillance strategy and the methods were identified based on the guidelines and adjusted to the Belgium context. Two areas colonised by IMS and 20 potential points of entry (PoE) were selected. Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus (CO2-baited) traps (23) and oviposition traps (147) were set-up, and larval sampling was performed monthly or bi-monthly from July till October 2012. Finally, the costs and workload of the surveillance activities were compared to the estimates provided by the ECDC guidelines.ResultsSurveillance at 20 potential PoE (complying with scenario 1) revealed that no new IMS were established in Belgium. Surveillance at two sites colonised by IMS (scenario 2) indicated that although control measures have drastically reduced the Ae. j. japonicus population this species is still present. Furthermore, Ae. koreicus is permanently established. For both scenarios, the problems encountered are discussed and recommendations are given. In addition, the actual workload was lower than the estimated workload, while the actual costs were higher than the estimated ones.ConclusionsThe ECDC guidelines are helpful, applicable and efficient to implement surveillance of IMS in Belgium. Recommendations were customised to the local context (political demands, salary and investment costs, and existing expertise). The workload and costs related to the preparatory phase (i.e., planning, contacts with the PoE, writing a protocol) were found to be missing in the cost evaluation suggested in the guidelines. Updates on the occurrence of IMS in Belgium and the related risk for disease agents they can transmit will only be available once a structured and permanent surveillance system is implemented.

Predicting the draft and career success of tight ends in the National Football League

AbstractNational Football League teams have complex drafting strategies based on college and combine performance that are intended to predict success in the NFL. In this paper, we focus on the tight end position, which is seeing growing importance as the NFL moves towards a more passing-oriented league. We create separate prediction models for 1. the NFL Draft and 2. NFL career performance based on data available prior to the NFL Draft: college performance, the NFL combine, and physical measures. We use linear regression and recursive partitioning decision trees to predict both NFL draft order and NFL career success based on this pre-draft data. With both modeling approaches, we find that the measures that are most predictive of NFL draft order are not necessarily the most predictive measures of NFL career success. This finding suggests that we can improve upon current drafting strategies for tight ends. After factoring the salary cost of drafted players into our analysis in order to predict tight ends with the highest value, we find that size measures (BMI, weight, height) are over-emphasized in the NFL draft.

SUBJECT DISTRIBUTION USING DATA MINING

The main objective of higher education institutions is to provide quality education to its students. The faculties employed by the educational institute's plays the dominant role to achieve highest level of quality in higher educatio n. The faculty having excellent subject knowledge and teaching skills have the majo r impact upon the performance of students resulting in good academic results, placements and hereby increasing the quality intake of students. This paper will assist the academic p lanners in distribution of subjects among the faculties in the department such that the students can make the optimum use of facu lty knowledge, experience and teaching skills to reach the new heights. A large number of self financing private institutes have opened over the last decade with the objective of p roviding quality education to students in various fields of engineering and other professions. The factors affecting the qu ality of education include faculty profile, placements, infr astructure, working environment and vision of the institute. Out of all the above factors the most important fac tor is faculty profile, Most of these self financing insti tutes compromise on the quality of faculty to cut down th e cost of salaries and recruit inexperienced, untrained and l ess qualified teachers. These less qualified and inexperienced te achers are not able to make the optimum use of the institute's resources and are not able to provide quality teaching to the students. As a result the performance of the students remains be low satisfactory; this also affects the placement of th e institute. This adversely affects the quality of intake in the institute and causes further deterioration in the performance of the institute and slowly the institute reaches on the verge of cl osure. A large number of foreign universities have also go t approval from the ministry of Human Resource and Development to compete with the Indian Universities. After the ent ry of these foreign universities, the survival of these self fi nanced private educational institutes has become further challengi ng. Since the motive of most of the self financed institution s is to maximize the profit, hence they are not able to com pete with the foreign institutes resulting in the closure of these institutes. In order to compete with the foreign universities a nd Government aided Indian Institutes these self finan ced private institutes should increase their budget on hiring e xperienced and qualified faculty so as to provide excellent su bject knowledge and make optimum use of the institute's resources. This will have major impact upon the performance of the students, resulting in good academic results, place ments and increased quality intake in the institutes. Like th is these institutes will be able to sustain their existence competing with the good Indian and Foreign institutes. An assessment about the faculty's subject knowledge and teaching skills should be made and based on which t he faculty should be allocated the subject for teaching the st udents. Apart from the subject knowledge, faculty's qualification , feedback and the result should be taken in to consideration while allocating the subjects in future academic planning . This paper uses Educational Data Mining Technique (EDM) to improve the distribution of subjects among facul ties in the department such that students can gain benefit from knowledge and experience of faculty members to improve their performance. Data mining, the extraction of h idden predictive information from large databases is a po werful technology with great potential to help head of dep artments in the institutes in distribution of subjects. It disc overs information within the data that queries and report s can't effectively reveal. After gathering data from the r esume submitted by the faculties at the time of recruitme nt and feedback form filled by the students over the year s, data mining technique need to be applied to determine se t of patterns for allocation of subject among faculties. With the help of data mining techniques, such as cl ustering, decision tree or association analysis it is possibl e to discover the key characteristics from the details of faculti es and possibly use those characteristics for future predi ction. This paper presents decision tree algorithm as a simple and efficient

The Input Evaluation of Generalized Bernoulli Processes for Salary Lines Construction by Means of Continuous Time Generalized Non-Homogeneous Semi-Markov Processes

Salary line forecasting assumes a relevant role in manpower and in pension funds Previously, the authors presented a generalized Bernoulli process, useful for forecasting the evolution of salary lines, taking into account the salary costs, the number of workers at each rank and the probability transitions between the ranks. The problem with applying this model is constructing the probability of transition between the grades. In this article, we will present a model that allows obtaining these probabilities by means of the solution of the evolution equation of a generalization of continuous time non-homogeneous semi-Markov processes.