Salah Al-Deen Research Articles

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Bacterial Infection and Immunological Factors with Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetes represent a chronic disorder that involve the decline in the levels of insulin produced by the pancreas due to many genetic and environmental factors. The disease involves the elevation of blood sugar in the circulation which may lead to vascular, neurological, ocular and renal complications. In addition, diabetic patients tend to develop ulceration due to wound infection swiftly in the lower limbs due to the reduce in the neurological sensation as well as to elevated sugar circulation which may greatly provoke wound infection and diabetic foot ulcerations. The current study aimed at isolation of the common causes of bacterial infection associated with diabetic foot ulcer as well as the assessment of IL-17 and IL-18 and in those patients and in control healthy group. The present study was conducted in Salah Aldeen province during the period from 1st of November 2023 to 15th of May 2024 and included 150 patients with diabetic foot infection who attended Salah-Alden Hospitals: (Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Balad General Hospital and private surgery clinics). Swabs and whole blood from patients with diabetic foot ulcer were taken and submitted to routine culture and identification of the causative bacterial infection followed by biochemical identification and antibiotics susceptibility test for the isolated microbe. The serum specimens from those positive bacterial isolates were submitted for IL17 and IL-18 ELISA assessment. IL-17, significant elevation P<0.05 of this cytokine was recorded in diabetic patients with foot ulcer with mean 21.94 pg/ml compared to control group. In the same way significant increase of IL-18 (P<0.05) was noted in diabetic patients with foot ulcer with mean 347.15 pg/ml in comparison to control group. In conclusion, diabetic foot ulceration is the result of in controlled elevation of blood glucose and bacterial infection with various pathogens can complicate the scenario, and the significant elevation of IL17 and IL18 in those patients can insight the role played by these cytokines in signaling the immune to recruit cellular and humoral response.

Sustainable Energy Use for Mechanized Wheat Production Systems in Iraq

The utilization of agricultural machinery was fully mechanized for wheat production in Iraq. This study essentially aimed to inspect inputs – outputs energy for wheat production in Salah Al-Deen, Iraq. The data were obtained from 45 wheat farms by using face to face questionnaire method in 2022. The findings from this study were determined in five basic operations (i.e. tillage, sowing, fertilizing. spraying, and harvesting). Direct energy sources (fuel and human) accounted for about 51.39% of the total energy used in cultivation. Energy exemplified in fuel recorded the highest rate of the total expenditure of energy, with 51.09 % (6091.01MJ/ha). Farmers utilized nearly 879.11±39.77 MJ/ha of machinery energy, the highest rate of expenditure of machinery energy was in harvesting, which recorded 38.38 % (337.42 ± 23.89 MJ/ha) of the total energy of machinery used in the study. Results of analyzing the energy of fuel that farmers utilized indicated that operations of tillage were about 25.98 % (1582.29 ± 39.43 MJ/ha) of the total energy of fuel. This rate denoted the highest operation of fuel consumption. Harvesting operations followed it. These operations were implemented through the use of engines powered with diesel were about 23.43% (1427.05 ± 35.68 MJ/ha). The average energy input/output ratio was 4.40 for the wheat crop; while energy intensity was 1.79 MJ/kg for the wheat crop.

Evaluation The Efficacy of Barlow and Ortalani Test in The Diagnosis of Developmental Dysplasia of The Hip in Infant in Salah Al-deen General Hospital

This cross sectional study aimed to assess the effectiveness of clinical examination using the Barlow and Ortolani tests compared to ultrasound diagnosis for identifying developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants. The study involved 100 babies aged 1 week to 12 weeks, randomly selected from Salah Al-deen General Hospital between January and June 2020. The infants were examined using the Barlow and Ortolani tests, followed by ultrasound confirmation of DDH diagnosis. Results showed that 9% of the infants had DDH. Infants with abnormal ultrasound findings had a higher birth weight, and significant associations were found with breech presentation, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, and a family history of the same condition. Senior specialists were more accurate in diagnosing DDH compared to residents. The sensitivity of the Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers was low for both residents and seniors, while specificities were high. Positive predictive values were better for residents, but negative predictive values were better for seniors. False-negative rates were lower for seniors, and false-positive rates were generally low. In conclusion, clinical examination alone may not always accurately identify DDH in infants, as some babies with normal hips may show abnormalities on ultrasound. Conversely, ultrasound scans may indicate clinical dysfunction in babies with normal hips. Female infants had a higher incidence of DDH, and certain risk factors were associated with the condition. The sensitivity of the Barlow and Ortolani tests was limited, but specificities were high, and the choice of examiner impacted predictive values

المشكلات التي تواجه زراع الحنطة المستفيدين من البرنامج التوعوي الساند للخطة الشتوية لمحصول الحنطة في محافظة صلاح الدين.

The research aims to diagnose the problems that facing wheat farmers who profit or benefit from the awareness program supporting the wheat crop in the Salah Aldeen Governorate. To achieve this, the research has conducted using the descriptive approach on a random sample consisting of (122) farmers who are benefiting from the awareness program supporting in Salah Aldeen governorate. The informants (farmers) are selected randomly from four agricultural divisions or districts which are: (Tikrit, Samarra, Al-Ishaqi, and Balad), and the data selection is carried out through a questionnaire. Then the appropriate statistical methods are used to achieve the goal of the research. The results have shown the multiplicity and diversity of problems facing wheat farmers, as well as the different levels of impact of these problems, which have prevented farmers from achieving highest effectiveness and efficiency in the agricultural production process from the beginning of wheat cultivation until harvesting and marketing the product. Therefore, it is necessary to raise the level of knowledge, skills and experience of wheat farmers in the field of their agricultural work, in addition to treat and solve all the priority problems which have revealed by the research, through achieving the highest levels of cooperation, coordination and hard and dedicate work among all relevant parties to provide a favorable, peaceful and integrated environment to ensure the success of the process of cultivation, harvesting and marketing of the final product, and ensuring the continuation of this in the future.

Role of Clay Minerals on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Different Region of Iraq

This study aims to found out the effect of exchangeable sodium percentage and salinity on saturated hydraulic conductivity, from the effect of swelling and dispersion process on aggregates of soil. Eleven pedons were selected for this study; two pedons were selected from Salah Al-Deen governate, while in Baghdad governate pedons were four, three pedons from Wasit governate and two pedons from Basra governate. Measured some chemical, physical and mineralogical properties on these samples were taken from the surface and subsurface horizons of each pedon. The results showed that the clay has effect on physiochemical process, especially with high content of ESP, which effecting negative in soil properties (bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity). Whereas, the highest value of bulk density (1.47 – 1.66 Mg.m-3) which caused decreased in Ksat (1.22-2.03 cm.h-1) for P3, P4, P5, P7, P11, P8C1, P10C1, where showed high interaction between ESP and clay in case montmorillonite domance. The domance of chlorite mineral in P8AP, P9AP, P9C1 caused to increase Ksat value (4.02–5.90 cm.h-1) while the bulk density was decreased (1.33–1.38 Mg.m-3). Decreasing of ESP (9.19-12.04 %) and domance of chlorite and mica mineral in P6C1, P10AP, caused to increase Ksat value (8.17-10.90 cm.h-1).

The Effect of Story Maps Strategy on Iraqi EFL Preparatory School Students Creative Thinking

Story Mapping is a procedure which trains students to recognize the basic framework of narrative story in order to enhance their comprehension. The present study aims at finding out the effect of Story Maps Strategy in teaching EFL to preparatory school students and explaining the benefits of using it in the educational process ,This study also aims at: 1- analyze the significant different between the students who are taught using story maps strategy and without using story maps strategy at the fifth class preparatory school students in post test 2-finding out the effect of using the story maps strategy on EFL preparatory school students achievement. 3-Finding out the effect of story maps strategy on Students at four components of creative thinking skill. A sample of (65) students has been randomly selected from the Iraqi EFL fifth preparatory school students from Al-dour preparatory School for girls , in Al-dour, Salah Al-Deen, during the academic year (2021–2022). It represents (76.92%) per cent of its original population and they are divided into two equal groups, i.e., ( experimental and control) . Both groups have been equalized in their age, the parents’ educational achievement, and their degrees in English language subjects in the previous grade of the academic year (2020-2021).The test consists of six questions with its branches that have been developed and tested, its reliability achieved, and extended to the two sample classes. Results show that Story Maps Strategy is more effective than using the conventional method for organizing, clarifying, or simplifying complex information. Based on the results and obtained conclusions in this work, suitable recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

Association between Colonization with Group B Streptococcus, Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Preterm Labour

Background: For neonates that survive preterm labor, neurological illness still ranks as one of the main causes of perinatal mortality. Researchers have hypothesized that maternal recto-vaginal colonization with group B Streptococcus and asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy might be risk factors for preterm birth. This study is to determine whether there is any connection between preterm birth, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and maternal group B streptococcus colonization. Patients and Methods: From January 10 to September 6, 2020, Salah Al-Deen General Hospital's obstetrics and gynecology department conducted a clinical based case control research. In the research, group 1 consisted of (50) women who had preterm labor (24–36+6 weeks), whereas group 2 consisted of (50) women who had full-term pregnancies. A questionnaire, as well as a general and abdominal examination, were used to gather the data. By collecting a high vaginal swab and sending it for microbiological analysis, all patients were screened for genital colonization with Group B streptococcus. Urine cultures were used to check all patients for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Results: Preterm births most frequently occurred in women between the ages of 25 and 29 (46%). The majority of women who gave birth prematurely came from rural regions, 30 (60%), were moms who worked at home, 42 (84%) and just 8 (16%) were employed. Positive urine cultures were detected in 10 (20%) more preterm births than in 3 (6% of full-term laboring mothers). A 30% detection rate of Group B Streptococcus was found in premature labor. 11 (22%) of preterm-born women had positive vaginal swaps for Group B Streptococcus, which is much more than the 4 (8% of full-term-born women). Conclusions: E. coli made up the majority of the bacteria that were found, followed by Group B Streptococcus colonization. Women who had preterm deliveries had considerably more positive urine cultures for Group B Streptococcus than those who had full-term deliveries.

The Comparison Between Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood Levels of Zinc and Copper in Active Labour Versus Elective Caesarean Section

Background: Multivitamin administration in the periconceptional time was correlated with 16% decrement risk of premature deliveries. This study was aimed to investigate maternal and umbilical cord blood levels of zinc and copper in active labour versus elective caesarean. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was carried out in Salah Al-deen general hospital form February to September 2020. The study included full term pregnant ladies with active labour or prepared for elective caesarean attending the labour unit in Salah Al-deen general hospital. A total of 60 full term pregnant ladies divided into two groups consist of: (30) women in active vaginal delivery women, and group of (30) women prepared for elective caesarean section. Trace elements’ levels were evaluated utilizing the spectrophotometry. Results: The mean maternal serum zinc level among vaginal delivery group was (87.45±14.99) μg/dL versus (87.84±13.8) μg/dL among caesarean group. The mean umbilical zinc level among vaginal delivery group was (90.34±22.56) μg/dL and was higher among caesarean group (88.8±31.9) μg/dL. The mean maternal serum copper level among vaginal delivery group (83.82±14.02) μg/dL was lower than among caesarean group (127.57±37.23) μg/dL. Conclusion: There was higher mean umbilical cord zinc than the maternal zinc level. The mean umbilical cord zinc was lower than the maternal zinc among caesarean group. There was significantly lower mean umbilical cord copper than the maternal copper level among vaginal delivery group and the caesarean group. There was a positive significant correlation between maternal zinc level and umbilical zinc level. There was positive significant correlation between maternal copper level and umbilical copper level. Therefore, trace elements may play an essential function in the human parturition process.

Comparative Study between Metformin and Insulin in Controlling uncomplicated Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes always accompanies an increased maternal and neonatal risk. Insulin is the standard therapy but causes multiple complications. Metformin has less complications. This study aims to assess the efficacy of metformin in controlling maternal blood glucose level compared to insulin in women with gestational diabetes .A randomized controlled trial conducted in the obstetric department in Salah Al-Deen general Hospital during the period from 1st February - 31st July 2022. Total sample of 100 pregnant women suffered from gestational diabetes at (24-28week) gestational age were recruited randomly. The patients were divided into two groups: 1-Metformin group (50 patients). 2-Insulin Group (50 patients). Fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels 2 h after breakfast were done at each visit and HbAlc each trimester. Follow up was continued till delivery to evaluate the pregnancy outcome The mean HbAlc was significantly higher among Insulin group (5.8± 0.5) than in Metformin group (5.4 ± 0.8). Preeclampsia was lower among Metformin group (14%) than Insulin group (19.6%). hypoglycemia episode was significantly lower among Metformin group (14%) than Insulin group (41.3%), Caesarean delivery was higher among Insulin group (58.7%) than Metformin group (37.2%). The mean birth weight was significantly higher among Insulin group (3761.4±470) than Metformin group (3540.9±338). Prematurity was found among (8.7%) of the Insulin group in comparison to (4.7%) of the Metformin group. Prematurity was non significantly higher among Insulin group (8.7%) than Metformin group (4.7%) .Metformin is effective and safe in the glycemic control of gestational diabetes, with better maternal and neonatal outcomes.

The Effectiveness of a Teaching-Learning Program Based on Cognitive Load Strategies in the Achievement of the Fifth Literary Students of the Subject of Islamic Education and the Development of Their Open Thinking

The current study aims at detecting the effectiveness of a teaching-learning program based on cognitive load strategies in the achievement of students in the fifth literary subject of Islamic education and the development of their open thinking. The experimental design with partial control was chosen for two equal groups. The researcher intentionally chose Saad Secondary School for Boys, in Salah Al-Deen Governorate, as a field of experiment. The research sample consisted of (60) students, who were distributed randomly, by (30) students for each group. Equivalence was conducted in the variables (the chronological age of the students, the grades of the last year of the subject of Islamic education, the tribal open-mindedness test). The researcher prepared an achievement test and an open-mindedness test. A statistically significant difference was found between the means of the two research groups in achievement, in favor of the experimental group, as well as the presence of a statistically significant difference between the mean of the two research groups in the pre- and post-test of the open-mindedness test and in favor of the post-test.

Evaluating Maturity by Using Mid Upper Arm Circumference among Neonates at Salahadeen General Hospital

Background: Anthropometry is the single most easily available, universally applicable, does not need expertise, economical, and non-invasive method of assessing body composition. It reflects both the health and nutrition of human body and predicts performance, health, and survival. Aim of the present study evaluating the efficacy of mid-arm circumference in assessing birth weight and maturity among new bornMethodology: A cross sectional study done in Salah Aldeen general hospital in the Tikrit city during the period from the (1st November 2021 to 1st April 2022). During the period of the study had a total of 200 neonates were selected randomly. Each newborn was examined and mid upper arm circumference was measured, birth weight was measured with a calibrated digital weighing scale to the nearest 10 g.Results: Most of the preterm babies had mid upper arm circumference of ≤9.25 cm 47(90.4%) significantly higher than the full-term babies most of them had mid upper arm circumference of >9.25 cm 126(85.1%). The mid upper arm circumference is good parameter for diagnosing of prematurity with sensitivity of 90.4%, specificity (85%) and accuracy of the test was (87%). The PPV for diagnosing low prematurity was (68%) and the negative predictive value was (96.2%). Most of the Low birth weight babies had MUAC of ≤9.25 cm 53(93 %) while the Normal birth weight babies most of them had MUAC of >9.25 cm 127(88.8%) this relation was statistically significant.Conclusions: Mid upper arm circumference could be used as a diagnostic tool to identify low birth weight and preterm newborns needing extra care when taken at birth and up to day 7 of life

Metformin Effects on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Polycystic Ovarian Women

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread complex endocrine disorder of women in the reproductive age group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) has been shown to be associated with the regulation of inflammation and ovulation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum PAI-1 level and to determine the effects of metformin treatment on serum PAI-1 levels in patients with PCOS. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on sixty women with PCOS, while 30 healthy women matched for age with the PCOS patients were selected as the control group, only 30 patients of them complete the follow up study and they agree to continue on metformin treatment during three months, the duration of the follow up. Study Design: A cross sectional study is done in Salah Al-Deen general hospital/gynecology and obstetrics department in Tikrit city from 1st November 2022-30th January 2023. Patients diagnosed with PCOs depending based on the Rotterdam criteria. Participants were enrolled after all eligibility criteria were confirmed and informed consent completed. The body mass index is determined before and after therapy. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance is determined according to the following formula: (fasting insulin multiplied by fasting glucose) divided by 405. Fasting serum PAI-1 was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 7. Results: Compared with the control group, the levels of PAI1, fasting blood glucose (FBG), Insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) While the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In the PCOS group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Serum levels of testosterone in PCOS group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In PCOS women treated with metformin for three months, all patients showed significant in decrease in PAI1, and testosterone concentration at p-values 0.05, when compared to pre-treatment. Treatment resulted a significant decrease in in body mass index, Blood glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR, and LH at p-values 0.05. Conclusion: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 level decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment with 850 mg per day with metformin in women with PCOS.

Emergence of Resistant Extensive Tinea Infections

Dermatophytosis is a contagious infection of the skin, nails, and hair that is spread by direct or indirect contact. There was a failure of standard therapy, resulting in the establishment of recurring and chronic dermatophytosis. The aim of study is to assess the extensive areas of tinea infections, the resistant and recurrent tinea infection, and the efficacy of antifungal drug on clinical cure. This is a type of cohort study was carried out at the outpatient clinic of the department of Dermatology of Salah Al-Deen General Hospital in Tikrit City in the period from October 2020 till June 2021 samples of 100 patients were included. Patients were given anti-fungal treatment and followed up for 3 months. Result is Trichophyton mentagrophytes were the most prevalent isolate. The study revealed statistically significant association between types of treatment and outcome (P = 0.001) Griseofulvin treatment had 33 % (no response) Itraconazole treatment has 9.6 % recurrent and 19.2 % no response. In conclusion the occurrence of atypical dermatophyte infections is rising and now become a Great Imitator. They become extremely extensive and late to diagnose.

Prevalence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen province

During the period from November 2008 till the end of February 2009, the present study was carried on. A total of 105 vaginal and uterine specimens, of married females attended Tikreet teaching Hospital and private laboratories in Tikreet city, was collected and examined. The examination results revealed that 24 women were infected (22.86%). The highest prevalence of infection (35.00%) was in the age group 16-20, with absence of infection in the women aged more than 41 year. It has been observed that the highest prevalence of infection (13.33%) was recorded in the illiterate women, and recorded lower prevalence of infection (0.95%) in women with higher academic achievement. Also, recorded the highest prevalence of infection in rural women (15.24%) compared with women in urban (7.62%). Also, in the present study noted a relationship between the infection with pregnancy and the number of children, the results show that the highest prevalence of infection (7.62%) were in the women without children, whereas the lower prevalence of infection (3.80%) were among the women have six children. Also, the highest prevalence of infection (20.00%) were in the women has not use contraception, compared with women used contraceptive materials. It has been observed the irritation and inflammation in the sites of infection with thick, yellowish-green and foul smell secretions with red blood cells, pus and epithelial cells.

Diagnostic and Epidemiological study of Blastocystis hominis in Samarra city, Iraq

The present study included detection of infection with Blastocystis hominis in Sammara city / Salah Al-Deen province , from April 2014 until April 2015. 264 stool samples were collected from children less than 15 years old which attending the General hospital and some medical laboratories in the city. Microscopic examination by using trichrome stain was used to detected this parasite. By using trichrome stain, cyst and vacuolar forms the only stages had been distinguished. The results of study revealed the rate of infection was (15.15%) by using microscopic examination. Epidemiological survey demonstrated there is no significant differences between male and female and more frequently infected at the (6-10) years age group (21.9%) and (13.33%). Also the higher rate of infection was during Spring, and the lower rate was in Autumn. Single infection with B.hominis was (9.09%), but the mixed infection with the other parasite was (3.78%) with E. histolytica and (2.27%) with G. lamblia. Diarrhea was the distinguish sign with infection children.

Study of bacteria Listeria monocytogenes in spontaneous aborted women in Salah Al-deen province

This study was performed between January 2013 to the end of June 2013, involving 94 spontaneous aborted women at 15-45 years who attended TGH in Salah Al-deen province. They were examined and taking placental pits and cervical swabs. For diagnosis, used Gram staining, cultures, biochemical tests, API system and molecular technique including polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 The spontaneous aborted women with Listeria infection was 13 (13.82%) out of 94 aborted women, while 81(81.86%) of aborted women had other causes of abortion. The most affected age group with Listeria infection was 25 – 34 years old represented 7 (53.84%) aborted women. The most infected patients from rural area was 61.53%, while in urban was 38.46%. The most aborted women with Listeria infection were had previous abortions within first trimester (less than 12 weeks of gestational age) were 8 (100%) cases. The pathogens isolated from placenta pits and cervical swabs was Listeria monocytogenes represented 11(37.93%) out of 29 isolated pathogens, while Listeria ivanovii was 2 (6.80%). PCR was used for detection of virulence associated gene of Listeria monocytogenes including hly A which had been found to be amplifying of their DNA fragments. The PCR products showed the eleven isolates of Listeria monocytogenes had the hly A gene

Capacity Assessment of the Sewage Treatment plant at the Residency Complex / Al- Dour / salah Al-Deen

The efficiency of the waste water treatment plant at Salah Al-deen governorate was evaluated by measuring certain physical and chemical properties. The results showed that water temperature rates (19.840C), electric conductivity (544.2 Micro Siemens/cm), pH (7.76), biological oxygen demand (40.3 mg/L.) and chloride ion concentration (209.16 mg/ L.) in drained water were accordance the Iraqi standard properties determinants. Turbidity (7.9 naphthalene turbidity unit), total hardness (396.8 mg calcium carbonate /L.), and magnesium hardness (194.3 mg magncium carbonate /L.) were removed efficiently by the station, as the removal capacity of these determinants where (93.404%), (2.935%) and (15.337) respectively. The station was not capable enough to remove the calcium hardness (202.80mg calcium carbonate/L.) and total alkalinity (345.2 mg calcium carbonate/L (. The statistical analysis of the studied factors in the station have no significant differences among the studded sites and have highly significant differences among the studded months.

Isolation and identification of fungis in spices samples available in the local markets in Salah Al-Deen

This study was conducted to estimation of fungal species and aflatoxin B1 in some types of Spices in Salah Al-deen governorate markets. In this study Six species of Aspergillus were detected which were A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. ochraceus and A. niger and 5 genus of fungi were Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternariaand Rhizopus isolated on the three types of media used. The results show presence of the three types of mycotoxins in all samples. The concentrations of the aflatoxin B1 ranged between 1.05 - 7.90 ppm.

Studying the inhibitory effect of local honey, black seed oil against some bacterial isolates with a comparisons

The current research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of two types of honey alone and in combination with black seed oil and compare their effects. The first type of honey, the mountain type, was obtained from some beehive of Sulaymaniyah city, while the second type (Lowlander) was obtained from beehive in Balad city of Salah Al-Deen.
 The bacterial species used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis categorized into clinical and environmental groups. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using the Disc diffusion method. Different concentrations were conducted ranged from 20-100%. Results had revealed that the environmental bacterial isolates were affected mostly toward both honey types. However, the mountainous honey showed inhibitory effect against the Gram negative isolates. Mixture of honey in general with black seed oil had significantly differed and at some points decreased the effect while the black seed alone showed effect toward the environmental isolates at the absolute concentration.
 

The Role of the Cognitive Research Trust (CORT) Program as a New Instructional Model For Developing Thinking Skills

The present research aims at investigating the role of the CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust) program for the development of thinking skills on the achievement of Iraqi English language learners (ELLs). The researcher adopted the experimental design and used a sample of(60) female students at Al-Maysaloon school/ in Salah Al-deen Governorate during the academic year(2019-2020).The sample is divided into a control group with(30)students and experimental group with(30)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using CoRT program , whereas, those in the control group are taught by using conventional method. The researcher uses CoRT program post-test which is conducted on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(12)weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.