Sahlgrenska Academy Research Articles

Serum erythropoietin and outcome after ischaemic stroke: a prospective study

ObjectivesErythropoietin (EPO), which is inversely associated with blood haemoglobin (Hb), exerts neuroprotective effects in experimental ischaemic stroke (IS). However, clinical treatment trials have so far been negative. Here, in patients...

3D printed open-pore Ti6Al4V construct promotes interfacial tissue maturation and retains a higher density of less aged osteocytes

3D printed open-pore Ti6Al4V construct promotes interfacial tissue maturation and retains a higher density of less aged osteocytes

Site-specific gene expression analysis of implant-near cells in a soft tissue infection model - application of laser microdissection to study biomaterial-associated infection and inflammation

Event Abstract Back to Event Site-specific gene expression analysis of implant-near cells in a soft tissue infection model - application of laser microdissection to study biomaterial-associated infection and inflammation Sara Svensson1, 2, Margarita Trobos1, 2, Omar Omar1, 2 and Peter Thomsen1, 2 1 Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Department of Biomaterials, Sweden 2 University of Gothenburg, BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Sweden Introduction: Medical implants are often used with high success rates. However, some implants fail due to e.g. lack of integration or infection. Resolving the biological events at the implant-tissue interface is essential for proper understanding of the mechanisms behind the success or failure. Laser microdissection (LMD) provides possibilities to harvest specific tissue sites or cells around the implant for subsequent downstream analysis. In the present study, we have analysed the gene expression of cells at increasing distances from titanium (Ti) implants – with or without the presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Materials and Methods: Ti disks ± 106 CFU dose of S. epidermidis (ATCC 35984) were implanted subcutaneously in rats. After 3 days, implants were removed and the surrounding tissue was embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained and subjected to LMD (PALM Microbeam microscope, Carl Zeiss MicroImaging). Three tissue zones were dissected at increasing distance from the implant (Zone 1 < Zone 2 < Zone 3) and processed for subsequent qPCR analysis (Fig. 1). Relative gene expression was analysed for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-8R, TLR2 and MMP9, using 18S as reference gene. Five full paraffin sections served as an overall tissue reference. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used for statistical analysis (n=4-8). The study was approved by the local ethical committee for laboratory animals (Dnr 254/11). Results and Discussion: Previous results from this soft tissue infection model have shown large differences in the recruited cell number, cell type and gene expression in the implant-surrounding exudate, depending on bacterial presence[1]. The present results on the interface tissue extend the previous findings confirming higher expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at infected sites compared with control (Fig. 2). Moreover, a spatial difference in the molecular activity was demonstrated. The gene expression was generally more pronounced at the implant-adjacent interface zone compared with zones at further distance from the implant. Furthermore, high expression of IL-6 and IL-8 was also detected in the distant zones in the infected sites, suggesting a possible chemotaxis gradient. Analysis of the overall “black box” tissue response consistently showed higher gene expression in the infected sites, without providing any details of the spatial distribution of the cellular activity triggered by the presence of bacteria. Conclusion: The results show spatial differences in host cell gene expression depending on the distance from an implant surface. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the use of LMD as a powerful tool for molecular dissection of the implant-tissue interface during normal healing or in association with infection. BIOMATCELL Vinn Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy; Swedish Research Council (grant (K2015-52X-09495-28-4); Hjalmar Svensson Research Foundation; Birgitta Norlindh

Enhancing osseointegration by site-specific laser modification of titanium implants: comparative and correlative analyses of different parameters of bone-implant integration

Enhancing osseointegration by site-specific laser modification of titanium implants: comparative and correlative analyses of different parameters of bone-implant integration

Bioengineered uterine tissue to support pregnancy in a rat model

Event Abstract Back to Event Bioengineered uterine tissue to support pregnancy in a rat model Mats Hellstrom1, Juan M. Moreno-Moya1, Sara Bandstein1, Eva Bom1, Randa R. El-Akouri1, Kaoru Miyazaki2, Tetsuo Maruyama2 and Mats Brännström1 1 Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sweden 2 School of Medicine, Keio University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japan Introduction: Absolute uterine factor infertility due to congenital/surgical absence of the uterus, or due to malformation or intrauterine adhesions affects about 1:500 women. Our group reported the first ever live birth after human uterus transplantation last year and this has now been followed by more births. Thus, this previously untreatable condition can now effectively be cured although with associated problems of risky donor surgery, organ shortage and side-effects of immunosuppression. The creation of a bioengineered uterus would circumvent these issues. In our animal-based research towards a human bioengineered uterus we initially use the rat model. In this study we have explored the creation of bioengineered uterine patches for tests in vivo as a step towards the creation of a complete bioengineered uterus, but also to test this patch-concept as a way of uterine-repair of a partially defect uterus. Methods: Decellularization was achieved by whole-uterus perfusion through the uterine arteries with buffered/non-buffered Triton-X100/DMSO (Group 1/2) or sodium deoxycholate (Group 3). Recellularization was achieved by injecting GFP labelled mesenchymal stem cells and uterus primary cells into the patches (5x10mm). Three days later one patch per uterus was transplanted into SD-rats to repair created uterus defects, and 6 weeks later the animals were mated. The experiments were terminated 16-20 days after mating to assess pregnancy results (number and sites of fetuses; immunohistochemistry; qPCR). Results and Discussion: Successful recellularization was confirmed by fluorescence and immunohistochemistry, but revealed limited cell distribution. Pregnancy and fetal development was normal in Group 1 and 2, with fetal development over patch areas. Group 3 showed a significant reduction in fetal numbers and no fetal development in the graft area. qPCR and immunohistochemistry revealed uterus-like tissue in the patches, with a remodulation by infiltrating host cells. Conclusion: The functionality of the reccellularized Triton-X100/DMSO-generated scaffolds was near normal and these protocols should be explored further towards the development of bioengineered uterine patches to treat partially defect uteri. Keywords: Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Regeneration, in vivo tissue engineering, acellullar matrix Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: New Frontier Oral Topic: Biomaterials in constructing tissue substitutes Citation: Hellstrom M, Moreno-Moya JM, Bandstein S, Bom E, El-Akouri RR, Miyazaki K, Maruyama T and Brännström M (2016). Bioengineered uterine tissue to support pregnancy in a rat model. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.01405 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Mats Hellstrom Juan M Moreno-Moya Sara Bandstein Eva Bom Randa R El-Akouri Kaoru Miyazaki Tetsuo Maruyama Mats Brännström Google Mats Hellstrom Juan M Moreno-Moya Sara Bandstein Eva Bom Randa R El-Akouri Kaoru Miyazaki Tetsuo Maruyama Mats Brännström Google Scholar Mats Hellstrom Juan M Moreno-Moya Sara Bandstein Eva Bom Randa R El-Akouri Kaoru Miyazaki Tetsuo Maruyama Mats Brännström PubMed Mats Hellstrom Juan M Moreno-Moya Sara Bandstein Eva Bom Randa R El-Akouri Kaoru Miyazaki Tetsuo Maruyama Mats Brännström Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Children with recurrent psychosomatic abdominal pain display increased morning salivary cortisol and high serum cortisol concentrations

Acta PaediatricaVolume 104, Issue 12 p. e577-e580 Short Communication Children with recurrent psychosomatic abdominal pain display increased morning salivary cortisol and high serum cortisol concentrations Carl-Johan Törnhage, Corresponding Author Carl-Johan Törnhage Department of Paediatrics, Skaraborg's Hospital, Skövde, Sweden Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg's University, Gothenburg, Sweden Correspondence Carl-Johan Tornhage, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, Skaraborg Hospital, SE-541 85 Skovde, Sweden. Tel: +46 500 43 22 74 | Fax: +46 500 43 22 99 | Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGösta Alfvén, Gösta Alfvén Clintec, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author Carl-Johan Törnhage, Corresponding Author Carl-Johan Törnhage Department of Paediatrics, Skaraborg's Hospital, Skövde, Sweden Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg's University, Gothenburg, Sweden Correspondence Carl-Johan Tornhage, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, Skaraborg Hospital, SE-541 85 Skovde, Sweden. Tel: +46 500 43 22 74 | Fax: +46 500 43 22 99 | Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGösta Alfvén, Gösta Alfvén Clintec, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 September 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13206Citations: 11Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume104, Issue12December 2015Pages e577-e580 RelatedInformation

Spouses of Stroke Survivors Report Reduced Health-Related Quality of Life Even in Long-Term Follow-Up: Results From Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke.

The consequences for the family of stroke survivor are generally studied in a short-term perspective. The aim of this study was to assess long-term aspects of health-related quality of life among spouses of stroke survivors. Data on stroke survivors, controls, and spouses were collected from the 7-year follow-up of the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS). The health-related quality of life of spouses was assessed by the Short Form-36, and the characteristics of stroke survivors were assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Barthel Index, and the modified Rankin Scale. Dyads of 248 stroke survivors aged <70 at stroke onset and 245 dyads of matched controls were included. Spouses of stroke survivors and spouses of controls had a median age of 64 and 65, respectively; proportion of men was 35% and 34%, respectively. The spouses of stroke survivors reported lower scores in all the mental domains (P=0.045; P<0.001), as well as in the domains of general health (P=0.013) and physical role (P=0.006), compared with the spouses of controls. Predictors of poor physical health of the spouses were their own age and the level of global disability of the stroke survivor. Predictors of poor mental health of the spouses were depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and global disability among the stroke survivors. The health-related quality of life of spouses of stroke survivors is reduced not only during the first years but also in the long-term perspective.

CORR Insights(®): Do Rerevision Rates Differ After First-time Revision of Primary THA With a Cemented and Cementless Femoral Component?

T he lack of consensus regarding the best method of component fixation in primary total hip replacement reflects the complexity of the issue. In addition to method of fixation, multiple factors such as implant characteristics, surgical technique, patient demography and comorbidities affect the outcomes in terms of implant survival, pattern of prosthesis-related complications, and functional outcomes. Although some registry data suggest superior implant survival for cemented fixation [4, 5], other registry data show similar revision rates regardless of method of fixation at primary surgery [7]. Nevertheless, there is an increasing use of cementless fixation in primary total hip replacement worldwide even though support for this approach is not unanimous [4, 5, 8]. Since the pattern of implant failure and structural damage differ depending on primary method of fixation, implant survival after revision surgery could potentially differ for cemented and cementless components. While previous research [3, 6] has focused on different revision techniques, to our knowledge, the role of primary fixation in revision outcomes has not been investigated. Using data on first time revision cases from the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register [1], the current study by Gromov and colleagues aimed to investigate the association between method of femoral component fixation in the primary total hip replacement and the risk of subsequent rerevision. Gromov and colleagues found that in patients younger than 70 years of age, cementless fixation at the time of index arthroplasty was associated with an increased likelihood of repeat revision surgery, even after controlling for potential confounding variables, This CORR Insights is a commentary on the article ‘‘Do Rerevision Rates Differ After First-time Revision of Primary THA With a Cemented and Cementless Femoral Component?’’ by Gromov and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-42456. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. This CORR Insights comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0154245-6. O. Rolfson MD, PhD Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

The father of Osseointegration and the godfather of the BAHA: Professor Per-Ingvar Brånemark, Göteborg Sweden has passed away in his 86th year

Branemark got his medical training at University of Lund where he studied rheology in the living bone of the rabbit. During these studies he noted bone fragments on the surface of his titanium implant, in those days a metal not commonly used in medicine. This capacity of serendipity opened the way for modern implantology. He coined the finding osseointegration, a term today well known especially amongst otolaryngologists [1]. In 1960, he moved to University of Goteborg. He got numerous awards and been honorary doctorates at 29 universities. He guided more than 40 Ph.D. students to dissertations. The first clinical application of osseointegration was dental implants in the edentulous jaw [2]. Today this is considered as the golden standard for bone-anchored dentures and millions of patients all over the world have benefitted from his pioneering work. Branemark tried to find an acoustic way to evaluate implant stability. This became one of the starting points for hearing through direct bone conduction. Patients hard of hearing cannot always be helped with surgical reconstruction and some cannot use a conventional hearing aid. Chronic ear disease and congenital malformations are two reasons for this. Branemark suggested placing titanium implant in the bone behind the ear and after healing an impedance-matched transducer was attached to the implant. This work was made in close cooperation between him, the Department of Otolaryngology at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Goteborg and Chalmers University of Technology also in Goteborg. Bo Hakansson, now professor at Chalmers, was the innovator of the new transducer that since then has been refined and become smaller and yet more effective [3, 4]. In 2005, Cochlear BAS was created and RD some did not even go out in daylight hours. Using the same implants as for the BAHA the patients got implants for retention for facial prostheses made of Silicon. The technical and artistically development was made by anaplastologist Kerstin Bergstrom at our Implant Unit. Branemark took an eager interest in this work, and especially in major defect, he was often the leading A. Tjellstrom (&) Department of Otolaryngology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Goteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden e-mail: anders.tjellstrom@orlss.gu.se

New developments in bone-conduction hearing implants: a review.

The different kinds of bone-conduction devices (BCDs) available for hearing rehabilitation are growing. In this paper, all BCDs currently available or in clinical trials will be described in categories according to their principles. BCDs that vibrate the bone via the skin are referred to as skin-drive devices, and are divided into conventional devices, which are attached with softbands, for example, and passive transcutaneous devices, which have implanted magnets. BCDs that directly stimulate the bone are referred to as direct-drive devices, and are further divided into percutaneous and active transcutaneous devices; the latter have implanted transducers directly stimulating the bone under intact skin. The percutaneous direct-drive device is known as a bone-anchored hearing aid, which is the BCD that has the largest part of the market today. Because of some issues associated with the percutaneous implant, and to some extent because of esthetics, more transcutaneous solutions with intact skin are being developed today, both in the skin-drive and in the direct-drive category. Challenges in developing transcutaneous BCDs are mostly to do with power, attachment, invasiveness, and magnetic resonance imaging compatibility. In the future, the authors assume that the existing percutaneous direct-drive BCD will be retained as an important rehabilitation alternative, while the transcutaneous solutions will increase their part of the market, especially for patients with bone-conduction thresholds better than 35 dB HL (hearing level). Furthermore, the active transcutaneous direct-drive BCDs appear to be the most promising systems, but to establish more detailed inclusion criteria, and potential benefits and drawbacks, more extensive clinical studies are needed.

Genetic variation at the BDNF locus: evidence for association with long-term outcome after ischemic stroke.

Background and PurposeRates and extent of recovery after stroke vary considerably between individuals and genetic factors are thought to contribute to post-stroke outcome. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays important roles in brain plasticity and repair and has been shown to be involved in stroke severity, recovery, and outcome in animal models. Few clinical studies on BDNF genotypes in relation to ischemic stroke have been performed. The aims of the present study are therefore to investigate whether genetic variation at the BDNF locus is associated with initial stroke severity, recovery and/or short-term and long-term functional outcome after ischemic stroke.MethodsFour BDNF tagSNPs were analyzed in the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS; 600 patients and 600 controls, all aged 18–70 years). Stroke severity was assessed using the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Stroke recovery was defined as the change in NIHSS over a 3-month period. Short- and long-term functional outcome post-stroke was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months and at 2 and 7 years after stroke, respectively.ResultsNo SNP was associated with stroke severity or recovery at 3 months and no SNP had an impact on short-term outcome. However, rs11030119 was independently associated with poor functional outcome 7-years after stroke (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.92; P = 0.006).ConclusionsBDNF gene variants were not major contributors to ischemic stroke severity, recovery, or short-term functional outcome. However, this study suggests that variants in the BDNF gene may contribute to poor long-term functional outcome after ischemic stroke.

Retraction Note: Abstracts of the 47th Annual Meeting of the EASD, Lisbon 2011. ‘Reduced syntaxin-5 in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes is linked to increased diacylglycerol, activation of PKCtheta and impaired insulin signalling’

Retraction of Diabetologia DOI 10.1007/s00125-011-2276-4 Abstract 59, presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the EASD in 2011, has been retracted at the request of the Dean of Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Professor Larko. The University has investigated this case and The Committee on Academic Misconduct finds that Pontus Bostrom is guilty of misdemeanour with reference to the points (1) conscious fabrication, corruption or suppression of basic material, and (2) conscious preparation and presentation of falsified results, and therefore finds reason to believe that scientific misconduct has occurred. The primary finding reported in the abstract—reduced protein levels of syntaxin-5 in diabetic muscle—could not be reproduced.

Thomas Kvist, DDS, PHD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Endodontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Thomas Kvist, DDS, PHD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Endodontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Gunnar Bergenholtz, DDS, DR ODONT (PHD), Professor Emeritus, Department of Endodontology/Oral Diagnosis, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Gunnar Bergenholtz, DDS, DR ODONT (PHD), Professor Emeritus, Department of Endodontology/Oral Diagnosis, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

A genetic risk score for hypertension associates with the risk of ischemic stroke in a Swedish case-control study.

Genetic risk scores (GRS), summing up the total effect of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with either coronary risk or cardiovascular risk factors, have been tested for association with ischemic stroke with conflicting results. Recently an association was found between a GRS based on 29 SNPs discovered by genome-wide association studies and hypertension. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible association of the same GRS with ischemic stroke on top of other 'traditional risk factors', also testing its potential improvement in indices of discrimination and reclassification, in a Swedish case-control study. Twenty-nine SNPs were genotyped in 3677 stroke cases and 2415 controls included in the Lund Stroke Register (LSR), the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) study and the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS). The analysis was conducted in the combined sample, and separately for the three studies. After adjustment for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking habits, the GRS was associated with ischemic stroke in the combined sample (OR (95% CI) 1.086 (1.029-1.147) per SD increase in the GRS P=0.003) with similar trends in all three samples: LSR (1.050 (0.967-1.140); P=0.25), MDC (1.168 (1.060-1.288); P=0.002) and SAHLSIS (1.124 (0.997-1.267); P=0.055). Measures of risk discrimination and reclassification improved marginally using the GRS. A blood pressure GRS is independently associated with ischemic stroke risk in three Swedish case-control studies, however, the effect size is low and adds marginally to prediction of stroke on top of traditional risk factors including hypertension.

Underappreciated role of regionally poor water quality on globally increasing antibiotic resistance.

Increasing Antibiotic Resistance David W. Graham,*,† Peter Collignon,‡ Julian Davies, D. G. Joakim Larsson, and Jason Snape †School of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K. ‡Australian National University and Canberra Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada Institute for Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden AstraZeneca U.K., Global Safety, Health and Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, U.K.

Introduction to the Limited Care Guidance Appendix to ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014.

Carlo L Acerinia, Maria E Craigb,c, Carine de Beaufortd, David M Maahse, Kubendran Pillayf and Ragnar Hanasg aDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; bSchool of Women’s and Children’s Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; cInstitute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; dDECCP, Clinique Pediatrique/CHL, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; eBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO,USA; fWestville Hospital, Durban, South Africa; and gDepartment of Pediatrics, NU Hospital Group, Uddevalla and Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Uddevalla, Sweden

Targeting the vasculature for cerebroprotection in the immature brain

a Institute for Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41685, Sweden b Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK c Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden

LEVELS OF 17β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 10 IN CSF: THE BIOMARKER OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE?

Wisconsin-Madison/Madison VA GRECC, Madison, Wisconsin, United States; 3 Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, M€olndal, Sweden; 4 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States; University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States; University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States; 7 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States. Contact e-mail: cmc@medicine.wisc.edu

Update in sleep medicine 2013.

Update in Sleep Medicine 2013 Yuksel Peker and Susan Redline Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institution of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sleep Medicine Unit, Skaraborg Hospital, Skovde, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts