Sago Wastewater Research Articles

Effect of storage condition on the viability of sago effluents as carbon source in fermentation medium for bioethanol production

In Sarawak, Malaysia, approximately 237 tons/day of sago effluent is commonly discharged into nearby river due to the sago starch extraction process. Due to the high concentration of polymeric compounds, particularly starch, in sago wastewater, which petrifies easily, this condition severely pollutes the environment in the affected area. This study was conducted to determine the viability of using sago effluent as a carbon source and fermentation medium for bioethanol production which indirectly help to minimize the environmental impact as well as the economics of the sago industry. The sago effluent obtained from the local sago mill was analysed for starch content and pH profile while stored at room and cold (4°C) temperature facility. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted to convert the residual starch into glucose as carbon source for bioethanol fermentation. Fresh sago effluent can be stored for up to 5 days in cold temperature where the starch content remains constant. The highest starch concentration in sago effluent was 61.33 g/L, in which 50.57 g/L glucose was obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Hence 82.5% of the starch to glucose conversion yield is revealed. Then, the sago effluent hydrolysate which acts as a carbon source as well as a fermentation medium able to generate 23.14 g/L of bioethanol, displays a 91% theoretical yield of glucose to ethanol. In conclusion, the utilization of sago wastewater as feasible alternative to cheap and locally available and sustainable source of raw materials to produce bioethanol.

Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria From Sago Wastewater As Antibacterial

Background: Foodborne diseases are infections of the gastrointestinal tract caused by food containing microbiological agents and usually, these infections affect groups of individuals who have low immune systems. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)are bacillus-shaped Gram-positive bacteria that work by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria that cause foodborne diseases. Maluku is a region in Indonesia rich in sago production. Sago ihur (Metroxylon sylvestre) and tuni (Metroxylon rumphii) are types of sago commonly found in Maluku. Sago is rich in carbohydrates and therefore has the opportunity to produce LAB. This study aimed to isolate and characterize LAB from sago wastewater was a laboratory experimental research with descriptive method using primary data. Methods: Bacterial isolation was carried out using a selective media. Characterization carried out by macroscopicly characterization by observing shape, margin, elevation, pigmentation, appearance, optical properties, and texture. Microscopic characterization was performed using Gram and spore staining. Results: The results of this study showed that five bacterial isolates (I1, I2, T3, T4, and I5) were successfully isolated in a round shape, flat edges, yellowish white color (not pigmented), shiny appearance, and mucoid texture, but isolate T3 showed a raised elevation and translucent to light (transparent), while for other isolates it was convex and translucent, and non-spore forming gram positive. Conclusion: Antibacterial tests against S. aureus and E. coli showed no inhibition zones. LAB isolates from sago wastewater showed no significant antibacterial effect

Characteristics of Biocellulose-Based Edible Film from Sago Wastewater (Metroxylon sago ROTTB.) on Various Glycerol Concentration

Characteristics of Biocellulose-Based Edible Film from Sago Wastewater (Metroxylon sago ROTTB.) on Various Glycerol Concentration

Comparison of COD Determination Methods FAS Titrimetric with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Liquid waste is one of the factors causing contamination of the aquatic environment. One of the chemical parameters of water quality namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). This research was conducted at three different concentration levels, namely low, medium, and high, with samples of river water, domestic wastewater, and sago liquid waste. The method used is UV-Vis spectrophotometry (SNI 6989.2: 2019) and FAS titrimetry (APHA, 2017 methods 5220 D); for the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method in the range 90 mg/L, the wavelength was measured at 420 nm, while for high levels in the range 100 mg/L x 900 mg/L, it was measured at 600 nm. The quality control parameters used are accuracy and precision parameters. The purpose of this study was to compare the COD determination between UV-vis spectrophotometry and FAS titrimetry and to determine the validity and correlation of the two methods—a comparison of the results of the two methods used in the F test. The results showed that the COD values from UV visible spectrophotometry and FAS titrimetry yielded good precision and accuracy values and met the acceptable limits, namely %RSD 10% and 90% accuracy %R 110%. However, the results of the COD analysis using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method were lower by 0.8556 than the results of the COD analysis using the FAS titration method, with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.982. The average concentration of UV-Vis spectrophotometry in samples of sago wastewater was 572.141 mg/L, domestic wastewater was 113.525 mg/L, and river water was 42.98 mg/L. The average COD level of the titrimetric method in sago wastewater was 641.888 mg/L, domestic wastewater was 219.251 mg/L, and river water was 58.016 mg/L. The results of the F test for these two methods produce an Fcount Ftable. The null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, meaning there is a significant difference between the two methods.

Development of microalgae and agrobost mutualism symbiotic technology in the aerobic treatment of sago refinery wastewater

Sago wastewater is 94% of the water produced from the sago processing that could pollute the environment. One of the biological treatments to solve this problem is the use of mutualism symbiotic between the microalgae Chlorella sp. and agrobost with the addition of 5.000 lux constant light. The purpose of this research was to develop symbiotic technology for microalgae and aerobic bacteria in the decomposition of liquid sago waste, in particular for optimizing the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, the reduction of BOD, COD, and organic content could be fast and effective. The research applied a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were addition of 800 ml/l (7.595 log cell/ml) as much to sago waste at variation of concentrations (0% v/v,1% v/v, 2%v/v, 3% v/v, 4%v/v). Data were statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Variance, followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the level of 5%. The result showed that the addition of agrobost microorganisms significantly affected BOD, COD, DO, and pH of sago wastewater. The treatment selected from the results of this study was the P4 treatment with the highest reduction on day 7 with a BOD value of 116.06 mg/l, COD 200.90 mg/l, DO 6.62 mg/l, and pH 8.90.

Assessment of Sago Wastewater Treatment Process in an Aerobic Bio-Reactor with the Support of Chemisorbent

The Performance of an Aerobic Bio-Reactor (ABR) for the behavior of synthetic sago processing wastewater was investigated. The system with 13.3 liters of working volume was accomplished by attached as well as suspended growth process. The experimental analysis was carried out with the influent Chemical Oxygen Demand of 3920 mg/l, 4360 mg/l and 4640 mg/l at Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) of 11, 14, 17, 21, 28, 42, 84 and 141 hours. During the experiment, pH plays an important role and the Dissolved Oxygen was maintained within the permissible limit continuously. In an ABR, the maximum COD removal efficiency was attained 91.20% with an Organic Loading Rate (OLR) of 1.518 kg COD/m3. To achieve the goal of reusing the wastewater, again the treated effluent was analyzed by the technology of adsorption process using zinc oxide nano powder as a Chemisorbent and the maximum COD removal efficiency of 100% was observed with 0.75 g of dosage content at the pH of 6 at the contact time of 180 minutes.

Development of A Hybrid Method by Integrating Electrocoagulation Countinous System with Activated Charcoal Adsorption to Treat Sago Wastewater

Wastewater from the sago industry can pose a risk of pollution because it contains chemicals such as high organic matter content, fiber, 4% unextracted starch, nitrogen solution, and cyanoglucoside which are difficult to degrade in the environment. Sago wastewater is generally acidic, has foul smells, and has a high solids concentration. In this study, a hybrid method using electrocoagulation continuous system and activated carbon adsorption was developed to decrease organic and inorganic contaminates which considered importand environmental concern. These two methods have the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, low efficiency, and short reaction time. The flow rate will affect the pause time of the sample in the reactor. The longer the pause time, feeding will lead to an increase in the level of turbidity that can be lowered. Industrial wastewater variations in the initial analysis then carried out the electrocoagulation process in a continuous system with a container capacity of 1680 mL with an electrode distance of 2 cm, a voltage of 18 volts, and wastewater into a container with a flow rate of 1 mL/, 2 mL/second, 3 mL/ sec, 4 mL/sec, and 5 mL/sec. In addition, the waste is directly into a container containing charcoal. The parameters studied were COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, KMnO4, DO, pH, DHL, and Al concentration analysis with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, odor, and color analysis. The maximum removal efficiency for TDS, TSS. COD, BOD, TDS, KMnO4 were 81.16%, 87.58%, 91.32%, 48.66%, 99.07%, for a flow rate of 1 mL/second, also other parameters also met have met the quality standards set by PerMenLH No. 5.

Bacterial Community Structure in Sago Pith and Sago Waste Water and Its Potential Uses as Organic Acids Producer

Sago is one of commodities in South Sulawesi. The extraction process of sago flour produces waste water that still contains organic matter and smells sour. So, it has the potential as a pollutant. The sour odor produced allows the presence of acid-producing bacteria that can be used for waste treatment. The objective of this research is to explore the bacterial community structure in sago pith and sago waste water through high-throughput sequencing technology and its potential uses as organic acids producer. Samples were obtained from a traditional sago factory in Palopo City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The acidity degree, total dissolve solid, and temperature were measured in the sago pool at the sampling area, while the nutrient contents were analyzed by titration method in Testing Laboratory of Food Quality and Food Safety, Brawijaya University. Bacterial cells in the sago waste water were acquired through a multilevel filtering process on filter paper with pore nitrocellulose membrane sizes of 0.45 and 0.20 µm. Total DNA trapped in the nitrocellulose membrane with pore size of 0.20 µm was isolated using FastDNA Spin Kit (MPBIO) and the V3-V4 regions of 16S rDNA (341f-806r) were amplified. Amplicons were analyzed by Miseq of Illumina and further analyzed by Muscle v.3.8.31, QIIME v.1.7.0, and R v.2.15.3. The result shows that nutrient content in sago pith is higher than in sago waste water. Both samples are dominated by Phylum Proteobacteria and share 189 common bacterial species. The dominant bacteria that can produce organic acid in sago pith are Dysgonomonas sp., Propionispira sp., and Lactobacillus pentosus. While, Lactobacillus mali and Gluconobacter frateurii are the dominant organic acid-producer bacteria in sago waste water. Keywords: Bacterial community structure, Next generating sequencing, Sago pith, Sago wastewater

Synthesis of wastewater treatment process (WWTP) and supplier selection via Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)

Wastewater treatment process (WWTP) is essential in every manufacturing company to meet stringent discharge regulations and reduce environmental impacts. The wastewater generated from manufacturing companies need to be treated in a suitably designed WWTP. However, with countless wastewater treatment technologies available in the market, WWTP technologies are usually selected based on vague assumptions and past experience. This approach to technology selection may result in high loss of investment to a company on the long run. In addition, there is a paradigm shift in the current manufacturing industrial practise towards more sustainable practices. Therefore, aspects such as carbon footprint and area footprint are important criteria to be considered during the synthesis of WWTP. In that context, this work aims to develop a decision-making tool in technology selection for the synthesis of WWTPs driven by economic and environmental incentives while meeting with local discharge regulations. As multiple optimisation objectives are involved, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is adapted in this work. FAHP assigns weighting factors to criteria and alternatives based on judgements from industrial domain experts. By implementing FAHP, the synthesised final WWTP traded off at a maximum degree of satisfaction of 67.5% had reduce 244.44 USD/day of total investment cost, 134.43 kg CO2-eq/day of carbon footprint and 2 m2 of area footprint. In addition, this work had extended further the decision-making to supplier selection of wastewater treatment equipment based on the wastewater treatment technologies from the synthesised sustainable WWTP. A case study on a sago wastewater treatment process is demonstrated in this work with this proposed approach.

Optimization of process parameters of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris for the production of biodiesel feedstock (microbial lipid) using sago wastewater as substrate

The present study investigated the growth of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in sago wastewater as a substrate for biodiesel production. The optimum conditions, namely pH, temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), were studied. The central composite design (CCD) was developed using four coded factors for the experimental trials. The maximum algal biomass and lipid production was obtained as 26.50 and 14.10 g/L respectively at an optimum condition of pH of 8, the temperature of 35 °C, CO2 of 1%, and C/N ratio of 80. Different growth kinetic models, namely the Malthus equation, Tessier equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot, and logistic equation, were studied. The Lineweaver-Burk model fits the best modeling equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.062 h−1 and a Ks value of 0.86 g/L. The fatty acid profile of Chlorella vulgaris confirmed the presence of palmitic and linolenic acid to a percentage of 45.2 and 32.2%, respectively.

Combined Treatment of Real Sugar Industry and Sago Wastewater Using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) Reactor

Combined Treatment of Real Sugar Industry and Sago Wastewater Using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) Reactor

Treatment of Real Sugarcane Industry Effluent using HUASBR

Sugar mill is one among the foremost industries that discharge the effluent in immense amount causes grim effects on soil and ground water which in turn creates serious environmental issues. This study investigates the reactor interpretation and performance of treating real sugar industry effluent. The system was protected with seed sludge from the obtained anaerobic treatment process unit managing sago effluent followed by it is started using synthetic sago wastewater, then it is fed with real sugar industry wastewater. The reactor is fed with the industrial effluent having the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 4560 to 4880 mg/L with Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 hours. The various parameters such as pH, % COD removal Efficiency, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), Alkalinity and Bio-gas production are measured.

Treatment of Real Sugarcane Industry Effluentusing HUASBR

Sugar mill is one among the foremost industries that discharge the effluent in immense amount causes grim effects on soil and ground water which in turn creates serious environmental issues. This study investigates the reactor interpretation and performance of treating real sugar industry effluent. The system was protected with seed sludge from the obtained anaerobic treatment process unit managing sago effluent followed by it is started using synthetic sago wastewater, then it is fed with real sugar industry wastewater. The reactor is fed with the industrial effluent having the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 4560 to 4880 mg/L with Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 hours. The various parameters such as pH, % COD removal Efficiency, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), Alkalinity and Bio-gas production are measured.

Microwave-assisted Acid Pretreatment of Sago Wastewater for Fermentable Sugar Production

Sago wastewater (SWW) is one of by-products from sago starch industry. In most practice, SWW is discharged to the nearby rivers. As it contains high amount of organic compounds, usual practice of disposing the wastewater will cause a detrimental impact to the environment. The organic compounds found in SWW such as starch can be utilized as substrate for biofuel and biohydrogen fermentations. However, this starch needs to first undergo pretreatment process to breakdown its complex sugars to the simpler ones. This study aimed to investigate the effect of microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of SWW for fermentable sugar (glucose) production using sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Three parameters that influenced microwave-assisted acid pretreatment were chosen for optimization which are residence time (3-9 min), acid concentration (0.2-0.6 M) and solid loading (5-15% w/v). Faced Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) tool under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design Expert v9.0.6.2 software was used for designing the experiments and optimization purposes. The response was the amount of glucose converted (g/L). The maximum fermentable sugar produced was 3.920 g/L, obtained at 9 minutes with 15% solid loading using 0.6 M of H2SO4. Then, the kinetic study of acid hydrolysis was performed by following the first order reaction kinetics. The rate constant of reaction obtained was 0.1684 min−1. It can be concluded that microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of SWW is able to produce high amount of fermentable sugar within a short residence time.

Simultaneous lipid production for biodiesel feedstock and decontamination of sago processing wastewater using Candida tropicalis ASY2

BackgroundWithout sufficient alternatives to crude oil, as demand continues to rise, the global economy will undergo a drastic decline as oil prices explode. Dependence on crude oil and growing environmental impairment must eventually be overcome by creating a sustainable and profitable alternative based on renewable and accessible feedstock. One of the promising solutions for the current and near-future is the substitution of fossil fuels with sustainable liquid feedstock for biofuel production. Among the different renewable liquid feedstock’s studied, wastewater is the least explored one for biodiesel production. Sago wastewater is the byproduct of the cassava processing industry and has starch content ranging from 4 to 7%. The present investigation was aimed to produce microbial lipids from oleaginous yeast, Candida tropicalis ASY2 for use as biodiesel feedstock and simultaneously decontaminate the sago processing wastewater for reuse. Initial screening of oleaginous yeast to find an efficient amylolytic with maximum lipid productivity resulted in a potent oleaginous yeast strain, C. tropicalis ASY2, that utilizes SWW as a substrate. Shake flask experiments are conducted over a fermentation time of 240 h to determine a suitable fatty acid composition using GC-FID for biodiesel production with simultaneous removal of SWW pollutants using ASY2.ResultsThe maximum biomass of 0.021 g L−1 h−1 and lipid productivity of 0.010 g L−1 h−1 was recorded in SWW with lipid content of 49%. The yeast strain degraded cyanide in SWW (79%) and also removed chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3), ammoniacal (NH4), and phosphate (PO4) ions (84%, 92%, 100%, 98%, and 85%, respectively). GC-FID analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) revealed high oleic acid content (41.33%), which is one of the primary fatty acids for biodiesel production.ConclusionsIt is evident that the present study provides an innovative and ecologically sustainable technology that generates valuable fuel, biodiesel using SWW as a substrate and decontaminates for reuse.

Microbial biodiesel production: novel method of utilizing sago wastewater for lipid production using oleaginous yeast, Candida tropicalis ASY1

A study was undertaken to determine the physico-chemical characteristicsof sago wastewater (SWW) from various sago industries in Salem andNamakkal districts of India. Besides, different SWW (raw wastewater,aerobic wastewater, treated wastewater and starch wastewater) from withinthe industry were evaluated. The results concluded that effluents from thisregion are whitish and greyish brown in color with majority supra-colloidalor settable suspended solids with high TS, TSS, and TDS. The ammoniacal,nitrate, and nitrite nitrogen ranged from 2.7 to 6.5, 4.5 to 19.1, and 0.4to 2.8 mg.L-1. The total nitrogen content of SWW samples was ranged from180- 650 mg.L-1. The phosphate level of SWW was very high (640-1096 mg.L-1). The COD and BOD content of SWW from all the industries ranged from2560 to 3200 mg.L-1 and 34000 to 76000 mg.L-1 indicates its high organicnature. SWW effluents are acidic in nature (pH 4.3-5.2). The free cyanide(CN) content was ranged from 1.2 to 5.2 mg.L-1. The treated wastewater hadneutral pH (pH - 6.2), and had a reduced level of EC, starch content, TSS,COD and BOD.

Potentials of sago fibre hydrolysate (SFH) as a sole fermentation media for bioethanol production

Sago wastewater which contains starchy fibres from sago starch processing mills is commonly discharged directly to nearby stream thus contribute to serious environmental pollution. Sago fibre which is known to be a local agricultural waste mainly contains residual starch of about (50 – 60 %) together with cellulosic component. These contribute to high carbohydrate contents which suitable to be used as substrate for ethanol production. Initially, sago fibre (SF) was converted into sago fibre hydrolysate (SFH) via enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial enzymes; Liquozyme SC DS and Spirizyme Fuel HS. This study emphasized on batch ethanol fermentation by commercial baker’s yeast utilizing 50 g/L and 80 g/L glucose of SFH as the sole fermentation medium. The results indicate that 50 g/L glucose from SFH media is capable of generating maximum ethanol concentration at 20.33 ± 0.15 g/L, with highest glucose consumption efficiency (97.78 %) during 24 hours of fermentation. Similar concentration of bioethanol was obtained in 50 g/L glucose of commercial glucose (CG) media which is at 20.04 ± 0.06 g/L. However, lower ethanol concentration was obtained in both 80 g/L glucose from SFH (13.32 ± 0.12 g/L) and CG (12.98 ± 0. 04 g/L media), respectively. Addition of yeast extract at 3 g/L into 80 g/L SFH as well as CG significantly improve ethanol fermentability (SFH: 41.04 ± 0.04 g/L and CG: 33.96 ± 0.04 g/L). Based on statistical analyses, 50 g/L glucose of SFH media exhibit the highest ethanol yield (0.42 ± 0.003 g/g) and highest fermentation efficiency (81.35 ± 0.572 %) compared to 80 g/L glucose (0.24 ± 0.008 g/g; 46.65 ± 1.50 %). Conclusively, this study demonstrated that glucose in SFH was metabolized efficiently by commercial baker’s yeast during ethanol fermentation, thus suggesting the capability of SFH to be a feasible and alternative substrate with less expensive nitrogen source for the renewable bioethanol production.

A bio-kinetic study on liquid-to-biogas transfer in an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film reactor in the treatment of sago wastewater

A bio-kinetic study on liquid-to-biogas transfer in an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film reactor in the treatment of sago wastewater

The utilization of sago waste: prospect and challenges

The utilization of sago waste has been the subject of research which has studied aspects of sago bark, including sago wastewater effluent and fibre waste. This paper presents a review of the types of waste generated from sago processing plants, prospects and challenges of its utilization based on prior studies. During sago starch extraction, a large amount of sago tree bark would be separated, and wastewater mixed with fibre waste would be discharged daily. Therefore, it is important to train sago farmers and mill owners to manage and utilize waste. The development of sustainable management of sago requires support from all relevant stakeholders. Waste utilization should be promoted and the added value to be explained to the stakeholders to gain their interest and willingness to participate in waste processing plants. Sago waste management is recommended to focus on: (1) efforts to increase the yield and efficiency to reduce waste (2) improvement of the processing layout and mechanism to facilitate its utilization; (3) selection of appropriate drying methods to reduce the volume of liquid waste and facilitate further storage and processing; (4) the implementation of appropriate technology that can provide additional income to farmers and smallholder sago refineries.

Rheology analysis of sago processing wastewater with variable starch content

Rheology properties are considered to be essential for designing a bioreactor to understand the flow behavior of materials inside the reactor. In this regard, rheological measurements of sago processing wastewater with different starch concentrations ranged 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 g L-1 were evaluated. The sago wastewater with a starch concentration of 10 and 20 g L-1 indicated a non- Newtonian behavior, showing yield stress and shear thinning. Based on the results, it is concded that sago wastewater with starch concentrations up to 20 g L-1 could be well suited for airlift bioreactors used for the microbial lipid production process.