Sage Extracts Research Articles

Effect of The Water Origin on The Biological Properties of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Aqueous Extracts

Plant extracts, due to the high content of various biologically active compounds, have found their wide application in the foods, pharmaceutical industries, and agricultures, for the production of valuable and useful bioproducts. The aqueous plant extracts are most often used. The effect of the water origin used in their preparation on the extract’s composition has not been studied enough, which limits their use. The study was aimed to compare the biological effect of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts prepared using water of different origins (distilled, tap, spring, bottled). The preparation of aqueous extracts was carried out in two ways, differing in the extraction temperature. In the first method, boiling water was used to prepare the extract; in the second, cooled boiled water was used. The sage leaves mass for extract preparation was 1.65 and 3.30 g. The biological activity of the extracts was assessed by testing them for radish germination. It was shown the sage leaves extracts prepared using various waters origin can differ by one and half times in their allelopathic effect on radish seeds. It was proved the qualitative composition and mass of the substance extracted from the plant depend on the water origin used for extracts preparation. Thus, using the same amount of plant material to prepare extracts, you can increase their biological activity by fifty percent with the right choice of water.

Phytopurifying activity of Salvia officinalis L. from Tunisia

The sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an annual and biennial plant of Mediterranean origin from the Lamiaceae family. It's a valuable medicinal plant, which is widely used in traditional medicine in world and in Tunisia; this species is very rich in active biological compounds.The objective of this study was to determine the phyto-purifying activity of sage essential, fixed oil and ethanolic extracts in an extensive wastewater purification system of Tunisian national sanitation office. We have measured the physico-chemical parameters of wastewater treated with sage oils and extracts. Then, we have carried out a bacteriological analysis of this wastewater.Our results showed that pH values measured following treatment with sage essential oil gave a pH close to neutral. Therefore, this water can be used for irrigation. In addition, the sage leaves and stems have a considerable effect on the salinity and caused a very remarkable increase in electrical conductivity of the wastewater, the measure of elimination rate demonstrated the effectiveness of sage extracts in eliminating all the microorganisms existing in wastewater.In fact, sage essential oil has the greatest effectiveness in reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater and we have noticed that a decrease in chemical oxygen demand of microorganisms existing in the wastewater was necessarily accompanied by a decrease in biological oxygen demand. Therefore, sage leaves and stems were more effective in reducing suspended matter existing in wastewater.

Polycaprolactone-based electrospun films incorporating sage extract: From active food packaging application to accelerated biodegradation by Pseudomonas

Polycaprolactone films incorporating sage extract (SE), developed by electrospinning and annealing, were tested as active, fast-degradable food contact materials. First, a release test with food simulants showed the films’ ability to release phenolics. This beneficial property was highlighted in the films’ application as pads for preventing raspberry quality deterioration. The highest SE containing film (20 %) demonstrated the highest preserving potential, suppressing raspberry spoilage, breakdown of soluble solids, maintaining color, and increasing phenolics content. Secondly, the degradation under natural environment conditions and conditions accelerating the degradation of the films was evaluated. Complete films’ bio-disintegration in compost occurred within three months, being catalyzed to four weeks by adding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, regardless of the SE incorporation. Visual appearance, light, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy indicated an inhomogeneous surface degradation mechanism depended on the morphology of the films. Analysis of the structural properties and crystallinity showed that both amorphous and crystalline film regions were affected by biodegradation. The developed films as packaging materials can be beneficial from an economic and environmental point of view, as they can extend the shelf-life of fresh fruit, prevent the generation of food waste, reduce the accumulation of discarded packaging materials, protect the environment, and contribute to sustainable development.

Effects of Salvia officinalis on Production Characteristics of Laying Hens

Due to the extreme importance of the poultry industry in securing animal proteins for humans, it is necessary to expand the research related to increasing egg production without resorting to antibiotics, which pose significant drawbacks. This study explored the impact of sage plant extracts, known for their bioactive compounds, on the production indicators of laying hens. Thirty chickens were randomly assigned to three groups, including a control group and two experimental groups (T1 and T2) receiving sage plant aqueous extract at 0.1% and 0.2% in their diets, respectively. The egg production percentage, egg weight percentage, percentage of daily feed consumption, feed conversion coefficient, and blood calcium concentrations were measured. The results indicated that supplementation of sage extract in the diet of the laying hens under study increased daily egg production percentage and daily egg yield significantly in group T2 (87.63%, 59.7 eggs/day) and improved average egg weight (68.23 grams) in group T1. Moreover, there was no significant difference in daily feed consumption among the tested hens. A notable reduction was also observed in the feed conversion ratio to 2.09 in group T2. Keywords: Feed additive, Laying hen, Plant extract, Productivity, Sage

Release of natural extracts from PVA and PVA-CMC hydrogel wound dressings: a power law swelling/delivery.

PVA hydrogels present many characteristics of the ideal dressing, although without antimicrobial properties. The present work aims to study the physical, mechanical and release characteristics of hydrogel wound dressings loaded with either of two natural herbal products, sage extract and dragon's blood. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile mechanical testing were used to investigate the structure and properties of the gels. Swelling and degradation tests were conducted according to ISO 10993-9. Release characteristics were studied using UV Spectrophotometry. PVA matrices incorporating sage extract or dragon's blood (DB) present hydrogen bonding between these components. PVA-CMC hydrogels containing sage present similar spectra to PVA-CMC alone, probably indicating low miscibility or interaction between the matrix and sage. The opposite is found for DB, which exhibits more pronounced interference with crystallinity than sage. DB and NaCMC negatively affect Young's modulus and failure strength. All samples appear to reach equilibrium swelling degree (ESD) in 24 h. The addition of DB and sage to PVA increases the gels' swelling capacity, indicating that the substances likely separate PVA chains. The inclusion of CMC contributes to high media uptake. The kinetics profile of media uptake for 4 days is described by a power-law model, which is correlated to the drug delivery mechanism. A PVA-CMC gel incorporating 15% DB, the highest amount tested, shows the most favorable characteristics for flavonoid delivery, as well as flexibility and swelling capacity.

Enhancing the antioxidant properties of functional herbal beverages using Ultrasonic-Assisted extraction: Optimized formulation and synergistic combinations of taurine and vit. C

Functional herbal beverages are gaining popularity in the beverage industry due to their natural antioxidants. However, the high concentration of antioxidants in these beverages can lead to increased toxicity, limiting their use. Moreover, the composition of tap water, including mineral salts and hydrogen carbonate ions, hampers the extraction process of polyphenolic compounds, thereby reducing the antioxidant properties. This study aims to address these challenges by enhancing antioxidant properties, reducing toxic effects, and improving the extraction process. Low-dose herbal extracts of green tea, rosemary, milk thistle, and sage were extracted using 100 ml of boiling water as a solvent, with ultrasonication employed for 20 min. Taurine, vit. C, and their combination were added to the extracts. The antioxidant properties, polyphenol, and flavonoid content were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the low-dose herbal tea combined with taurine and vit. C exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to high-dose tea. Notably, the combination of taurine and vit. C showed the strongest synergistic effect. The addition of vit. C to these combinations eliminated any antagonism and resulted in a robust synergistic effect. The optimal conditions for enhancing antioxidant properties were determined as follows: an herbal type of 0.030 ≈ 0 (sage), vit. C concentration of 0.045 g/100 ml, and taurine concentration of 0.179 g/100 ml. The measured responses for reducing power, DPPH, and ABTS were 0.152 μg vit. C equivalent/ml, 67.778 %, and 87.630 %, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing the antioxidant properties of herbal beverages through the synergistic combinations of taurine and vit. C. By employing proper preparation techniques and including taurine and vit. C, the antioxidant capacity of these beverages can be significantly improved, potentially offering health benefits against degenerative diseases.

The Effects of Various Ethanolic Extracts on Some Microbiological Properties of Chicken Sausages

In this study, the antimicrobial effects of different levels (0%, 5%, 10%) of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), sage (EES), lavender (EEL), yarrow (EEY), and yellow cantaron (EEC) on total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria (TPAB), total coliform and fecal coliform, yeast-mold in chicken sausage were investigated. The sausages were divided into 7 groups. The first and second groups were the control samples. The surface of second control group of chicken sausage was sprayed with only ethyl alcohol (70%). The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups were sprayed with EEP, EES, EEC, EEY and EEL at two levels respectively: 5%, 10%. Prior to each treatment, sausages were left to be stored at +4ºC for 10 days. All extracts significantly (P

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF HERBAL TEA SAMPLES WITH CIPROFLOXACIN AGAINST MRSA AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES

OBJECTIVE: Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry), Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) are all consumed as flavoring agents for food and are well-known in traditional medicine for the treating various diseases worldwide. These herbs are also commonly used for microbial infections, especially to relieve cough, fever, and cold symptoms. This study aims to screen and compare the content of total phenols and antioxidant activity potential of three different extracts from each commercial sample of S. nigra, S. sclarea, R. officinalis and C. sativum from Türkiye. We also investigated the (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (methicillin-susceptible, MSSA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 (methicillin-resistant, MRSA) and the synergistic activity with an antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, by checkerboard assay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The fruits of S. nigra and C. sativum, the aerial parts of S. sclarea, and the leaves of R. officinalis were purchased from a trading company that marketed them as herbal tea in Türkiye. This study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of extracts from commercial samples. We also determined the synergistic effect of herbal tea samples with ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RESULTS: R. officinalis (rosemary) and Salvia sclarea (clary sage) extracts showed high phenolic content and antioxidant activity, whereas it was determined that C.sativum (coriander) and S. nigra (elderberry) extracts exhibited lower antioxidant activity and low phenolic compounds. Moreover, ciprofloxacin in combination with the ethanolic extract of S. sclarea showed additive antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 43300. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that herbal tea prepared from commercial R. officinalis (rosemary) and S.sclarea (clary sage) samples can support the antioxidant activity with high phenolic content and that ciprofloxacin combined with the ethanolic extract of clary sage showed additive antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of additive action in detail.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Hyssopus officinalis and Salvia officinalis Extracts, Their Properties, and Antifungal Activity on Fusarium spp.

Recent focus has been given to nanoparticles as an alternative fungicidal compound instead of chemical ones. More environmentally friendly ways of synthesis are the highest priority regarding the antifungal agents in the agriculture sector. Therefore, in this research, hyssop (H. officinalis) and sage (S. officinalis) aqueous extracts were prepared and used as a reducing source in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Aqueous extracts and green synthesized AgNPs were examined for phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity. Hyssop and sage extracts based AgNPs were analyzed using UV-vis spectrometry, SEM-EDS, and TEM-EDS. Antifungal activity against Fusarium spp. isolates collected from different infected crops was determined. Fusarium spp. isolates from strawberry, asparagus, pea, carrot, wheat, and rapeseed samples identified at the molecular level by translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1α) gene amplification and sequencing. Green synthesized AgNPs had lower phytochemical content, however higher antioxidant activity compared to pure extracts. Both hyssop and sage extracts are suitable reducing agents for AgNPs formation, and sage extract results in larger particle size. Aqueous hyssop extract had higher antifungal activity than aqueous sage extract. However, a 10% concentration of whole sage extract based AgNPs solution, added to the PDA medium, and a 5% concentration of hyssop extract based AgNPs inhibited Fusarium spp. the most. F. proliferatum was the most sensitive to all treatments among the other fungi.

Polyphenols from Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.): Environmentally Friendly Extraction under High Hydrostatic Pressure and Application as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Tinplate

Due to the diversity of organic molecular structures present in sage extract, sage extract is a promising potential source of a cheap and effective biodegradable green corrosion inhibitor for tinplate in 3% NaCl solution, which was evaluated in this study. HHP proved to be a new and emerging technology for the useful extraction of polyphenols from sage as a functional ingredient from natural sources. Analysis of variance among all tested independent factors (ethanol concentration, HHP parameters and temperature) revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in total polyphenol content as well as for rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic compound in sage extract, while extraction time had no effect (p ˃ 0.05). The optimum HHP conditions (600 MPa, 30% ethanol, 60 °C and 5 min) gave a maximum extraction yield of total polyphenols of 3811.84 mg/100 g. Sage-leaf extracts were found to be a mixture of phenolic acids, namely rosmarinic and salvianolic acid K, epicatechin and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide glycoside. The corrosion results show that the sage extract at a concentration of 0.6 g/L in 3% NaCl is an effective corrosion inhibitor (93%), forming a passivation layer of sage extract consisting of organic compounds such as polyphenols on the surface of tinplate.

A Study of the Antioxidizing and Inhibiting Effects of the Alcoholic Extract of Sage Salvia Officinalis on Microorganisms

Objectives: A study of the antioxidizing and inhibiting effects of the sage salvia officinalis on microorganisms. Methods: Chemical constituents of sage leaves the percentage of the 98% ethanol extract of sage was 5.8% prepared in concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml, Antioxidizing and inhibiting effects on microorganisms, and sensory characteristics of the sage added biscuits. Results: Scanning electron microscope images, the structure of powder sage leaves which appear as long tubes and round crystals, Hight percent concentration of minerals carbon and oxygen while low concentrations of (Zn, Al, Na, Mg, Si, K, Co, Ca, and Ce) were also found. the percentage of the moisture, protein, fat and ash (11.09, 6.89, 13.14, 9.64) % respectively, the inhibition effect of sage leaves ethanol extract prepared in concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml on three bacteria and fungi species of disc method. maximum effect on all three bacteria species Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. was found with the concentration 50 and 100 mg/ml. compared with 150 and 200 mg/ml. It has been found that the 150 mg/ml concentration has the most inhibition effect on the three species of fungi studied Aspergillus niger, A. carbonarius, A. flavus. All extract concentration inhibited A. flavus, it was that the antioxidant activity, iron ion bonding, reducing power and the ability capture the hydrogen peroxide of sage ethanol extract increases with high concentrations. Peroxide values decreased with increased sage added biscuits percentage (0, 0.5, 0,75 and 1) w/w% in stored for periods. However, the sensory characteristics of the sage added biscuits samples were good and close to the standard biscuit control. Conclusions: Finally, we conclude that the sage plant has medicinal and nutritional benefits due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Hybrid Materials Obtained by Immobilization of Biosynthesized Ag Nanoparticles with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity.

Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract. The obtained nanoparticles were supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica (S), before and after immobilization of 10% TiO2 (Degussa-P25, STp; commercial rutile, STr; and silica synthesized from Ti butoxide, STb). The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The plasmon resonance effect, evidenced by UV-Vis spectra, was preserved after immobilization only for the sample supported on STb. The immobilization and dispersion properties of AgNPs on supports were evidenced by TEM microscopy, energy-dispersive X-rays, dynamic light scattering, photoluminescence and FT-IR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the supported samples significantly exceeded that of the sage extract or AgNPs. Antimicrobial tests were carried out, in conditions of darkness and white light, on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Higher antimicrobial activity was evident for SAg and STbAg samples. White light increased antibacterial activity in the case of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the first case, antibacterial activity increased for both supported and unsupported AgNPs, while in the second one, the activity increased only for SAg and STbAg samples. The proposed antibacterial mechanism shows the effect of AgNPs and Ag+ ions on bacteria in dark and light conditions.

The study of the diuretic activity and pharmacotechnological properties of a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. growing in Tajikistan

Aim. To study the pharmacological activity of a dry extract of clary sage (DECS) growing in Tajikistan and its pharmacotechnological properties as basic stages in the development of the composition and technology of hard gelatin capsules with its content. Materials and methods. For the studies, we used DECS standardized by the content of the total amount of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. The quantitative content of the total amount of flavonoids was not less than 13.0 % calculated with reference to apigenin, and the quantitative content of the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was not less than 1.2 % calculated with reference to rosmarinic acid. The pharmacotechnological properties of DECS were studied according to methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). Results and discussion. During screening, all doses of DECS studied showed a moderate diuretic activity. Thus, when using DECS in the dose of 100 mg/kg, the relative volume of the urine excreted by rats for 5 hours increased by 1.9 times, in the dose of 200 mg/kg – by 2.0 times, in the dose of 300 mg/kg – by 1.8 times compared to the same indicator in the negative control group (p˂0.05). When studying the complex of pharmacotechnological properties, it was found that DECS was a finely dispersed amorphous powder with particles of isodiametric form. DECS had an average bulk weight of 0.515 ± 0.002 g/mL, and the fluidity assessment showed that DECS had a very poor flowability, which value in the vibration mode of the device was 2.8 ± 0.1 g/s. According to the study of the fractional composition, DECS had a clearly expressed fine fraction with a particle size of less than 0.25-0.09 mm 84.68 %. Conclusions. Taking into account the results of the study of the diuretic activity and scientific literature data on the spectrum of the pharmacological activity of Salvia sclarea L, it is rational to consider DECS as a potential combined agent for enhancing the diuretic effect or in diseases of the urinary system accompanied by edema and inflammatory processes. The study of the pharmacotechnological indicators of DECS allows predicting the need to use certain groups of excipients to develop the composition and technology of capsules with its content, namely antifriction substances to improve fluidity and disintegrants to improve capsule disintegration, as well as substances that contribute to the compaction of bulk mass and moisture-regulating agents.

The capacity of Lamiaceae essential oils, extracts and hydrolats against pathogenic biofilms

The study aimed to analyse the potential of Lamiaceae essential oils, extracts, and hydrolats against bacterial biofilms. Bacterial cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were exposed to Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Mentha × piperita L. (mint) essential oils, extracts, and hydrolats. The result of the minimal inhibitory concentration assessment shows the highest antibacterial potential for essential oils, followed by extracts and hydrolats respectively. The anti-biofouling capacity revealed that thyme essential oil has the highest potential for biofilm prevention for all tested bacteria, reducing up to 91% of biofilm, followed by mint (88%) and sage (87%) essential oil. While the thyme extract (84%), sage extract (83%) and hydrolat (77%) we less effective. The chemical composition of thyme essential oil showed a high percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, among which p-cymene and thymol were the most predominant. The bacterial cell membrane integrity assessment shows a significant increase in dead cells by increasing the concentration of thyme essential oil. The findings of our research indicate that the choice of herbal preparation significantly affects the active components, thereby influencing both antibacterial and anti-biofouling capabilities. Lamiaceae essential oils show great potential for biofilm management and represent a good candidate for antibacterial application in pharmacy, medicine, and industry.

Modeling and Optimization of Herb-Fortified Fresh Kombucha Cheese: An Artificial Neural Network Approach for Enhancing Quality Characteristics.

In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used to solve the complex task of producing fresh cheese with the desired quality parameters. The study focuses on kombucha fresh cheese samples fortified with ground wild thyme, supercritical fluid extract of wild thyme, ground sage and supercritical fluid extract of sage and optimizes the parameters of chemical composition, antioxidant potential and microbiological profile. The ANN models demonstrate robust generalization capabilities and accurately predict the observed results based on the input parameters. The optimal neural network model (MLP 6-10-16) with 10 neurons provides high r2 values (0.993 for training, 0.992 for testing, and 0.992 for validation cycles). The ANN model identified the optimal sample, a supercritical fluid extract of sage, on the 20th day of storage, showcasing specific favorable process parameters. These parameters encompass dry matter, fat, ash, proteins, water activity, pH, antioxidant potential (TP, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), and microbiological profile. These findings offer valuable insights into producing fresh cheese efficiently with the desired quality attributes. Moreover, they highlight the effectiveness of the ANN model in optimizing diverse parameters for enhanced product development in the dairy industry.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Phenolic Extracts from Post-Distillation Solid Residues of Oregano, Rosemary, Sage, Lemon Balm, and Spearmint

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are potential sources of natural polyphenols. Solid residues (SRs) from the essential oil (EO) industry are produced in significant volumes and may be used as natural sources of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this work was designed to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics of phenolic extracts obtained from SRs that have remained after EO distillation. SR extracts of Greek oregano, rosemary, spearmint, lemon balm, and Greek sage were assessed for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus cereus in the concentration range of 500-3000 mg/L. The rosemary and Greek sage extracts exhibited the strongest antibacterial activities against all the Gram-positive species, while the spearmint and oregano extracts were less effective and only had an effect at the highest concentration used. The lemon balm extract did not show any inhibitory effect; however, it had the highest TPC, showing moderate antioxidant activity, along with spearmint. The oregano extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, followed by Greek sage and rosemary. The experimental findings pointed to the potential use of extracts from post-distillation residues of MAPs as antimicrobials in the food industry, in addition to being rich sources of bioactive compounds.

Modeling of Release Mechanism of Sage (Salvia fruticosa Miller) Phenolics Encapsulated in Alginate Capsule: Physicochemical Properties

Alginate capsules are promising delivery systems for encapsulation and release of phenolics since they can be fabricated from food‐grade biopolymers using mild processes. On the other hand, knowing the release kinetic of the phenolic in the capsules is critical for capsule fabrication and product quality improvement This study is aimed at mathematically modeling the transfer of encapsulated sage (Salvia fruticosa Miller) phenolics in alginate particles to water and to determine some physicochemical properties of capsules containing different concentrations of phenolics. The water activity values (aw) of the capsule varied between 0.9976 and 0.9990. Sphericity factors of 1 (37.5 ppm), 2 (75 ppm), 3 (150 ppm), 4 (300 ppm), and control (0 ppm) samples were determined as 0.042, 0.044, 0.043, 0.273, and 0.039, respectively. The yellowness (+b ∗) value of the samples increased significantly as the added sage extract concentration increased. While the phenolic content of the samples was determined between 0.174 and 1.1831 mg/kg GAE, the antioxidant activity values were determined between 0.9602 and 6.6930. To understand the mechanism of phenolic release from the capsules, six different mathematical models were used (First Order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Hixson and Crowell, The Peppas-Sahlin, and Gompertz). The highest R2 (0.9952‐0.9979) and the lowest RMSE (1.0171‐1.7032) values were calculated in The Peppas‐Sahlin among the six models. The Peppas‐Sahlin model kinetic parameters indicated the dominance of Fickian diffusion and the minor effect of relaxation process in the mechanism of phenolic release.

Розмариновая кислота из Salvia stepposa и ее антирадикальная активность

применяются в народной медицине многих стран как лекарственное сырье. В настоящее время в Государственную фармакопею Республики Казахстан включен только Шалфей лекарственный (Salvia officinalis L.), однако в естественных условиях Центрального Казахстана этот вид не произрастает. В качестве замещающего растения нами предложен Шалфей степной (Salvia stepposa Des.-Shost.), широко распространенный на территории Республики Казахстан, имеющийся значительные сырьевые ресурсы и обладающий сравнительно выраженными антимикробными, противовоспалительными, антиоксидантными свойствами за счет мажорного компонента в своем составе фенилпропаноида розмариновой кислоты.Экстракция сырья впервые проведена различными методами с использованием ультразвуковой кавитации, микроволновой экстракции и мацерации с использованием водно-этанольных растворов. Методом ВЭЖХ проведено определение содержания розмариновой кислоты в сухих экстрактах шалфея степного. Максимальный выход экстрактов отмечен при микроволновой экстракции 40%-ным этиловым спиртом. Для последующей стандартизации лекарственных средств на основе шалфея степного нами был выделен и идентифицирован основной компонент — розмариновая кислота, которая обладает антирадикальной активностью.

Exploring the potent in vitro antiviral activity of Faramir®: A tailored Salvia officinalis extraction utilizing the sequential solvent polarity method

Salvia officinalis, known as Sage, serves as a rich source of natural compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant activity has been demonstrated to be enhanced when medicinal herbs are extracted using sequential polar solvents, as revealed by previous studies. In this study, we examined the antiviral potential of Sage extract through successive extractions using organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethanol, acetone, methanol, and water). The antiviral effectiveness of the selected extract fraction, Faramir®, was assessed against human immunodeficiency virus using ELISA and MTT assays conducted on Jurkat cells. Moreover, Faramir® antiviral activity was also examined against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses using the TCID50 assay, employing Vero E6 and MDCK cell lines, respectively. The findings indicated that the inhibitory effects of Faramir® on HIV replication are dependent on the concentration, as demonstrated through serial dilutions (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL). The highest inhibitory effect was observed at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Furthermore, the TCID50 assay demonstrated that the antiviral activity of Faramir® is time-dependent. The highest level of antiviral activity was observed at the 5-minute mark following treatment. Subsequently, the extract fraction exhibiting the highest antiviral activity (Faramir®) was subjected to analysis using HPLC and GC-MS and found to contain three classes of phenolic molecules, namely flavonoids (such as Apigenin), hydroxylated compounds (including rosmarinic acid), and terpenes (such as alpha pinene). Based on these findings, it is suggested that Faramir® holds great potential as a novel natural therapeutic extract for combating viral infections.

An Update on Recent Studies Focusing on the Antioxidant Properties of Salvia Species.

Nutrition has crucial effects and a significant role in disease prevention. Recently, nutraceuticals have attracted much attention in scientific research due to their pleiotropic effects and relatively non-toxic behavior. Among the biological effects displayed by plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase, sage is well known for its antioxidant properties and is a rich source of numerous compounds that are biologically active, amongst them polyphenols, with more than 160 types identified. In this review we summarized some of the significant studies published in the last decade reporting the most employed extraction methods and the different assays that are useful for establishing the antioxidant properties of some sage species. Even though the scientific literature contains plenty of data regarding the antioxidant properties of many sage species, further studies are needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action and the compounds responsible for their antioxidant activity. Finally, it should be taken into account that the data on the antioxidant properties of sage extracts are often difficult to compare with each other, since a series of variables in the extraction procedures, the type of assay used, and standardization may affect the final result.