Safety Problems Research Articles

Early-Stage ISC Fault Detection for Ship Lithium Batteries Based on Voltage Variance Analysis

With the progressive development of new energy technologies, high-power lithium batteries have been widely used in ship power systems due to their high-power density and low environmental pollution, and they have gradually become one of their main propulsion energy sources. However, the large-scale deployment of lithium batteries has also brought a series of safety problems to ship operations, especially the battery internal short circuit (ISC). Battery ISC faults are very hidden and unpredictable at the initial stage and often fail to be detected in time, ultimately leading to overheating, fire or even an explosion of the ship’s power system. Based on this, this paper proposes a fast and accurate method for early-stage ISC fault location and detection of lithium batteries. Initially, voltage variations across the lithium battery packs are quantified using curvilinear Manhattan distances to pinpoint faulty battery units. Subsequently, the localized characteristics of voltage variance among adjacent batteries are leveraged to detect an early-stage ISC fault. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can quickly and accurately locate the position of 5 Ω, 10 Ω and 15 Ω ISC faulty batteries within the battery pack, as well as detect the abnormal batteries in a timely manner with considerable sensitivity and reliability.

Physicochemical analysis and detection of molds in cultivated ecotypes of purple corn (Zea maysL.)

Purple corn native to the Andes of South America is a starchy variety that has sustained demand and consumption due to the bioactive principles it contains. The objective was to determine the physicochemical characteristics and molds in purple cornvarieties. Samples M1 and M2 were collected in the Huánuco-Peru region. The morphological characteristics of the corn were evaluated; color (CIE L*, a* and b*); physicochemical analysis (water activity, humidity, ash, fat, fiber, protein and carbohydrates); and anthocyanins with the differential pH method (cyanidin-3-glucoside); molds were also counted by colony forming units (CFUs), isolation and identification. The evaluations determined that the humidity of M1 was greater than M2, therefore, the dry matter content was inversely proportional. The highest water activity (0.71) was from M1. Anthocyanins reached 17.92 (mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside g-1of sample) in the crown of M1. The presence of molds was evident, however, a greater number of colonies was reported in M1 (1.43 x 107 UFCg-1), the same number that is related to the isolated genus, such as Aspergillus,Cladosporium,Fusarium,Penicilliumand Rhizopus. The samples evaluated are an important source of nutrients and the contribution of antioxidant substances such as anthocyanins stands out, with the content being higher at the crown level. The presence of molds is influenced by humidity and inadequate storage considering that among the isolated genera it could be associated with the formation of mycotoxins. Corn grains are susceptible to molds and their secondary metabolites, representing a problem for food safety.

Failure Analysis of Large-Size Drilling Tools in the Oil and Gas Industry

Abstract The safety problem of large-size drilling tools in large-size boreholes has become increasingly prominent with the exploration and development of deep and ultradeep wells. This study analyzes the causes of large-size drilling tool failures from the engineering point of view via statistical analysis, experimental material test, and vibration and bending analyses. Results show that the violent downhole vibration changes the drilling tool's mechanical properties. These changes result in an uneven distribution of hardness and reduced impact work, finally leading to the initiation of fatigue cracks at stress concentration points. Drilling tool bending is closely related to drilling parameters and bottom hole assembly (BHA) configuration. Unreasonable BHA configuration and drilling parameters increase BHA bending and accelerate fatigue failure. Once a crack is generated, the corrosive ions in water-based drilling fluids invade the microcrack, causing the corrosion of the drilling tool material. As a result, the strength is reduced, and the fracture is aggravated. Therefore, measures for preventing the failure of large-size drilling tools are proposed. We hope that the results of this work can provide useful guidance for drilling engineers.

From protocols to countermeasures: A comprehensive survey into IoT safety

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a field with enormous potential, effect, and development with the emergence of smart cities, smart houses, and intelligent objects. Computer Information System Company (Cisco Inc). Projects that there will be 51 billion devices which are connected by 2021. However, the majority of those IoT gadgets are simple to alter and attack. These IoT devices are generally more susceptible to assaults than other types of endpoints such as desktops, mobile phones, or tablets because of their limitations in terms of storage, computing, and networking capability. The main IoT security concerns are presented and addressed in this study. Along with the methods utilized for connection, interaction, and administration, we examine and classify common security concerns about the IoT layers of architecture. In addition to the most recent assaults, challenges and innovative approaches, we describe the security necessities of the IoT. In addition, we connect and tabulate IoT safety problems with current literature-based remedies. Above all, we explore that blockchain technology, the software that powers Bitcoin, can play a major role in enabling the resolution of numerous IoT security issues. Difficulties along with unresolved research issues related to IoT security are also listed in this study.

When Infections Are Found: A Qualitative Study Characterizing Best Management Practices for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection and Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Performance Monitoring and Feedback.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a significant patient safety problem that can lead to illness and death, despite the implementation of clinical bundles to prevent HAIs. Management practices can support HAI prevention, but their role in HAI performance monitoring and feedback is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we previously conducted semi-structured interviews with staff at 18 hospitals to examine the role of management practices around the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify themes related to HAI performance monitoring and feedback. The current analysis focuses on 10 higher-performing hospitals that were successful in preventing CLABSIs and CAUTIs. These institutions had robust practices including timely event analysis, leadership engagement, and multidisciplinary participation in HAI reviews. Across these sites, we found common goals including investigating HAIs without blame and identifying opportunities for improvement. Management practices such as timely analysis of HAIs, collaboration between facility leadership and multidisciplinary team members, and a focus on identifying the failure of a procedure or protocol, rather than the failure of staff members, are all approaches that can support infection prevention efforts. These management practices may be especially important as hospitals attempt to address increases in CLABSI and CAUTI rates that may have occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AT INDONESIA REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL BUILDING USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING

Work accident could be happened in every industry, within construction or operational phase. Operational phase work accident also can occur by external and internal factors. Accident such as building fire already happen in Indonesia Representative Council Building, and it is make a occupational health and safety problem to all of the worker This study objective is to develop occupational health and safety system to improving safety performance in Indonesia Representative Council Building. Indonesia Representative Council Building is selected because the actual condition inside is didn’t inadequate to perform and execute an efficient OHS, also there are work accident occur a couple times. There are a couple factors that affect OHS Development in this study such as competency, regulation, participation, commitment, and supervision. Those factors are going to be connected each other and will be affect safety performance. Delphi method is used in this study to validate the expert judgement for the factors that affecting OHS development. SEM-PLS is used to analyze the data after survey already done. The results for this research are competency, regulation, participation, commitment, and supervise are influential positive to safety performance in OHS development in Indonesia Representative Council Building. Strategy & recommendation are also established in this research by looking for the interrelation between variables. The result may use by other to implement and develop in other similar context.

Transition Metal (Co, V, W, Zr) Single-Atom Decorated Biphenylene for Enhancing the Sensing Performance of SF6 Decomposition Molecules.

The highly sensitive gas sensors used to monitor the decomposition of toxic gases in the dielectric materials of electrical equipment are vital in preventing safety problems arising from corrosion of the equipment. Recently, biphenylene (BPN) has been prepared through surface interpolymer hydrofluorination (HF zipper) reaction, whereas potential gas-sensitive devices based on the BPN monolayer have lacked in-depth investigation. The stable geometries, adsorption energies, interlayer distances, and charge transfers of small molecules of toxic gases (H2S, SO2, SOF2, SO2F2) produced by SF6 chalcogenide molecules of decomposition adsorbed on the original BPN monolayer are systematically researched by using nonequilibrium Green's function methods and density functional theory. The results indicated that all small molecules adsorbed on the BPN monolayer are physisorbed, while the type of adsorption turned from physisorption to chemisorption when BPN carried out adsorption with adsorbing a transition metal atom (TMA). In addition, the characteristics of current-voltage (I-V) curves of H2S and SO2 based on the TMA-BPN gas sensors revealed that the currents in BPN-based gas sensors displayed an obvious anisotropy, and the currents in the zigzag direction are larger than that in the armchair orientation regardless of the molecular adsorption cases. Moreover, the difference of currents for TMA-decorated BPN sensors changed more remarkably before and after the adsorption of H2S and SO2 in the zigzag direction. This work offers insights into the design of gas-sensitive devices through the adsorption of small molecules on the TMA-decorated BPN monolayer.

A polyimide separator inlaid by methylsilyl-modified silica aerogels for high thermal safety and low polarization lithium-ion battery

The separator is a crucial component of lithium-ion batteries, playing a vital role in ion transfer and preventing polarization of the battery. To solve the problem of poor thermal safety of separators in lithium-ion batteries, in this work, three types of hydrophobic silica aerogels are compared. A suitable separator is fabricated by adding hydrophobic silica aerogels with monomethylsilyl as a modifier to pure polyimide. The aerogel composite separator displays a highly cross-linked three-dimensional nanoporous network, a low thermal shrinkage rate (<4 % at 200 °C), and high thermal stability (peak temperature of 670 °C) and oxygen index (>45 %). In addition, owing to the introduced hydrophobic functional groups of Si–CH3, the prepared separator decreases the polarization of the lithium-ion batteries and leads to improved power performance and cycle stability (its discharge voltage difference is 0.42 V higher than that of Celgard 2325 at 5 C). This work provides a new method of improving the safety and simultaneously reducing the polarization of lithium-ion batteries, which has promising application potential in power batteries.

High-performance fibre battery with polymer gel electrolyte.

Replacement of liquid electrolytes with polymer gel electrolytes is recognized as a general and effective way of solving safety problems and achieving high flexibility in wearable batteries1-6. However, the poor interface between polymer gel electrolyte and electrode, caused by insufficient wetting, produces much poorer electrochemical properties, especially during the deformation of the battery7-9. Here we report a strategy for designing channel structures in electrodes to incorporate polymer gel electrolytes and to form intimate and stable interfaces for high-performance wearable batteries. As a demonstration, multiple electrode fibres were rotated together to form aligned channels, whilethe surface of each electrode fibre was designed with networked channels. The monomer solution was effectively infiltrated first along the aligned channels and then into the networked channels. The monomers were then polymerized to produce a gel electrolyte and form intimate and stable interfaces with the electrodes. The resulting fibre lithium-ion battery (FLB) showed high electrochemical performances (for example, an energy density of about 128 Wh kg-1). This strategy also enabled the production of FLBs with a high rate of 3,600 m h-1 per winding unit. The continuous FLBs were woven into a 50 cm × 30 cm textile to provide an output capacity of 2,975 mAh. The FLB textiles worked safely under extreme conditions, such as temperatures of -40 °C and 80 °C and a vacuum of -0.08 MPa. The FLBs show promise for applications in firefighting and space exploration.

Polyphenols functionalized MOF encapsulated BPQDs for synergistic photothermal/photodynamic antibacterial properties and multifunctional food preservation

Active antibacterial materials play an important role in solving food safety problems caused by pathogen contamination. In this study, a composite active antibacterial material with the synergistic antibacterial effectiveness of photothermal, photodynamic and the surface charge of polyphenols was developed, where the multi-porous polyphenol functionalized metal–organic frameworks (ZIF-8-TA) were used as the framework carrier, and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) were used as the photosensitive source. The resulted ZIF-8-TA/PBQDs possesses excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (27.92%), photodynamic performance and surface charge, and these factors ensure the outstanding broad-spectrum antibacterial performance (100%). Multifunctional characteristics and excellent biocompatibility endow the materials with vast potential for foodstuff packaging. The results showed that the composite antibacterial film produced by doping ZIF-8-TA/PBQDs into chitosan could effectively prolong the shelf life of foodstuff compared with commercial membrane. The successful implementation of this research provides a new idea for controlling microbial contamination and developing multifunctional antibacterial materials.

Polymer based multi-layer Al composite current collector improves battery safety

The safety problem obstructs the large-scale application of high energy batteries. Instantaneous short circuit at millisecond triggers uncontrollable thermal runaway in high energy batteries. Herein, to shut down the short circuit at early stage, we accomplish the safety design using composite current collector that spontaneously breaks due to its heterogeneous ductility. The composite current collector has a core with high ductility (the polyethylene terephthalate base), and a skin with low ductility (multi-layer metal). Controlled oxygen is introduced when evaporating aluminum atoms onto the polyethylene terephthalate base, therefore the skin layer will be composed of aluminum and aluminum-oxide layers in staggered rows. The multi-layer skin is more susceptible to crack under the mesoscopic deformation than the plastic core, thereby preventing short circuit by cutting off the pathway of electrons. The cell assembled by the multi-layer composite current collector can pass the nail penetration test without spark, fire and explosion, while the cell with pure current collector and composite current collector with single layer skin cannot. The assembled cell has comparable electrochemical performance (88% capacity retention after 450 cycles) with the reference cell. This work affords novel ideas for the high safety structural design of high energy batteries.

Enhancing stable LiF-rich interface formation of polyester based electrolyte using fluoroethylene carbonate for quasi-solid state lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted worldwide attention for next-generation energy storage systems. However, lithium metal anode is prone to harmful reactions with traditional liquid electrolytes (LEs) leading to oxidative decomposition. Especially uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which often lead to serious capacity attenuation and safety problems, hindering the development of LMBs. Herein, a solvation structure engineering strategy based on tuning intermolecular interactions is proposed to design polymer electrolyte. The interface additive of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was introduced into the electrolyte precursor. By using FEC to modify the solvation structure of the electrolyte, an enhanced LiF-rich SEI was engineered to regulate the electrode/electrolyte interface composition and prevent continuous reactions on the lithium metal surface. Li|PHTL-10%FEC|Li symmetrical cell demonstrated cycling of 200 h at 0.2 mA cm−2, while matching LiFePO4 cathode exhibited stable cyclic performance. This study enables long cycling performance and provides a guiding principle in electrolyte design for LMBs.

Building Bulk and Interface Dual Fast Li+ Conducting Pathway in Composite Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for All–Solid–State Lithium–Metal Batteries

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered a promising solution to the safety problems of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) using liquid electrolytes. However, the high crystallinity and low ionic conductivity hinder the practical application of SPEs. Herein, we design a composite solid polymer electrolyte with a dual fast Li+ conducting pathway in bulk and interface by incorporating highly Li+ conductive ceramic Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 (LGLZO) in polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Li–bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) system. Compared to Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), LGLZO provides better Li+ conductivity; therefore, a fast Li+ conducting pathway will form in the bulk of LGLZO nanofillers. Besides, LGLZO nanofiller accelerates the dissociation of LiTFSI and benefits the transfer of free Li+ through the SPEs near the LGLZO surface, forming another interface fast Li+ conducting pathway in the SPEs. Benefits from the dual fast Li+ pathway design, the composite electrolyte membrane with 15 wt % LGLZO nanoparticles presents a high ionic conductivity of 8.0×10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C. The Li−Li symmetric cells with optimized content LGLZO show good cycling stability (no short circuit even after 1000 h), and the all–solid Li/LiFePO4 batteries exhibit excellent cycling performance (remained 154 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.2 C under 60 °C).

Development and Research of Safety Video Monitoring System for Loading and Unloading of Chemical Products in Railway Transportation

As the important position of chemical railroad transportation in modern logistics is becoming more and more prominent, its safety problem has attracted wide attention. To improve the safety of transporting chemicals by rail, this paper strives to develop an advanced safety monitoring system. The main background of this paper is the serious potential results of chemical products railroad transportation accidents which require an effective monitoring method to prevent. The purpose of this research is to design and realize an efficient and reliable video monitoring system to monitor the loading and unloading of chemicals transported by railroads in real-time. To achieve this goal, we adopted comprehensive methods, including video image recognition technology, data analysis technology, communication network technology, etc., which have significant meaning in preventing railroad accidents of chemical product transportation and safeguarding people’s life and property.

Detection the quality of pumpkin seeds based on terahertz coupled with convolutional neural network

AbstractPumpkin seeds are nutritious and have some medicinal value. However, the mold and sprouting are produced during the storage of pumpkin seeds. Food safety and quality problems may be caused if they are not removed in time for processing. The traditional testing methods are cumbersome to operate, complex, and destructive in sample preparation. Therefore, terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) technology was proposed to achieve the detection of the internal quality of pumpkin seeds. Firstly, samples of pumpkin seeds of different qualities were crafted, and they were moldy for 3 days, moldy for 6 days, sprouted and moldy, sprouted and normal pumpkin seeds, respectively. Then, the pumpkin seeds of different qualities were dried, ground, and pressed, and their spectral data were collected. The terahertz spectra of the five types of samples were significantly different. The support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and convolutional neural network (CNN) qualitative discriminant models were established with the raw absorbance spectral data, the preprocessed absorbance spectral data, and the preprocessed and band‐screened absorbance spectral data, respectively, where the CNN model based on the raw spectral data has the highest classification accuracy of 96%. The CNN models do not require advance spectral data processing, simplifying the spectral analysis process. And it achieves best classification results in the accuracy of detection compared to traditional chemometric models. The CNN combined with THz‐TDS method has great potential for application in the detection of agricultural products. It provides a new detection method for the field of quality detection of agricultural products.

Flexible High Lithium-Ion Conducting PEO-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Liquid Plasticizers for High Performance Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Lithium-ion secondary batteries (LIB) with high energy density have attracted much attention for electric vehicle (EV) applications. However, LIBs have a safety problem because these batteries contain a flammable organic electrolyte. As such, all-solid secondary batteries that are not flammable have been extensively reported recently. In this study, we have focused on polymer electrolytes, which is flexible and is expected to address the safety problem. However, the conventional polymer electrolytes have low electrial conductivity at room temperature. Various attempts have been made to solve this problem, such as the addition of inorganic fillers and ionic liquids; however, these composite polymer electrolytes have not yet reached a practical level of lithium-ion conductivity. In this study, high electrical conductivity and lithium dendrite formation-free PEO based composite electrolytes are developed with both a filler of Li6,4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 and liquid plasticizers of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether and 1,2 dimethoxyethane. The proposed flexible polymer electrolyte shows a high electrical conduciviy of 6.01×10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C.

Pharmacovigilance: A Necessary Tool for Drug Safety Monitoring Globally

Pharmacovigilance, which is like a parasol to define the procedures for monitoring and analysing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), is a crucial part of efficient clinical practise, public health initiatives, and drug control systems. The volume of data processed has increased as a result of the rise in reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and understanding pharmacovigilance requires a high degree of skill in order to quickly identify medication hazards and defend the product against an unwarranted removal. An impartial method of evaluation would strengthen the present global network of pharmacovigilance centres, which is managed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre. This would take into account contentious and significant medication safety problems that might have a negative impact on public health across international borders. Pharmacovigilance has recently focused mostly on identifying previously unrecognised or poorly understood adverse medication occurrences. Pharmacovigilance is a crucial and essential component of clinical research, and it is now expanding in many nations. However, with the turn of the millennium, pharmacovigilance confronts enormous hurdles in aspect of improving safety and monitoring of medications. Today, several pharmacovigilance centres are engaged for drug safety monitoring in this global arena. In this overview, we'll talk about medication safety, the function of international pharmacovigilance centres, the advantages and drawbacks of pharmacovigilance, and how it may be used in the future by the healthcare industry.&#x0D; Keywords: Drug safety, Adverse drug reaction, Drug Monitoring, Erice declaration, pharmacovigilance

Simultaneous measurement of corrosion potential and hydrogen penetration using double-head scanning Kelvin probe

High-strength steels, such as high-strength bolts or steel plates are considerably sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement. Serious safety problems in steel structures are possible, because they are exposed to atmospheric condition containing chloride ions. Embrittlement is induced by hydrogen penetration during atmospheric corrosion. We developed Double-Head Scanning Kelvin Probe (DHSKP) equipment to clarify the relationship between the corrosion process and hydrogen permeation. Each probe can simultaneously measure the corrosion potential on the corroded side and surface potential on the hydrogen-detecting side at the same time. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the corrosion potential and hydrogen permeation under changing conditions from wet to dry processes on the surface of a steel sample. During the drying process, the corrosion potential at the rust layer that precipitated in the early wetting condition showed a less noble potential locally, whereas the surface potential of the Pd film on the hydrogen detection side showed a less noble potential locally. The hydrogen permeation sites were limited to small spots in the opposite area, where the corrosion potential showed a less noble local-potential during the drying process. Hydrogen penetration by corrosion likely occurs in acidic liquids under the rust layer during the drying process.

Human radiological safety assessment for petawatt laser-driven ion acceleration experiments in CLAPA-T

The newly built Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator–Therapy facility at Peking University will deliver 60 J/1 Hz laser pulses with 30 fs duration. Driven by this petawatt laser facility, proton beams with energy up to 200 MeV are expected to be generated for tumor therapy. During high-repetition operation, both prompt radiation and residual radiation may cause safety problems. Therefore, human radiological safety assessment before commissioning is essential. In this paper, we simulate both prompt and residual radiation using the Geant4 and FLUKA Monte Carlo codes with reasonable proton and as-produced electron beam parameters. We find that the prompt radiation can be shielded well by the concrete wall of the experimental hall, but the risk from residual radiation is nonnegligible and necessitates adequate radiation cooling. On the basis of the simulation results, we discuss the constraints imposed by radiation safety considerations on the annual working time, and we propose radiation cooling strategies for different shooting modes.

Non-viral systems for intracellular delivery of genome editing tools.

A hallmark of the last decades is an extensive development of genome editing systems and technologies propelling genetic engineering to the next level. Specific and efficient delivery of genome editing tools to target cells is one of the key elements of such technologies. Conventional vectors are not always suitable for this purpose due to a limited cargo volume, risks related to cancer and immune reactions, toxicity, a need for high-purity viral material and quality control, as well as a possibility of integration of the virus into the host genome leading to overexpression of the vector components and safety problems. Therefore, the search for novel approaches to delivering proteins and nucleic acids into cells is a relevant priority. This work reviews abiotic vectors and systems for delivering genome editing tools into target cells, including liposomes and solid lipid particles, other membrane-based vesicles, cell-penetrating peptides, micelles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, inorganic, polymer, metal and other nanoparticles. It considers advantages, drawbacks and preferred applications of such systems as well as suitability thereof for the delivery of genome editing systems. A particular emphasis is placed on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their potential in the targeted intracellular delivery of proteins and polynucleotides. It has been concluded that further development of MOF-based vectors and technologies, as well as combining MOFs with other carriers can result in safe and efficient delivery systems, which would be able to circulate in the body for a long time while recognizing target cells and ensuring cell-specific delivery and release of intact cargoes and, thereby, improving the genome editing outcome.