Organizational Safety Performance Research Articles

The mediating effect of a safety management system on the relationship between safety culture and safety performance in the airline industry – an experimental study in Vietnam

This study investigates the mediating effects of a safety management system (SMS) on the relationship between safety culture and safety performance of Vietnamese airlines. Data was collected from 446 employees and analyzed using AMOS 24.0. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to determine the comprehensive relationship between safety culture, SMS, and airline safety performance. Results show a significant positive relationship between safety culture and SMS, with SMS mediating the relationship. The study contributes to management practice by examining safety performance from an organizational culture perspective and focusing on factors driving organizational safety performance. The study concludes that safety culture's effect on performance will be greater if organizations develop and continuously implement a strong SMS.

Development and psychometric evaluation of an occupational health and safety performance tool for manufacturing companies

BackgroundThe occupational health and safety (OHS) performance of organizations maybe affected by internal and external factors. According to a literature review, standardized tools for studying these factors are limited. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of a tool for evaluating OHS performance. The tool was used to investigate the relationship between the identified OHS performance influencing factors and occupational injury. MethodsThe questionnaire developed through conducting a literature review about the OHS performance and constructing a question pool. The number of items was reduced to 93 after performing a screening process. Sixteen OHS scholars offered feedback on the tool's phrasing and applicability to check face and content validity. Test-retest reliability was examined through intraclass correlation coefficients. 850 questionnaires were distributed at 12 manufacturing companies in the West Azerbaijan province in Iran, 600 valid questionnaires were returned. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to assess construct validity. Criterion validity was investigated by measuring agreement between its OHS performance scores and occupational injury. A set of regression analyses examined the variables associated with OHS influencing factors. ResultsValidity analysis revealed that 93 items had an excellent content validity ratio (>0.79) and content validity index (>0.47). The exploratory factor analysis resulted in eleven OHS performance factors. Thirty-three items were removed because of inadequate reliability. The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the OHS performance model is satisfactory. The final 60-item scale's reliability score was 0.96. The safety system was identified as the main influencing factor (3.54 ± 0.65). Participants with more safety training reported more injuries. Safety training and injury experiences, company size, and occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) adoption affected OHS performance influencing factors. Occupational injuries were linked to company size (OR = 1.39, CI = 1.06–1.82), whereas the absence of OHSMS was connected with an increased risk of occupational injury (OR = 0.09, CI = 0.02–0.55). ConclusionsThe developed tool had satisfactory psychometric properties for assessing OHS performance in manufacturing companies. OHS performance could be improved by implementing safety systems and focusing more on incentive programs. Implementing the requirements of an OHSMS may improve the OHS performance and decrease occupational injuries.

Assessing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the performance indicators of safety management using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in an electricity industry

IntroductionThe importance of evaluating the performance of different management systems in industries necessitates examining the performance of the Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) management system along with other management systems. Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a greater need than ever to assess the impact of the COVID-19 spread on the performance of the HSE management system compared to before this pandemic. This research aims to investigate safety performance indicators (SPIs) on the performance of the HSE management system and the impact of the COVID-19 spread on these indicators. MethodsThis cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 outbreak on the safety performance to revise the industry safety index in an electricity distribution company using the multi-criteria decision-making method before and after the disease epidemic in three stages. In the first part, the safety indicators were identified according to the comprehensive safety indicators available in the industries and experts' opinions. In the second part, safety indicators were ranked, weighted, and prioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the third part, these indicators were calculated and compared in the periods before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. ResultsTwo main criteria, namely the “effectiveness criterion” and the “applicability/calculation criterion”, were identified for the evaluation and pairwise comparisons of performance indicators. Among these two criteria, the applicability/calculation criterion had higher priority and importance for the evaluation of indicators. Pairwise comparisons of the indicators indicated that the “accident frequency rate” and “safe T-factor” indicators (with weights of 0.238 and 0.023 respectively) had the highest and lowest priorities, respectively, for the assessment of organizational safety performance among the SPIs. ConclusionBased on the calculations of the indicators and their analyses before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, the current status of the safety performance of the HSE unit was not significantly affected by this pandemic. However, the investigations carried out while collecting the data needed to calculate the indicators and evaluate the performance of this unit demonstrated that some indicators were not considered sufficiently in the studied electricity industry. Since conducting regular performance evaluations greatly impacts the achievement of continuous improvement, more attention should be paid to compiled indicators, which should be periodically assessed in the organization to achieve continuous improvement.

Development of a comprehensive multi-component toolkit for offshore safety culture assessment

This paper presents the development of a comprehensive self-assessment safety culture toolkit for the U.S. offshore oil and gas industry. Safety culture impacts organizational safety performance. Measuring safety culture will help an organization better understand the room for safety improvement. The major components of this toolkit are safety culture surveys, interviews, site safety walkthroughs, a review of previous incident investigations, a review of potential leading indicators (accident precursors), and a Safety and Environmental Management System (SEMS) review. This multi-component toolkit is expected to allow a comprehensive assessment of the offshore safety culture at single or multiple facilities. With careful wording of survey questions, safety culture surveys can provide insight into employee perceptions of safety. The paper discusses how safety culture surveys can be incorporated with all other key components to give a more complete picture of an organization’s safety culture. A safety maturity model is proposed to incorporate the results from these safety culture measurements to describe an organization’s safety maturity level. Like many safety maturity models, the model in this toolkit describes the safety culture maturity in a range from a reaction to events to continual improvement. The analysis of crucial safety culture-related assessment components supports the identification of a safety culture maturity level.

Influence of Organizational Factors on Safety Performance in Oil and Gas Industry in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of organizational factors on safety performance in oil and gas companies in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study using questionnaires administered electronically to employees working in these companies to gather data on various organizational factors, including management commitment, communication, leadership, and worker involvement. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, and path analysis was used to examine the relationships between organizational factors and safety performance. The results of the study showed that positive organizational factors tend to significantly influence safety compliance and participation positively, while they influence accidents and near misses negatively. These findings suggest that organizations should focus on improving organizational factors in order to enhance safety performance in the oil and gas industry.

Bezbednosna komunikacija u rudarskim kompanijama - razlike u organizacionoj strukturi

For mining processes to operate safely, information about safety is crucial. Numerous authors pay attention to fostering a good safety climate without paying attention to safety communication across organizational structure, which motivates this survey. Accordingly, this paper aims to check the hypothesis whether there is a difference between the attitudes of managers, operators, and auxiliary workers in the mining industry regarding safety communication, since differences on their attitudes about safety communication issues have potential to cause safety performance. A survey of 123 respondents working in different positions in Serbian mining companies, which have evaluated the importance of communication as well as the current state regarding the quality of communication in their organizations, was conducted. After evaluating the data and conducting descriptive statistics, followed by the Mann-Whitney test, it was determined that there are no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of managers, operators, and support staff toward safety communication. This indicates that issues with an organization's safety performance are not brought on by the differences on safety attitudes at different hierarchical levels. Proposal for the future research is to examine other possible causes, such as cognitive biases in risk perception, safety training and education and similar, and to use larger sample that may confirm our hypothesis.

Avaliação de indicadores de segurança em indústrias de altor risco no contexto da Engenharia de Resiliência: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract Measuring organizational safety performance is critical in managing production systems. This practice allows decisions to be made objectively and based on data analysis. In the study of resilience engineering applied to the safety of production systems, there is interest on the part of the scientific community and companies in identifying, in the different processes of organizations, indicators to measure resilient performance in safety management. This study aims to discuss and analyze qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the potential for resilience in safety management and support new research on resilience engineering applied to safety performance management in industries with high technological risks. The methodology used included a systematic review of national and international literature from the last ten years. The results obtained provide a critical analysis of the methods used to define safety indicators applied through resilience engineering to occupational safety management in organizations that deal with high technological risks. Qualitative methods for generating safety indicators from the perspective of Resilience Engineering have proven to be a better way, as they apply the concepts of Safety I and Safety II and early warning indicators.

Simulating Behavior Pattern of Key Performance Indicators to Improve Organization’s Safety Performance in Maritime Transport

Safety performance management is at the core of safety management system (SMS) in any organization. Managing organization's safety performance in maritime transport is achieved through the identification of key performance indicators (KPIs), which are used to monitor and measure safety performance. Aim of this paper is to determine how behavior pattern of key performance indicators (KPIs) in the organization, can be simulated. Methods used for this research include methods of gathering, describing, and analyzing key performance indicators data of sample organization, as well as statistics, causal modeling, and simulation. Results show behavior pattern of key performance indicators (KPIs) in the organization due to causal impact of certain key performance indicator. In conclusion, the simulation showed how causal modeling techniques can be useful to simulate behavior pattern of key performance indicators (KPIs) in the organization in order to improve organization’s safety performance.

Inferring causal networks of health care resilience and safety performance indicators: A two-stage fuzzy cognitive map approach

In the literature, there are three major concepts used to model resilience and safety performance: (i) integrated resilience engineering (IRE), (ii) work motivational factors, (iii) health, safety, environment, and ergonomics (HSEE). Over the last few decades, health care has developed a compartmentalized vision of performance, safety, and resilience. The issues caused by this are not yet clearly understood since the developments in each dimension are in their infancy. This paper presents a two-stage fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) using a non-linear Hebbian learning (NHL) algorithm and three evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to model the causal relations among these concepts and their impact on health care performance. This paper aims to infer the causal network of these concepts. We use an FCM trained in two stages to show the synergistic relationships among the health and safety paradigms and their favorable effects on the organization's safety performance. The methodology developed in this study targets achieving the minimum learning error by running an NHL algorithm followed by three EAs comprising genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The method is applied to a case study of a large general hospital. While a mere defuzzification of the experts' judgments yields virtually no distinguishability between the individual factors and their impact on performance, our approach extracts a much-improved degree of differentiation. One striking example is the obtained high impact of self-organization and overall workload on resilience and safety performance.

Ethical Leadership and Organizational Safety Performance in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company in the United Arab Emirates

This scientific research study investigated the effect of ethical leadership on organizational safety performance in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The specific scientific objective of the study was: To establish the contribution of ethical leadership on organizational safety performance in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The research study employed survey and descriptive research designs in order to determine relations among the research scientific study variables using the quantitative approach. The scholar also employed the positivism paradigm so as to traverse through her research procedure. The independent variable (IV) was ethical leadership and the dependant variable (DV) was company safety performance (OP) among the human capital of ADNOC in the UAE. The parent population was 300 employees of ADNOC in the UAE. The sample size was 250 respondents obtained while making use of table made by Morgan & Kreijcie (1970). The scholar summarized data with use of descriptive statistics including means, standard deviation and inferential techniques like structural equation analysis and structural path analysis. The findings were among others: Ethical leadership positively predicts company safety performance. It was concluded that cooperation among company leaders and the general emploees leads to superior performance with the required safety measures.Recommendations of the organised research study included: organisational leaders should put more emphasis on sensitisation campaigns among ADNOC employees in order to promote safety programs within the company.

Peran Pedoman Safety Management System pada Perguruan Tinggi Dalam Negeri dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Pandemi Virus

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the shape of the world of work. This change makes 100% of universities in Indonesia conduct online learning, but some academic administrative activities are still carried out on campus. With this condition, higher education management faces two things that must be considered, namely the health of employees who are still working on campus, and teaching staff who work at home. The purpose of this study is to make the right size in measuring the Safety Management System in Higher Education in dealing with the threat of the virus and to examine the role of Management Commitment to the implementation of the Safety Management System and to examine the role of Safety Culture in the implementation of the Safety Management System. This research is a survey research using a questionnaire, with data analysis method using Path Analysis and Binomial Regression and validity test using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. From the results of this study, it can be seen that a high Safety Culture cannot improve Safety Performance in Higher Education during the pandemic, which is different from Management Commitment and the Safety Management System which are the main determinants of employee Safety Performance during the pandemic. Management's commitment can indeed improve employee Safety Performance during a pandemic, but in improving Safety Performance during a pandemic, performance will be higher if the management commitment pushes the Safety Management System first, then it will increase the organization's Safety Performance with the virus pandemic.

Developing a Safety Climate Assessment Tool for Omani Construction Industry

One of the methods which could improve the safety performance of construction organizations is the safety climate approach which is helpful to know the existing maturity level of the safety climate and to develop plans to achieve the required level of maturity. Most of the existing safety climate tools were developed considering different industries in developed countries while construction was based only on few tools. Construction projects in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries are at a peak. This article, therefore, attempts to develop a safety climate assessment tool for the Omani construction industry. A mixed research method consisting of systematic review (N = 32), structured questionnaire (N = 102) and email interview (N = 19) was adopted in this research. An assessment tool that has seven factors and 62 simple questions that the participants have to answer on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 is finally developed.

Conceptualizing the Contextual Dynamics of Safety Climate and Safety Culture Research: A Comparative Scientometric Analysis.

Safety climate and safety culture are important research domains in risk and safety science, and various industry and service sectors show significant interest in, and commitment to, applying its concepts, theories, and methods to enhance organizational safety performance. Despite the large body of literature on these topics, there are disagreements about the scope and focus of these concepts, and there is a lack of systematic understanding of their development patterns and the knowledge domains on which these are built. This article presents a comparative analysis of the literature focusing on safety climate and safety culture, using various scientometric analysis approaches and tools. General development patterns are identified, including the publication trends, in terms of temporal and geographical activity, the science domains in which safety culture and safety climate research occurs, and the scientific domains and articles that have primarily influenced their respective development. It is found that the safety culture and safety climate domains show strong similarities, e.g., in dominant application domains and frequently occurring terms. However, safety culture research attracts comparatively more attention from other scientific domains, and the research domains rely on partially different knowledge bases. In particular, while measurement plays a role in both domains, the results suggest that safety climate research focuses comparatively more on the development and validation of questionnaires and surveys in particular organizational contexts, whereas safety culture research appears to relate these measurements to wider organizational features and management mechanisms. Finally, various directions for future research are identified based on the obtained results.

Simulation Research on the Infection of Unsafe Behavior of Employees Based on Social Network

In order to study the characteristics of unsafe behavior contagion, based on the small world network, an unsafe behavior contagion model with behavioral rules such as homogenization aggregation, second-degree relationship distance of infection, influence paradox, and attenuation of behavioral contagion was constructed. The Netlogo platform was used for simulation. According to the results, it is found that the transmission of unsafe behavior has the contagion characteristics of hysteresis, emerging, and progressiveness. Whether the contagion behaviors occur was determined by the average path length of the network. The strong connection relationship in the network structure would trigger the infection of unsafe behavior. There was a significant positive correlation between the node distribution level of the network structure and the time-consuming cycle of unsafe behavior. Through research and exploration of the formation law and diffusion characteristics of unsafe behaviors in social networks, it is expected to provide theoretical support and direction guidance for the prevention and control of unsafe behaviors in social networks, thereby promoting the improvement of individual and organizational safety performance.

The Relationship Between Organizational Safety Culture and Organization Safety Performance. The Mediating Role of Safety Management System

Introduction: Safety performance is defined as efforts undertaken by organizations with the crucial aim of curtailing accidents and injuries to workers. It plays a crucial role in an organization aiming to achieve an anticipated outcome. A plethora of studies have found positive association between safety culture and safety performance of organizations. However, little is known on how the mechanism through which organizational safety culture exerts its influence on safety performance. Thus, this study investigates the indirect effect of safety management system in the relationship between organizational safety culture and safety performance.
 Methods: This study employs the use of a 5-point Likert questionnaire to collect data from 134 respondents who are head of safety officers in F&B industries located in Lagos, Nigeria. SmartPLS 2.0 was used for data analysis.
 Results: Results from path analysis revealed that safety culture and safety management system positively relate to safety performance. Furthermore, the mediation analysis indicated an indirect effect of safety management system in the relationship between safety culture and safety performance.
 Conclusion: It is concluded that though safety culture has a significant positive relationship on safety performance, however its effect will be more if F&B organizations create and constantly implement a robust safety management system.

Potential of adopting a resilient safety culture toward improving the safety performance of construction organizations in Nigeria

PurposeDespite the efforts of organizations to improve safety performance, shortfalls of the strategies have been reported in numerous studies around the globe. However, previous studies in countries with more organized construction sectors show that adopting a resilient safety culture by organizations has a tendency of improving safety performance. As safety culture is dynamic which differs with geographical context, the purpose of this paper is to achieve two objectives: testing the causal relationship between safety performance and resilience safety culture in the Nigerian construction environment; and determining the key components for ensuring the resilience of construction organizations with regards to safety.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative research approach was used. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The population of the study comprises small and medium construction organizations predominantly across the Northern region in the Nigerian built environment. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed to construction managers and safety managers in respective organizations to serve as respondents to the study. Partial least square – structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the relationship between safety performance and resilience safety culture. While principal component analysis was used determining the key components for ensuring the resilience of construction organizations with regards to safety.FindingsFindings of this study revealed that resilient safety culture has a significantly strong positive relationship with safety performance. Safety hazard recognition and effective safety response attitude were identified as the key components for guaranteeing a resilient safety culture.Practical implicationsWith a view to achieve a consistently high safety performance, organizations have to acknowledge and anticipate unexpected hazardous events and provide the necessary safety resources to manage them. Furthermore, there is also the need to create awareness on recognized safety concerns on safety hazards, coupled with a dynamic risk response attitude to ensure consistent improvement in safety performance.Originality/valueThis study presents an alternative to the slow and reactive safety culture of the Nigerian built environment. This study builds on existing literature, and the findings explore the potential impact of adopting a resilient safety culture in construction organizations in Nigeria. This study provided further insights into key factors organizations need to focus on to ensure resilient nature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no prior study in this regard was conducted in Nigeria despite its apparent need.

ДЕФЕКТЫ ЛЕЧЕБНО-ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ПРИ ОКАЗАНИИ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ ПАЦИЕНТАМ ПО ПРОФИЛЮ «ПСИХИАТРИЯ» В СТАЦИОНАРНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

Significance. Timely identification of defects in the treatment and diagnostic process during internal quality audit of care delivery stimulates evidence-based organizational and management decisions and improves quality of care delivery to mental patients. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 270 records of internal quality audit of care to mental patients treated at the Mental Hospital # 4 of the Moscow Healthcare Department has been conducted. A total of 156 inpatient records (57.8%) from 2015 to 2018 were compared with 114 inpatient records (42.2%) in 2019. Results and discussion. Heads of the structural units and deputy heads of the health care facility have evaluated quality of care delivery at the two levels of control. Primary medical documentation was assessed on 12 items (from 0 to 1 point). The arithmetic mean of the assessments for each of the items was calculated - the overall quality factor. At both levels of control, defects in the care delivery were described. The quality factor at the 1st level of control equalled to 0.95 (0.92; 0.96), and 0.86 (0.79; 0.91) at the 2nd level. The quality factor at the 2nd level of control in 2015 - 2018 (1.0 (0.90; 1.00)) was statistically significantly higher than in 2019 (0.86 (0.79; 0.91)) (p = 0.011). Data for the complete 2019, despite the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as of June 7, 2019 No. 381n, were observed and obtained in accordance with the requirements of the Moscow Healthcare Department Order No. 932 as of October 30, 2019 “On procedure for implementing internal quality audit and safety performance of health organizations of the state healthcare system of the city of Moscow”. Conclusion. The ongoing monitoring of quality of inpatient health care delivery to mental patients to identify defects in the treatment and diagnostic process using internal quality audit records helps to improve quality of care delivery to patients.

Factors influencing the compliance of workplace safety culture in the government linked company (GLC)

This research focused on five factors; the management commitments towards safety, availability of safety rules and procedures, safety communication and feedback, the effectiveness of safety training, and the acquisition of safety knowledge that contributes to compliance of safety culture in the government-linked companies (GLC), by exploring various dimensions by which converge into achieving organizational safety performance outcomes. The importance of safety performance in the GLC is to ensure the employees have the right safety culture, a safe working environment, and comply with safety rules and procedures. The contribution of the findings of this study may provide knowledge of existing safety management practices in Malaysia’s Government Linked Company (GLC) and facilitate the organizations in evaluating the importance of safety management on their performance. This study also emphasizes the relationship between the five factors mentioned towards the compliance of safety culture in the organization. Besides that, it also provides an empirical review on which components of safety management practices have a better relationship with the organizational safety culture. Based on the results obtained, there is a positive correlation between management commitments towards safety, availability of safety rules and procedures, safety communication and feedback, the effectiveness of safety training, and acquisition of safety knowledge with regards to employees’ safety compliance towards a better safety culture in the organization.

Hours-of-service compliance and safety outcomes among long-haul truck drivers

IntroductionU.S. long-haul truck drivers (LHTD) experience the most work-related fatalities of any occupation. Hours-of-service (HOS) regulations constitute key public policies aimed at improving safety outcomes; however, little is known about the factors that are associated with HOS compliance, and questions remain about the efficacy of HOS laws in improving safety. This study seeks to identify factors associated with HOS compliance and to determine the significance of HOS compliance in sleep-related safety risk. Materials and methodsUsing cross-sectional survey data from 260 U.S. LHTD that measured demographic, work organization, sleep health, hours-of-service compliance, and sleep-related safety performance characteristics, we: 1) compiled descriptive statistics to summarize the variables included in this study; 2) performed bivariate correlation analyses between an HOS composite variable called “Hours-of-Service Violations” and the demographic, work organization, and sleep health variables; 3) conducted an ordinal logistic regression analysis, using the HOS composite variable as the outcome variable; and 4) conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis, using a sleep-related safety performance composite variable called “Sleep-Related Safety Risk” as the outcome variable. ResultsHigher scores on the HOS composite variable were significantly associated with more miles driven per week, longer daily work hours, a higher frequency of a fast pace of work, shorter sleep duration, and poorer sleep quality. Statistically significant predictor variables in the Hours-of-Service Violations composite variable model were driving less than 2,500 miles per week (OR = 0.53), working less than 11 h daily (OR = 0.19) or between 11 and 13 h daily (OR = 0.43); a lower frequency of fast pace of work (OR = 0.42); and worknight sleep duration (OR = 0.80). Fewer than 11 h of work daily (OR = 0.37), a higher perception of supervisor support (OR = 0.17), and ever having told supervisor about being too tired to drive (OR = 0.42) were significant predictors in the Sleep-Related Safety Risk composite variable model, while the hours-of-service compliance variables were not. ConclusionsReducing daily work hours and pace of work, strengthening driver-supervisor relationships and improving supervisor leadership and risk management techniques, making driver compensation fairer, and revisiting HOS policies may represent high-leverage targets for improving regulatory compliance and safety outcomes.

Development of a scale for assessing the organization's safety performance based fuzzy ANP

Traditionally, safety performance is assessed through statistical analyses of incident data, known as lagging indicators. Lagging indicators are not useful since the goal of founding safety management systems is the continuous improvement. In this study, a scale was established and validated to assess the elements that affect the organization safety. The fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) procedure was applied to weigh the elements and to reveal the influence of various structures for the proposed scales on the safety performance indicator. A 120-item scale was developed following the interview process to examine the factors that affect safety performance. Based on the face validity results, eight items were removed. The mean value of the instrument's validity index was 0.79. According to the FANP results, the organizational factor had the highest weight load of 0.465, whereas the environmental factor, with a weight of 0.209, had the least effect on the organization's safety performance index. An analysis of the study data showed that the designed scale can be used as an objective and simple tool to evaluate the factors that affect safety performance.