Safety Of Motorists Research Articles

Terrestrial LiDAR derived 3D point cloud model, digital elevation model (DEM) and hillshade map for identification and evaluation of pavement distresses

The periodic assessment of pavement condition is one of the important requirements in ensuring not only the service life of the pavement but also for the safety of motorists as pavement distresses like potholes led to many fatal accidents in recent years in India. The traditional approach of manual evaluation is a cumbersome and time-consuming process which can be replaced by latest technologies like LiDAR. Literature on use of Terrestrial LiDAR for distress detection are very limited and even the reported studies have used mostly the raw point cloud data from LiDAR for detecting only selected distresses. However, there are many outputs which can be derived from Terrestrial LiDAR data like Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Hillshade, etc. which are not explored much. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to utilize all the possible outputs of Terrestrial LiDAR data, i.e., raw 3D model from point cloud data and LiDAR derived DEM and Hillshade to detect 15 pavement distresses in both bituminous and concrete pavement for a case study area of Vellore in Tamilnadu, India. Their suitability also was compared in order to find which output would be more suitable in identifying a particular distress on the road. The results revealed that Hillshade maps can detect all the pavement distresses except cracks when compared to 3D model and DEM. For the detection of pavement cracks, an image processing based solution using LiDAR data was tried out and was found to perform well in detecting the alligator cracks. The distress parameters such as length, width, depth, etc. were also calculated using LiDAR data and compared with the field observations. The error was found to be only few cms and thus indicate that the Terrestrial LiDAR can be employed to detect the pavement distresses accurately than the conventional manual methods.

Toward the Development of an Impact-Based Decision Support Tool for Surface-Transportation Hazards. Part I: Tying Weather Variables to Road Hazards and Quantifying Impacts

Abstract Development of an impact-based decision support forecasting tool for surface-transportation hazards requires consideration for what impacts the product is intended to capture and how to scale forecast information to impacts to then categorize impact severity. In this first part of the series, we discuss the motivation and intent of such a product, in addition to outlining the approach we take to leverage existing and new research to develop the product. Traffic disruptions (e.g., crashes, increased travel times, roadway restrictions, or closures) are the intended impacts, where impact severity levels are intended to scale to reflect the increasing severity of adverse driving conditions that can correlate with a need for enhanced mitigation efforts by motorists and/or transportation agencies (e.g., slowing down, avoiding travel, and imposing roadway restrictions or closures). Previous research on how weather and road conditions impact transportation and novel research herein to create a metric for crash impact based on precipitation type and local hour of the day are both intended to help scale weather forecasts to impacts. Impact severity classifications can ultimately be determined through consideration of any thresholds used by transportation agencies, in conjunction with the scaling metrics. Significance Statement Weather can profoundly impact surface transportation and motorist safety. Because of this and because there are no explicit tools available to forecasters to identify and communicate potential impacts to surface transportation, there is a desire for the development of such a forecast product. However, doing so requires careful consideration for what impacts are intended to be included, how weather corresponds to impacts, and how thresholds for impact severity should be defined. In this first part of the paper series, we outline each of these aspects and present novel research and approaches for the development of an impact-based forecast product specifically tailored to surface-transportation hazards. The product is ultimately intended to improve motorist safety and mobility on roads.

Toward the Development of an Impact-Based Decision Support Tool for Surface-Transportation Hazards. Part II: An Hourly Winter Storm Severity Index

Abstract In line with the continued focus of the National Weather Service (NWS) to provide impact-based decision support services (IDSS) and effectively communicate potential impacts, a new IDSS forecasting tool for surface-transportation hazards is in development at the Weather Prediction Center: the hourly winter storm severity index (WSSI-H). This second part of the series outlines the current algorithms and thresholds for the components of the WSSI-H, which has been developed in line with the approach and considerations discussed in Part I of this series. These components—snow amount, ice accumulation, snow rate, liquid rate, and blowing and drifting snow—each address a specific hazard for motorists. The inclusion of metrics related to driving conditions for untreated road surfaces and time-of-day factoring for active precipitation types helps directly tie forecasted weather conditions to transportation impacts. Impact severity level thresholds are approximately in line with thresholds used by transportation agencies when considering various mitigation strategies (e.g., imposing speed restrictions or closing roadways). Whereas the product is not meant to forecast specific impacts (e.g., road closure or pileup), impact severity levels are designed to scale with increasingly poor travel conditions, which can prompt various mitigation efforts from motorists or transportation agencies to maintain safety. WSSI-H outputs for three winter events are discussed in depth to highlight the potential utility of the product. Overall, the WSSI-H is intended to provide high-resolution situational awareness of potential surface-transportation-related impacts and aid in enhanced collaborations between NWS forecasters and stakeholders like transportation agencies to improve motorist safety. Significance Statement A new impact-based forecast product designed to aid in situational awareness of potential impacts from surface-transportation-related hazards is in development. In this second part of the series, we outline the algorithms and thresholds for the various components of the product, where each component addresses a unique hazard. Product outputs for three winter events are presented to highlight the potential utility of the product in an operational forecast setting. Ultimately, enhanced collaboration between forecasters and transportation agencies alongside guidance from this product will bolster consistent messaging to motorists and improve safety and mobility on roads.

Optimization of Traffic Safety for Motorists with Raised Intersection Design at Intersection in DKI Jakarta

Urbanization trends, coupled with the proliferation of motor vehicles, have led to escalating environmental challenges like congestion and pollution. Sustainable transportation systems are increasingly imperative to address these issues, necessitating pedestrian-friendly urban environments to promote sustainable mobility. However, escalating traffic density poses serious safety concerns for pedestrians, exacerbated by improper use of pedestrian facilities. Statistical data underscores the vulnerability of pedestrians, with a notable percentage of traffic fatalities attributed to pedestrian accidents. To mitigate these risks, enhancing pedestrian safety through various measures, including raised crosswalks, has garnered attention. Raised crosswalks offer promising potential to improve pedestrian safety by influencing driver behavior and enhancing pedestrian visibility. This research aims to explore the impact of raised crosswalks on traffic safety in Indonesian urban environments. Through quantitative analysis and video observation, the study evaluates the effectiveness of raised crosswalks in enhancing safety and traffic compliance at intersections. The findings reveal varying severity levels of near-miss accidents, suggesting targeted risk mitigation strategies. Regression analysis indicates a substantial reduction in vehicle speed post-implementation, although other influencing factors persist. Moreover, Cost-Benefit Analysis underscores the financial viability of pedestrian crossing enhancements, emphasizing the potential for significant gains. Ultimately, this research contributes empirical insights to inform policy formulation and infrastructure design, facilitating safer and more sustainable pedestrian environments in Indonesian urban areas.

Advancing safety in short-term utility work zones: Assessing the role of work zone intrusion alert technologies (WZIATs)

Work zone safety is significantly impacted by vehicle intrusions, which are challenging incidents to control. Although the Federal Highway Administration and US state transportation agencies have implemented safety procedures to enhance worker and motorist safety, the rate of intrusions in work zones remains high, necessitating the development of additional solutions. Work zone intrusion alert technologies (WZIATs) have shown promise in highway work zones; however, their application in short-term utility settings remains insufficiently studied. This research aims to characterize the features of intrusion alert systems that can enhance the safety of workers in utility work zones. To achieve this aim, the study adopted a mixed-method design approach, relying on literature review, archival data analysis, experimental assessments, and a case study. The study reveals that motorist/driver behavior is a primary safety risk factor in utility work zone intrusions. Insights from deploying two technologies, AWARE and Alpha SafeNet, in experimental and live utility work zones indicate that an effective WZIAT must be able to alert both drivers and workers, be deployable in less than three minutes, integrate audio, visual, and haptic alarms, have an adjustable warning light, incorporate a pneumatic tube triggering mechanism, and be waterproof. This study contributes to both knowledge and practice by characterizing the safety risks associated with utility work zones and identifying key performance and operational features for deploying WZIATs in short-term work zones.

Modeling retroreflectivity degradation of pavement markings across the US with advanced machine learning algorithms

Retroreflectivity is the primary metric that controls the visibility of pavement markings during nighttime and in adverse weather conditions. Maintaining the minimum level of retroreflectivity as specified by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is crucial to ensure safety for motorists. The key objective of this study was to develop robust retroreflectivity prediction models that can be used by transportation agencies to reliably predict the retroreflectivity of their pavement markings utilizing the initially measured retroreflectivity and other key project conditions. A total of 49,632 transverse skip retroreflectivity measurements of seven types of marking materials were retrieved from the eight most recent test decks covered under the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP). Decision Tree (DT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms were considered for developing performance prediction models to estimate retroreflectivity at different prediction horizons for up to three years. The models were trained with randomly selected 80% data points and tested with the remaining 20% data points. Sequential ANN models exhibited better performance with the testing data than the sequential DT models. The training and testing R2 ranges of the sequential ANN models were from 0.76 to 0.96 and 0.55 to 0.94, respectively, which were significantly higher than the R2 range (0.14 to 0.75) from the regression models proposed in past studies. Initial or predicted retroreflectivity, snowfall, and traffic were found to be the most important inputs to model predictions.

Socialization of Ramp Check for Motorized Vehicles Transporting Goods in the Mount Batur Kitamani Tourism Area

Rampcheck is a vehicle feasibility test inspection activity that aims to find out early if there are vehicle components that are damaged and can be repaired immediately so as not to cause continuous damage and cause accidents The purpose of this community service activity is as follows, Providing education to the general public on the importance of ramp check testing related to the performance of motorized vehicles for the safety of motorists and road users, and Socializing Ramp Check Motorized Vehicles Transporting Goods in the Mount Batur Kintamani Tourism Area. This Community Service activity is considered to have succeeded in providing education to the general public on the importance of Ramp Check testing of Motorized Transport vehicles. The running of this PKM event can run there are supporting factors, namely both internal and external, internal support in the form of the active role of all Poltrada Bali Automotive Technology Lecturers and cadets. No less important, support is also provided by Poltrada Bali in the form of opportunities and support for funding allocations through P3M. External support for the achievement of PKM activities is also inseparable from the support of the community who enthusiastically welcomes socialization activities. This activity needs to be carried out regularly to increase public knowledge about driving safety.

Rethinking Indonesia’s lighting standard for urban kampung roads

The latest lighting standard in Indonesia, SNI 7391:2008, emphasizes uniform distribution for road lighting to ensure the safety and accuracy of motorists. However, in urban kampungs, local roads serve as non-commercial public spaces and require lighting that is suitable for human-scale activities. This study examines road lighting in Siwalankerto, Surabaya, and explores how residents' nighttime experiences relate to their perceived adequacy of illumination (PAI). The research involved 26 participants who rated their experiences while using the local road after dark. Nighttime experiences, including pleasantness, willingness to stay, and safety, were compared to illuminance levels and PAI. The findings show a correlation between perceived adequacy of illumination and pleasantness, as well as the willingness to stay in the road space. There was no significant correlation between safety and PAI.

Implementasi Light Emitting Diode Sebagai Penerangan Jalan Umum Yang Hemat Daya

Public street lighting, also known as street lighting, refers to the outdoor lighting systems used to illuminate public roads. An effective street lighting system plays a crucial role in enhancing safety and security for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists by providing improved visibility of the road and surrounding terrain during nighttime hours. The primary focus in street lighting planning is on economic factors. An analysis of light sources has highlighted the economic advantages of utilizing light emitting diodes for public street lighting. This choice proves to be more efficient when implemented in a sustainable manner. The installation of public street lighting can be the optimal solution to address the issue of inadequate lighting in the village of Pedurenan Gunung Sindur Bogor, ensuring enhanced comfort and security during nighttime activities. The lighting installation process commences with a thorough examination of the site, followed by diligently arranging and design of the electrical installations for the lighting system. Finally, the planned design was carried out and implemented. The implementation of public street lighting is a collaborative effort between college students and youth residents in the village. The outcome of this community service initiative is the implementation of public street lighting installations that offer optimal illumination, ensuring the convenience and safety for all people accessing the roads.

L-CPPA: Lattice-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for fog computing with 5G-enabled vehicular system.

The role that vehicular fog computing based on the Fifth Generation (5G) can play in improving traffic management and motorist safety is growing quickly. The use of wireless technology within a vehicle raises issues of confidentiality and safety. Such concerns are optimal targets for conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPPA) methods. However, current CPPA-based systems face a challenge when subjected to attacks from quantum computers. Because of the need for security and anti-piracy features in fog computing when using a 5G-enabled vehicle system, the L-CPPA scheme is proposed in this article. Using a fog server, secret keys are generated and transmitted to each registered car via a 5G-Base Station (5G-BS) in the proposed L-CPPA system. In the proposed L-CPPA method, the trusted authority, rather than the vehicle's Onboard Unit (OBU), stores the vehicle's master secret data to each fog server. Finally, the computation cost of the suggested L-CPPA system regards message signing, single verification and batch verification is 694.161 ms, 60.118 ms, and 1348.218 ms, respectively. Meanwhile, the communication cost is 7757 bytes.

Design a geothermal bridge deicing system for an in-service bridge

Deicing on bridge deck surfaces is essential to ensure the safety and mobility of motorists during severe winter weather. Conventional snow/ice removal chemicals such as salt cause bridge corrosion and provoke environmental issues. Therefore, a new external geothermal heating system for bridge deck deicing and snow melting has been proposed, which can be installed onto in-service bridges. Conventional hydronic heating systems are developed based on the hydronic loops embedded inside bridge decks in the construction phase and have been studied by different research groups [1–3]. However, there is a greater need for deicing the in-service bridges. Therefore, an external heating system has been developed by attaching the hydronic loops to the bridge deck's bottom surface, which is usually covered completely with insulation materials such as geofoam, spray foam, and fiberglass [4]. To provide access to the bottom surface of the bridge deck for bridge inspection, a new external-geothermal hydronic heating panel system has been developed in this study.
 Studies on geothermal bridge heating systems mainly focused on energy analysis of the existing systems, thermal effects of control logic, and the development of models to simulate bridge heating systems neglecting the piping network. This study presents the design of a bridge external heating system for an in-service bridge located in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas, USA, to maintain high heating efficiency. The geothermal deicing system includes geothermal heat pumps, ground loops, and bridge loops. The required heat flux on the bridge deck surface to prevent ice formation is calculated based on the local weather data to determine the number of heat pumps. According to the total heating load determined from the design heat flux, geothermal water-to-water heat pumps are sized given the ground temperature profile and thermal conductivity test results. The pipe network is designed based on the target flow rate and standard parameters for pipe materials using Taco Hydronic System Solutions software. Figure 1 illustrates the heating system's schematics. Only one bridge span is shown in the figure. One bridge span includes four heating panels with a 6-inch gap between each panel as the access for bridge inspection. The control room hosts heat pumps, flow centers, manifolds, control, and monitoring instrumentation. The ground loop arrays are not shown in the figure.
 The deicing system design procedure consists of three phases: (1) selection of design weather condtions based on historical weather data, (2) calculation of the required heat flux on the bridge surface, and (3) sizing of ground loop heat exchangers (GHEs). The final design decisions stem from the integrations of the three phases. First, design weather conditions are selected based on realistic winter storm scenarios. Second, the required heat flux, 80 Btu/hr.ft2, on the bridge deck surface to prevent ice/snow formation is determined by considering previous design values, historical winter storms, and heat flux calculations by ASHRAE [5]. Lastly, based on the required heat flux, the GLHEs are sized using the design software GLHEPRo developed by Spitler et al. [6]. Inputs to the model, including the heating loads, the thermal recharge rates, a description of the ground thermal properties, a description of the borehole geometry, the fluid physical and thermal properties, and a description of the heat pump, are summarized in Table 1. The ground thermal properties are determined based on field thermal response tests. A 30% propylene glycol solution is specified as the heat transfer fluid. A borehole diameter of 15.24 cm, an HDPE single U-tube with a nominal diameter of 3.18 cm, and thermally enhanced grout are also specified.
 
 Aside from heating system design, pipe network design is critical to maintaining the target flow rate for every pipe branch. Therefore, pipe hydraulics is analyzed for pressure loss to ensure sufficient head pressure for the entire pipe network. This study evaluated piping network design based on target pressure loss and common design parameters such as pipe materials and installation types. The pipe network design results show that the final system consists of 4 heat pumps and 10 water pumps. Combinations of pipes in parallel and series are arranged for efficiency and operational safety. The heat pumps are designed to supply fluid to the bridge deck at approximately 38 ℃ with a total flow rate of 302.8 l/min. The borehole field configuration selected consists of 16 boreholes, each 91.5 m deep and a design flow rate of 18.92 l/min. The borehole field will supply fluid to the heat pumps at a minimum temperature of 18 ℃. The geothermal bridge deicing system is currently being installed onto the bridge and is expected to be completed by the summer of 2023.

Implementation of Driver Briefing Policy in Improving Driver Safety at Multinational Company Workshop in Batam, Indonesia

Purpose: Work safety is a big responsibility for every company, especially the safety of motorists who operate within the Multinational Company Workshop Area. This study examines the extent of employees' understanding of driving safety regulations through driver briefing policies in the Multinational Company Workshop area.
 Design/methodology/approach: Data were obtained from the results of the questionnaire survey of motorists at Multinational Company Workshop using the questionnaire survey method to find answers. Data retrieval technique using the Purposive Sampling method is collected through online surveys given directly to respondents. After that, the data collection results in Analysis use the web spider method to find the comparison before and after the policy is improved. The population in this study were employees of Multinational Company Workshop in Batam with 70 respondents.
 Findings: Based on a survey conducted by many employees, many still need to become more familiar with the driving regulations within the Multinational Company Workshop Area. However, some employees already understand and understand the content of the safety briefing themselves.
 Research limitations/implications: The implementation of research in this paper is tried as much as possible by the intentions and objectives of the research and does not damage the company's image. Data collection in this study was based only on the questionnaire results, so there might have been fewer objective elements in the filling process, such as concurrent mutual filling in the questionnaire.
 Practical implications: This driver briefing policy applies to creating a healthy and safe work environment to reduce the probability of work accidents or diseases due to negligence resulting in demotivation and deficiency.
 Originality/value: This paper is an original work
 Paper type: Research paper

Factors Influencing Motorists' Injury Severities: An Empirical Assessment of Crashes in District Peshawar, Pakistan

Travelling in a motor car is a popular mode of conveyance across Pakistan. Similarly, motorists constitute about 66% of total registered cars in Peshawar District which observed a 200% increase from 2006 to 2016. The current research estimates a Random Parameter Logit (RPL) Model by heterogeneousness means & variations in order to identify various parameters that contribute to the motorists' brutality of injury. The effects of motorist traits, temporal characteristics, motor vehicle features, roadway attributes, weather characteristics and effects of speed limits were predominantly considered for this analysis. Generally, typical approximation results show that the chance and severity of injuries increase for accidents including young drivers, winter indicators, and crashes that occurred between 10 AM-02 PM. Likewise, minor wound smashes are more likely to involve senior drivers, occurring during sunny weather, in the autumn season and in the month of August. Safety measures are suggested based on the findings of this research study to improve professional's motorist safety e.g. educating drivers about traffic rules and safety, zero tolerance for driving without a valid license, and enforcing speed limits on the roads. The results of this study will help in formulating strategies to improve motorists' safety.

Where to invest in road mitigation? A comparison of multiscale wildlife data to inform roadway prioritization

Roads and associated traffic have significant impacts on wildlife, from direct mortality caused by vehicle collisions to indirect effects when wildlife avoid roads, restricting access to important resources. Road mitigation measures such as constructing wildlife passages over or under the road with directional fencing have proven effective at reducing wildlife vehicle collisions while also enabling wildlife to safely cross the road. Highway mitigation projects are led by transportation agencies with a primary purpose of improving motorist safety. More recently, through the discipline of road ecology, considerations have included safe wildlife passage through transportation corridors. To prioritize road sections for mitigation, data sources include animal vehicle collision data collected by transportation agencies and connectivity models generated by wildlife professionals. We used a third data source, pronghorn observations collected by citizen scientists, and demonstrated its value to prioritize potential wildlife mitigation sites. Our results clearly demonstrate a misalignment of road mitigation sites using animal-vehicle collision data and those of rarer species of interest.

Evaluation of a Mobile Highway Management System at Roadwork Zones

Road construction and maintenance activities cause traffic congestions and delays and present challenges for ensuring the safety of both motorists and road workers. While urban areas are well-equipped with traffic devices, in the case of highways our chances to collect traffic data and control traffic flows may be limited. Then the use of a temporary Highway Traffic Management System seems to be a suitable solution. Although the impacts of its deployment are addressed by many theoretical studies and demonstrated on traffic simulation models, there are not many references dealing with field tests. We provide results of the practical evaluation of the temporary Highway Management System installed and tested on the main highway in the Czech Republic during the road works period. Before-after analysis of collected traffic data was performed to prove the importance and positive impact of the proposed solution. We demonstrate an over 20% increase in the capacity of the roadwork zone and an almost 30 seconds decrease in average delay for one vehicle Highway administrators can use the results to justify investments into the temporary deployment of mobile traffic management systems.

The effectiveness of decommissioning roadside mineral licks on reducing moose (Alces alces) activity near highways: implications for moose–vehicle collisions

Roadside mineral licks form when road salt used to de-ice highways in winter runs off road surfaces and accumulates in roadside ditches. Some ungulates are attracted to these roadside licks as they seek to satisfy their mineral requirements. Within the distribution of moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) in North America, motorists often encounter moose visiting roadside licks in mid-summer, with many jurisdictions reporting summer peaks in moose–vehicle collisions (MVCs) at these locations. We used camera traps to monitor the moose visitation of 22 roadside locations (including roadside licks, roadside ponds, and dry roadsides) in central British Columbia, Canada, from December 2009 to July 2020. We tested the efficacy of treatment (decommissioning) methods used to reduce moose visitation to roadside licks and roughly estimated decommissioning costs. Moose visitation to roadside licks was greatest from May to July. As we hypothesized, untreated licks were visited more often by moose than decommissioned licks, roadside ponds (absence of road salt), and dry roadsides. Decommissioning roadside licks by replacing or mixing lick waters and soils with materials, such as riprap, cedar mulch, pine logs, or dog (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) fur and human (Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758) hair, is an effective and inexpensive means of reducing moose visitations to roadside areas and should increase motorist safety where roadside licks are visited by moose.

Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete for Improving Impact Resistance of Bridge Superstructures to Overheight Collision

Abstract Collision of overheight vehicles into bridge superstructures often leads to structural damage, posing an immediate risk to the safety of motorists and the functionality of bridges. Conside...

Assessment of Traffic Sign Comprehension Levels among Drivers in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE

Road traffic signs are part of the road infrastructure components meant to ensure the safe use of roads by motorists and pedestrians alike. A good knowledge and comprehension of road signs helps ensure smooth flow of traffic, improves safety for other motorists and provides drivers with good reaction time to comply with the message dictated by the signs. Abu Dhabi, being the capital of the UAE, brings together people from all over the world for work, business or tourism. Abu Dhabi has quality roads and traffic signage together with an efficient police force that enforces adherence to traffic rules. Despite all these and the reduced fatalities in absolute terms, traffic violations have been increasing exponentially, resulting in five million traffic fines in 2019 for a population of about 2.9 million inhabitants. This study sought to assess motorists’ comprehension of the various traffic signs used across the UAE. The results of the survey (N = 200) revealed that the drivers were able to correctly identify 77% of the road signs in the survey. It was also found that the respondents failed to correctly identify traffic signs within the specific category referred to as “advance warning signs”. Respondents’ education, nationality, gender, and marital status did not have any statistically significant effects on the results compared to earlier studies. It is recommended that more attention be focused on driver education and training.

Pedestrian deaths and large vehicles

Traffic fatalities in the US have been rising among pedestrians even as they fall among motorists. Contemporaneously, the US has undergone a significant shift in consumer preferences for motor vehicles, with larger Sport Utility Vehicles comprising an increased market share. Larger vehicles may pose a risk to pedestrians, increasing the severity of collisions. I use data covering all fatal vehicle collisions in the US and exploit heterogeneity in changing vehicle fleets across metros for identification. Between 2000 and 2019, I estimate that replacing the growth in Sport Utility Vehicles with cars would have averted 1,100 pedestrian deaths. I find no evidence that the shift towards larger vehicles improved aggregate motorist safety.

Characterization of impact-induced forces and damage to bridge superstructures due to over-height collision

Over-height collisions into bridge superstructures often lead to structural damage, posing an immediate risk to the safety of motorists and functionality of bridges. To ensure that the bridge girders impacted by over-height vehicles are not compromised, it is essential to have an accurate assessment of the impact-induced loading demand. The current codes and specifications, however, lack the information necessary to estimate the impact forces that the bridge girders can experience during an over-height collision. To address this gap, a detailed investigation is conducted in the current study to (i) characterize the loading demand expected from various impacting objects, (ii) determine the range and variability of impact-induced forces (as a function of the velocity and size of the impacting objects), and (iii) develop a set of equations to predict the impact forces from over-height collisions into bridge superstructures. For this purpose, high-fidelity finite-element (FE) models are developed, covering four individual objects, i.e., concrete pipe, steel tank, PVC pipe, and wooden box container, in addition to a tractor-semitrailer. The structural performance of the bridge superstructures impacted by the identified objects is evaluated using several response measures, including impact force, internal shear, and damage pattern. The outcome of this study provides the input necessary for the design of new and the assessment of existing bridge superstructures against possible over-height collisions.