Safety Of Machinery Research Articles

Analysis and Research on the Surrounding Rock Stability of Deep and Large Working Shaft of Long Shaft Deep Well Pump

<p>The design of deep and large shaft excavation and support is not only related to the safety of personnel and machinery during construction, but also directly affects the safe and stable operation of the long-axis deep well pumping pump station in the later period. Therefore, the design of the surrounding rock support of the working shaft is very important. This paper makes full use of the advantages of Midas GTS NX geotechnical finite element analysis software and FLAC3D finite element analysis software to analyze and calculate the primary and secondary support of deep and large working shafts, verifies the rationality of the primary support measures, and provides specific design parameters for the secondary support design, which has a good practical guiding significance for the actual engineering design.</p>

Towards trustworthy machine fault diagnosis: A probabilistic Bayesian deep learning framework

Fault diagnosis is efficient to improve the safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of industrial machinery. Deep learning has been extensively investigated in fault diagnosis, exhibiting state-of-the-art performance. However, since deep learning is inherently uninterpretable, the low trustworthiness of the diagnostic results given by these black-boxes has always been a limiting factor in industrial applications. Specially, the monitoring data under unforeseen domains will be easily misdiagnosed without any symptoms. To address this issue, this paper explores the fault diagnosis in a probabilistic Bayesian deep learning framework by exploiting an uncertainty-aware model to understand the unknown fault information and identify the inputs from unseen domains, ultimately achieving trustworthy diagnosis. Moreover, the diagnostic uncertainty is decomposed in two aspects: (1) epistemic uncertainty, reflecting the discrepancy of test input relative to the training data, and (2) aleatoric uncertainty, referring to the noise originating from the input, offering a deep understanding of the unknowns in the diagnostic model. The proposed framework not only can accurately identify the faults belonging to a known distribution, but also provides insights into uncertainty and avoid the erroneous decision-making. Last, but not least, comprehensive diagnostic experiments considering unseen scenarios are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed framework, providing competitive results.

Dynamic load analysis of the connecting bolts in a universal joint

Dynamic loads of the connecting bolts in a universal joint can greatly affect the bolt fatigue and fracture, as well as the machinery safety and stability. But few researches focused on those. To obtain the dynamic load characteristics of the connecting bolts in a universal joint, this paper established a flexible dynamic model for the connecting bolts. A multibody dynamic model of a universal joint is developed. The dynamic loads on the connecting bolts of the universal joint are analyzed. The influences of the preloads, speeds and loads are studied. The amplitude and frequency properities are obtained. The effect of the preload is small when the preload is in the range of 80%~120% of the standard value. The load and speed have great influence on the time- and frequency-domain dynamic loads of the bolts. The flexible dynamic model of the connecting bolt is closer to the actual situation than the rigid model since it can consider the preload and deformation of the bolts. This study can provide guidance for the fatigue life prediction of the universal shaft and its bolts.

An Oil Multipollutant Detection Sensor With High Sensitivity and High Throughput

Oil is rich in information about the operating status of machinery and equipment, and oil condition monitoring is essential for maintaining the safety and reliability of machinery and equipment. Most sensors not only have the problem of small detection throughput and low detection efficiency, but also large-sized contaminants can easily block or even scratch the detection channel. A sensor with high sensitivity and high throughput for detecting multiple oil contamination is designed in this paper. The sensor comprises four glass capillary detection channels and four detection units, including a planar coil, solenoid coil, cylindrical parallel plate capacitor and rectangular parallel plate capacitor. Detection flux of the sensor is increased by 12 times its initial value, which significantly improves the detection efficiency. Through experimental research, in the inductance mode, the best excitation frequency is 2 MHz, and the voltage is 2 V. In the capacitance mode, the best excitation frequency is 1.8 MHz, and the voltage is 2 V. In addition, the sensor has a higher detection capability for Fe than Cu in the inductance mode, and a higher detection capability for water droplets than air bubbles in the capacitance mode. By analyzing the signal characteristics of each sensor unit, the sensor can distinguish between Fe of 38~900 μm and Cu of 88~900 μm, as well as water droplets greater than 130 μm and air bubbles greater than 100 μm. This research provides a new idea for online oil monitoring.

Development of an Implementation Support Tool for Hazard Identification at the Design Stage of Machinery

The implementation of risk assessment (hereafter, “RA”) at the design stage of machinery is essential to prevent the use of machine from being the causes of industrial accidents, however, the diffusion and embeddedness of RA among machine manufacturers in Japan are impeded by the difficulty of “hazard identification” which is regarded as the most important step in the whole RA process. In order to establish an effective support measure for inexperienced design engineers to adequately carry out the hazard identification, this study focuses on the facts that its difficulty is comprised of two aspects and the utilization of requirements stated in the international standards related to safety of machinery can solve both. A hazard identification support tool substantiating the above-mentioned concept is proposed and specification and functions of its prototype under development are described in this paper.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF PIPE-LAY VESSELS AND HEAVY-LIFT CRANE VESSELS

Pipe-lay vessels, heavy-lift crane vessels and dual purpose heavy-lift and pipe-lay vessels are distinct in many ways from other types of ships or offshore units. The unique functions that these vessels carry out can impact directly on the overall safety of the vessel, the personnel on-board and the potential to pollute the environment. This paper outlines some of the hull and machinery safety assurance considerations for classification and design pertinent to pipe-lay and heavy-lift operations. The considerations that are discussed in this paper include the implications of classing the vessel as a ship or an offshore unit; the interaction between classification and marine warranty; general arrangement; station-keeping; structural assessment and the interaction between safety critical systems. Specific hazards for pipe-lay vessels and their use of chemicals on-board are also discussed.

Результати тестування доїльної установки типу «ЯЛИНКА» «EUROCLASS 1200»

Abstract The purpose of the research is – to evaluate the milking platform of "Yalynka" ("Herringbone") "EuroClass 1200" type manufactured by "GEA" (Germany) for milking cows based on the results of experimental testing. Research methods. During the testing of the milking parlor "Yalynka" "EuroClass 1200" type the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods described in ISO 5707:2007, ISO 6690:2007, DSTU 7435:2013 and DSTU 3662:2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424:2015 and DSTU 4397:2005, safety and ergonomics of the equipment were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100:2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was established that the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type of German production at the appropriate level performs the technological process of machine milking of cows. The obtained research results showed that the average total milking time of one cow is 5,07 minutes, the average intensity of milk excretion as a whole during milking – 2,35 kg / min. Milk obtained during milking cows in terms of quality corresponds to the grade "Extra" in accordance with DSTU 3662: 2018. Devices for controlling the process of milking cows "DemaTron 70" and computer herd management system "Dairy Plan C21" perform the technological process of milking cows in automatic mode, control over the implementation of technical parameters of the milking process, milk accounting and shutdown of milking machines. Based on the results of conformity assessment of the construction of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type in terms of safety and ergonomics, it is established that it meets the requirements of DSTU EN 12100: 2014 and DSTU 60204-1: 2015 for items related to its design, which is the evidence base of its compliance with the Technical Regulations for the Safety of Machinery and the Technical Regulations for Low-Voltage Electrical Equipment. Productivity of the milking installation-platform makes 70 heads / hour. Serves the milking parlor 2 operators of machine milking. Electricity consumption per milking a cow is 0,13 kWh. Annual operating costs are 4247 UAH / head in the conditions of 3 times milking of cows. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, experimental testing of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the technological process of machine milking of cows with their loose housing and provides milk of the "Extra" grade. The «Euroclass 1200» «Yalinka» milking parlor is characterized by a high technical level and can be widely used in Ukraine.

Stiffness Evaluation and fast matching method of mechanical composite structure

Stiffness evaluation can improve the reliability and safety of combined machinery, which is often used to evaluate the performance of combined machinery. In order to study the stiffness evaluation method and rapid matching of mechanical composite structure, the composite machinery composed of high-power diesel is taken as the research object. The results show that the error between test mode and calculation mode is no more than 10%, indicating the reliability of finite element simulation model; two characterization methods of static stiffness and dynamic stiffness are determined, and the analysis methods of two characterization methods of combined machinery are discussed one by one. Taking the combined machinery of body, main bearing cap and oil pan as the research object, the overall stiffness characterization data of three parts are obtained one by one; finally, the principles of mechanical combination Stiffness Evaluation and rapid matching are summarized. This study provides a reference for Stiffness Evaluation and rapid matching of combined mechanical structures.

Images of vortex ropes could improve hydraulic machinery safety

Researchers analyzed the generation and transformation of cavitation vortex ropes with high resolution images.

Manufacture of an abrasive jet machining (AJM) equipment adapted for the treatment of rotary flexion fatigue specimens

The influence of micro-geometric irregularities on fatigue strength and, in particular, surface topography is widely accepted. The different machining processes generate surface roughness on machined parts that may significantly modify their fatigue behaviour and compromise their use in components where structural stability is required. Therefore, the study of these materials behaviour under cyclic loading stresses becomes highly relevant. The aim of this work is to design and manufacture an abrasive jet machining machine, in order to improve the surface roughness in the dry turning of aluminium alloys for a study of the influence on fatigue life after modification of its surface topography, using similar parameters to any equivalent industrial equipment. For this purpose, several components from obsolete machines belonging to the Manufacturing Engineering Department of the University of Malaga have been reused, to reduce the final cost. Several tests have been carried out with the aim of testing the manufactured equipment. The experimental data have shown results in line with those offered by others in industrial use for similar abrasives and processing material. The equipment has been built in accordance with the ISO 12100:2010 Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction.

THE IMPACT OF THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REGULATIONS, 2009, ON THE SALE AND LEASE OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTY

The Electrical Installation Regulations, 2009, made by the Minister of Labour in terms of section 43 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 constitute yet another attempt on the part of the South African authorities to regulate the installation and use of electrical installations in buildings. The Regulations, published in terms of R 242 in Government Gazette 31975 of 6 March 2009,supersede the Electrical Installation Regulations, 1992, made by the Minister of Manpower in terms of section 35 of the Machinery and Occupational Safety Act 6 of 1983. They came into operation on 1 May 2009, with the exception of regulation 5(6) which took effect on 1 April 2010. The 2009 Regulations, like those they replace, impose certain substantive duties on users, lessors and installers of electrical installations. Of particular importance for property owners and lessors is the responsibility for the electrical installation on a property, and the duty to have a valid certificate of compliance in respect of such installation. The old Regulations did not describe these responsibilities and duties in clear terms, resulting in considerable confusion and uncertainty. Disappointingly, the new Regulationsare only marginally better in this regard. The Department of Labour has published explanatory notes on the Regulations, but they do little more than merely citing each regulation and stating that it is selfexplanatory. The Regulations were preceded by a number of drafts which, reportedly, elicited “acrimonious debate”, even the possibility of litigation involving the Electrical Contractors’Association of South Africa and the Department of Labour. However, the main points of dispute were not so much the impact of the Regulations on the sale and lease of immovable property but revolved around issues affecting the electrical contracting industry and its stakeholders. This note focuses on the requirements to be met in terms of the Electrical Installation Regulations, 2009, in relation to the sale and lease of immovable property, residential premises in particular. To place the discussion in perspective it is firstly necessary to examine briefly the objective and scope of the Regulations, having regard to certain key definitions contained in the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Regulations. Any word or expression to which a meaning has been assigned in the Act has the samemeaning for the purposes of the Regulations.

Machinery Safety and Ergonomics: A Case Study Research to Augment Agricultural Tracklaying Tractors' Safety and Usability.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in agricultural activities is an issue of major concern worldwide notwithstanding the ever stricter regulations issued in this sector. In particular, most accidents are related to the use of tractors and the main causes of this phenomenon are due to the lack of rollover protective structures (ROPSs). This happens especially when tractors are used in particular in-field operations that are characterized by limited clearances between tractor and crop rows so that farmers usually use tractors without ROPS (e.g., dismounting it). To solve such a problem, foldable protective structures (FROPSs) have been proposed, which should augment the operator’s protection. However, FROPS’s conventional solutions underestimate the operators’ risk-taking behavior and the widespread misuse of FROPS due to the efforts needed to operate it. The current study aims at contributing to the improvement of the latter issue proposing the development of a novel approach for the implementation of partial assistance systems (PASs) that can reduce the physical effort of the operator when raising/lowering the FROPS. The proposed methodology, which is based on a reverse engineering approach, was verified by means of a practical case study on a tracklaying tractor. Results achieved can contribute to expanding knowledge on technical solutions aimed at improving the human-machinery interaction in the agricultural sector.

The integrated usage of ground-based and satellite SAR, along with 3D structural modelling in Titania: creating a link between short and long - term slope stability hazard management

Mining is a high risk business and for every modern mining industry, the main aim of its open pit design is to create walls that will be stable for the life of the open pit, which in some cases may extend beyond the closure. As a result, any kind of instability should be manageable and if possible, it should not develop to instabilities. This paper focuses on 300.000 tons instability that began in 2008 and continues until today in Titania. The hazard associated with this instability was a constant threat for the continuation of the production and the safety of people and machinery. In order to manage the hazard in short- and long-term, it was evident that data from different sources should be combined and analyzed. Data from ground-based and satellite SAR were used to delineate the unstable area through a period of 10 years. At the same time advanced implicit modelling techniques were used to integrate borehole and surface structural data in a 3D structural model. This 2 stage workflow, led to a set of preventive and remedial measures that allowed the continuation of the production the last ten years and will ensure the continuation of the production for, at least, other ten years.

The Road to Industry 4.0 Maturity

Many manufacturers still do not have a clear plan for Industry 4.0 or understand how to go about devising a strategy. Machinery safety expert TÜV SÜD says the Industry 4.0 Maturity Index concept can help firms devise a strategy

Increasing the safety of a device using the TRIZ methodology

The safety of machinery is a very important aspect for its correct functioning in the conditions of modern production or assembly. According to the standards, manufacturers of special-purpose machines and devices are obliged to provide their equipment with a certificate of conformity (CE). This article describes the concerns of insufficient safety of a device. Insufficient coverage of part of the line meant that the certification did not take place, and the safety requirements were not met. The TRIZ method was used to resolve this technical discrepancy, providing designers with "instructions" on how to proceed, solve complex problems at the level of discrepancies and create solutions. By agreement of the designers, a solution that was not economically and implementation-intensive was created. All doors and windows within the fencing have been reinforced, thus achieving a greater degree of security. The resulting solution was subjected to simulations in the Ansys Workbench program, and the FEM analysis led to certain conclusions. The results were then moved to the structural engineer to assess the solution, who then approved the solution and successful certification of part of the device, respectively, in the assembly line.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАШИН С ГИДРОПРИВОДОМ

Work purpose: the investigation of transport process safety in construction industry of the Bryansk region, the substantiation of reasons, factors and circumstances of accidents in the construction companies of the region, the substantiation of the impact of hydraulic drive unit failures upon safety of transport construction machinery with the hydraulic drive with the purpose of driver safety. Investigation problem: on the basis of the obtained results of the safety investigations of transport processes, reasons defined, revealed injury factors of drivers during the operation of the load flat car hydraulic drive of transport means to develop motion parameters of the “hydraulic drive-load flat car” system which will not allow arising oscillations of the system resulting in hydraulic drive failure arising which has influence upon driver’s work safety. The investigations were carried out on the basis of a system analysis of accident examinations in the regional construction industry which on the basis of statistical data allows the defining safety state of transport construction machinery. By means of investigations it is defined that 90% of transport construction machines are equipped with a hydraulic drive. In the hydraulic drive the most significant element is a hydraulic cylinder – the most loaded element performing all basic operations of a working process of loading and unloading. In the hydraulic drive there is used a telescopic hydraulic cylinder in which during operation there are revealed design-production defects (DPD) which result in injury of machine service personnel. One of DPD manifestations is oscillation formation in the hydraulic drive which results in the destruction of hydraulic cylinder attachment fitting. It is defined that the support of hydraulic drive reliability and safety is a difficult problem which needs a complex solution still at designing and creation, and during the operation. The complexity of the problem causes the necessity of design and operation parameter optimization, in the first place, that of an executing hydraulic cylinder of the hydraulic drive with the use of mathematical modeling. The review of the mathematical modeling methods of hydraulic cylinder parameters allows drawing the conclusion that the existing methods have many assumptions and do not allow creating completely reliable and safe transport construction engineering. The investigation novelty consists in the offered procedure for the solution of motion equations of the “hydraulic drive – load flat car” system which allows calculating the motion system parameters, defining the development of system oscillation above critical able to destruct a fitting unit of the hydraulic cylinder to the load flat car. Conclusion. The algorithm offered for the solution of mathematical equations allows making a conclusion on the stability and safety of the “hydraulic cylinder – load flat car” system, finding optimum values of motion parameters at any time moment of a transitional process.

Implementation of Regulatory Standards for Tobacco-Brazil Presses

The main legislation applied to machines in Brazil is the Regulatory Standard 12 (NR-12) dealing with the Workplace Safety in machinery and equipment which was approved by Ordinance No. 3241 in June 8th, 1978 by the Ministry of Labour. The NR-12 defines technical references, fundamental principles and protective measures to ensure the health and physical integrity of workers. In this context, the goal of this work is to suggest security measures in a pneumatic press of tobacco according to Regulation Standard No. 12, as well as ensure the workers safety. We utilized a risk evaluation method known as HRN (Hazard Rating Number) applied to offer greater precision in risk checks on machines. Our results indicate the security measures that should be adopted for the implementation of the NR-12 in tobacco presses.

Risk Assessment and Calibration of Risk Matrices Aspects

Modern quality management systems, including ISO 9001 standard based, are widely used by companies. Availability of ISO 9001 certificate and quality management system, that runs like well-lubricated machine, gives the company the tool to concentrate on customer needs, to keep the high quality standard of all processes in the company, to collaborate with reliable partners and as a result to offer the high quality products and services. There is a tendency that management systems are becoming more risk thinking based and refer to risk management standard ISO 31000. Risk management standard stands for managing risks with consequences related to safety, economic performance, environmental and other outcomes thus support company continuous improvement.For machine industry risk assessment is crucial as this is a part of CE marking documentation. According to EU legislation, to sell the machinery within European Economic Area, CE marking of machines showing the machine correspondance to Machinery directive requirements is mandatory. Risk assessment in machine industry is applied for evaluation of the risks associated with corresponding hazards to guarantee the safety of design, production process and machinery produced. Risk assessment is conducted to evaluate machine design, exploitation or manufacturing process risks. For production process risk estimation the risk levels of subprocesses should be considered.There are no available risk assessment industry standards. Risk matrices developed by companies are used to analyse and estimate risks for correct decision making and risk reduction. Unfortunately faulty risk matrices cause difficulties during risk estimation process and lead to inappropriate safety measures application. Risk matrices use numerical values and consider minimally hazardous event severity and probability of hazardous event levels. Numerical values of risk levels are listed in the risk matrices during risk assessment. Unfortunately calibration information with defined numerical risk tolerance criteria is often missing. Miscalibrated risk matrices lead to critically wrong decisions on risk elimination issues. This paper describes the aspects of risk matrices calibration and highlights the importance of risk tolerance definition applied during risk assessment.

Fracture toughness experimental investigations of metal structures from low-alloyed steel

Presented are the results of experimental fracture toughness investigations of metal structures from low-alloyed steel (<0.12% C, 0.6-0.9% Cr, 0.8-1.1% Si, 0.5-0.8% Ni, 0.4-0.6% Cu and others), the influence of structural, technological and operational factors taken into account. The results of the investigations can be used to form a fracture toughness data bank of metal structures for mechanical engineering, to conduct of metal structure defectation, to assess of the brittle fracture risk due to the presence of crack defects, to improve the quality control system at the production stage and to solve other problems of ensuring the safety of machinery and equipment.

Methodology for Complex Efficiency Evaluation of Machinery Safety Measures in a Production Organization

Even though the rules for the free circulation of machinery within the European Union (EU) market have existed for more than 30 years, accidents related to their activities have constantly been reaching significant value. When designing a machine, the design must stem from a risk assessment, where all stages of its life cycle and the ways to use it must be taken into consideration. In industrial operations with old machinery, despite fulfilling its function reliably, the safety level is below the developing requirements for safe operations. The proposed methodology to assess machinery safety conditions comes from the assumption of the proper application of risk assessment steps and their effectiveness in risk reduction mainly through implementing both effective and efficient preventive measures. The objective of the research applied in three operations was to verify the methods concerning machinery safety and its management. The created methodology, based on 19 requirements for safety, evaluates the level of current measures using a criterion of the current safety status and the total effectiveness of safety measures. Its output is the assessment of the efficiency level of the implemented safety measures of each machine as well as of the whole operation.