Safe Environment Research Articles

Development of complex wastewater treatment of galvanizing lines

The prospective of increasing of environmental safety level for industrial enterprises as a result of the implementation of new complex wastewater treatment technology are considered. An analysis of literary sources was carried out regarding the effectiveness of the existing methods of wastewater treatment that contain compounds of heavy metals. The efficiency of iron ion extraction was investigated by processing of steel pickling solutions using the ferritization with various activation methods of the reaction mixture. X-ray phase analysis of the obtained ferritization sediments confirmed the presence of highly dispersed ferromagnetic phases of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. The sorption capacity of magnetite sediment obtained by ferritization on the efficiency of zinc ion extraction from the wastewater of the galvanic line was studied. The influence of pH value and ultrasound on sorption treatment of washing wastewater by magnetite sediment was determined. When using ultrasound for sorbent treatment and raising the pH to 10, the residual concentration of zinc ions in the washing wastewater decreases to 0.31 mg/dm3, the degree of purification is 98.9%. Such water meets the standards for its use in the operations of washing parts at electroplating facilities or discharge into the city's central sewage system. The prospects for the utilization of spent sorbents in powder paint and varnish materials as a result of the inclusion in their composition of ferritization products obtained from electroplating waste are considered. The use of ferromagnetic waste from sorption treatment improves the corrosion resistance of the resulting coatings compared to traditional ones. The implementation of research results at enterprises will prevent environmental pollution by toxic substances, change outdated production technologies and obtain from production waste materials for corrosion protection of metal construction.

Analysis of Healthcare Waste Treatment Problem Based on an Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy Decision-Making Method

Medical waste risks people and the environment because it can be infectious and contain hazardous substances. For patients to receive medical attention and recover in a safe environment, garbage must be disposed of correctly. Improper medical waste disposal poses a severe risk to society, which can accelerate the development of various pandemics and epidemics. In this case, medical waste disposal should be handled appropriately. This study presents an integrated multi-criteria decision-making method consisting of entropy, PIPRECIA, and MACROS methods based on an interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy set. This method can guarantee high safety and security for health practitioners and society through effective modeling and ranking of risks associated with medical waste disposal. Five alternatives and eight criteria were determined. According to the results, incineration is the most suitable disposal process for healthcare waste. The performance was then assessed and validated using a sensitivity analysis. In addition, the study's findings and their consequences for lawmakers, businesspeople, technologists, and practitioners are examined. In the future, these stakeholders can concentrate on these deficiencies and provide long-term remedies.

CHLORINE RESIDUALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGEN INACTIVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Chlorine residuals are a critical component of wastewater treatment systems. Inactivation of pathogens is a crucial goal to protect public health and stop the spread of waterborne illnesses. The purpose of this study is to find out more about the use of chlorination to dominate all pathogenic bacteria in a safe environment. The method used in this paper is an approach to literature review, which is carried out by publishing articles, including browsing the internet, Google Scholar, and related journals. The study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between the chlorine doses given and the resulting concentration of the residuals. In addition, the study emphasizes the potential consequences of an ecosystem, such as excessive algae growth and the contribution of methane gas production to greenhouse effects. Our findings focus on the need for a comprehensive approach to managing chlorine residuals, considering aspects of health in humans, effective inactivation that is pathogenic, and preserving the environment for long-term sustainability.

Reduced scale experiment and numerical simulation study on different airflow organization modes in large ship painting workshop

Mechanical ventilation is a key means to improve indoor air quality in shipbuilding industry. Appropriate airflow organization will have a perceptible impact on environmental safety, personnel health, and energy conservation. Many ship painting workshops use fully mixed ventilation, making it difficult to meet indoor pollutant standards and save energy. Therefore, it is necessary to optimal design the airflow organization in the ship painting workshop reasonably. This article introduces three new air supply strategies for ship painting workshops, namely piston flow air supply, attached jet air supply, and side air supply, and compares them with the existing mixed air supply. Three operating scenarios have been established, including isothermal conditions in spring and autumn, cooling condition in summer, and heating condition in winter. The airflow and pollutant distribution of each airflow organization are compared through scale model experiments and numerical simulations. Finally, the most suitable strategy for the workshop in each season is selected and promoted for engineering applications.

A SET OF SMALL-SIZED EQUIPMENT FOR CARRYING OUT RESTORATION WORK ON SEGMENTS OF SEWAGE COLLECTORS

The urban sewage system is the basis for ensuring environmental safety and viability of cities. However, in the context of today's conditions, which include military aggression and limited funding, maintaining the viability of these systems faces numerous challenges. The article is devoted to the study of actual methods of restoration of reinforced concrete structures of sewage collectors, which are important elements of the infrastructure that ensure the collection and transportation of wastewater to treatment facilities. Given the complex location of many sewage facilities, their restoration requires the use of specialized mobile equipment capable of functioning effectively in limited conditions. The article analyzes modern methods of restoration work, including methods of injection and injection concrete (dry and wet). Various technological approaches to the restoration of damaged areas, which ensure reliable sealing and return of the object to its original state, are considered. The peculiarities of using shotcrete as one of the most effective methods of applying the concrete mixture to the prepared surface are also discussed. It is noted that this technology allows for a high level of adhesion and uniform coverage, which is important to prevent further destruction. The study highlights the importance of choosing quality equipment for the preparation and delivery of concrete mixes, such as concrete mixers, compressor units and flexible pipes. The characteristics of the equipment are considered, which allow to perform work on the application of a concrete mixture under pressure in difficult conditions, in particular in the limited space of underground tunnels or collectors of small diameter. Technological schemes of restoration work are described, including various options for the location of equipment depending on the conditions of access to the damaged area. The results of the study indicate that the choice of appropriate equipment and methods of work depends on the type of damage, the condition of the surface and the conditions of the restoration. The use of small-sized mobile kits allows you to increase the productivity and quality of restoration work, ensuring speed and efficiency even in difficult conditions of limited access. Thanks to the use of modern technologies, such as shotcrete, restored areas of reinforced concrete structures are able to maintain their integrity and resistance to the influence of external factors, including microbiological corrosion and mechanical damage. The article concludes that the integration of mobile, multi-functional equipment and the latest repair methods is a key factor in ensuring the effective restoration of sewage systems, which is the basis for the stable functioning of urban infrastructure. Key words: sewage collectors, restoration, destruction, concreting, shotcrete work, small-sized equipment, concrete mixture

From Detection to Action: A Multimodal AI Framework for Traffic Incident Response

With the rising incidence of traffic accidents and growing environmental concerns, the demand for advanced systems to ensure traffic and environmental safety has become increasingly urgent. This paper introduces an automated highway safety management framework that integrates computer vision and natural language processing for real-time monitoring, analysis, and reporting of traffic incidents. The system not only identifies accidents but also aids in coordinating emergency responses, such as dispatching ambulances, fire services, and police, while simultaneously managing traffic flow. The approach begins with the creation of a diverse highway accident dataset, combining public datasets with drone and CCTV footage. YOLOv11s is retrained on this dataset to enable real-time detection of critical traffic elements and anomalies, such as collisions and fires. A vision–language model (VLM), Moondream2, is employed to generate detailed scene descriptions, which are further refined by a large language model (LLM), GPT 4-Turbo, to produce concise incident reports and actionable suggestions. These reports are automatically sent to relevant authorities, ensuring prompt and effective response. The system’s effectiveness is validated through the analysis of diverse accident videos and zero-shot simulation testing within the Webots environment. The results highlight the potential of combining drone and CCTV imagery with AI-driven methodologies to improve traffic management and enhance public safety. Future work will include refining detection models, expanding dataset diversity, and deploying the framework in real-world scenarios using live drone and CCTV feeds. This study lays the groundwork for scalable and reliable solutions to address critical traffic safety challenges.

Evaluation of automated driving safety in urban mixed traffic environments

AbstractConflicting driving behaviours between automated vehicles and manually driven vehicles may compromise driving safety. The aim of this study is to analyse the safety of mixed traffic on urban roads. The driving simulation tests were conducted using a multi‐agent driving simulator, which allows real‐time synchronization of multiple simulators. These data were further processed to derive the driving behaviour parameters of manually driven vehicles in VISSIM traffic simulations. Driving safety evaluation indicators included conflict‐related indicators, as well as individual safety indicators. The safety evaluation indicators were normalized through min–max normalization, and the risk scores were summed to evaluate the urban roads. The analysis revealed that driving safety was poor at unsignalized intersections with a market penetration rate of 10% and 50% and at signalized intersections with traffic islands and a market penetration rate of 100%, where conflicts arise from the deceleration of leading vehicles and lane changes. This finding is about the driving behaviour of automated vehicles, which maintain a greater distance from the leading vehicle than manually driven vehicles, resulting in poorer driving safety due to lane changes rather than deceleration. Using the findings of this study, criteria for assessing the safety of mixed traffic situations in existing road infrastructures can be established.

An inquiry into factors influencing non-clinical healthcare professionals’ feedback-seeking behavior

Purpose This study aimed to explore factors that influence non-clinical staff’s feedback seeking from peers and supervisors. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a qualitative, interpretive approach to data collection and analysis. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 15 non-clinical staff regarding their experiences with feedback seeking at work. To identify themes and patterns of meaning, the authors followed the guidelines for reflexive thematic analysis. Findings The authors find that non-clinical staff’s feedback-seeking behavior was shaped by task-, motivation-, source- and context-related factors. The study’s findings also point to the critical role of peer feedback among non-clinical staff. The authors find that, regarding their daily tasks, non-clinical staff seek feedback from their peers more often than from supervisors. Research limitations/implications The authors encourage scholars to examine the role of trust and expertise in peer feedback-seeking behavior and to explore the use of artificial intelligence as a feedback source for staff performing administrative and clerical roles. The authors also underscore the value of the resource-seeking perspective in advancing research on feedback seeking and creating supportive feedback environments in the workplace. Practical implications The authors recommend non-clinical staff be intentional and proactive with feedback seeking. The authors also recommend healthcare leaders be clear about the expertise available within and outside their departments and create psychologically safe work environments for feedback seeking from peers and supervisors. Originality/value The study contributes to the limited scholarship on non-clinical healthcare professionals and sheds light on non-clinical staff’s feedback-seeking behavior from peers and supervisors.

Analisis Kebijakan Anti-Bullying dalam Konteks Pendidikan Islam : Implikasi untuk Lingkungan Sekolah

This study discusses the anti-bullying policy in the context of Islamic education at SMAN 107 Jakarta, with the aim of describing the implementation of the policy and its application to the relationship between students and between students and teachers and the school community. The method used is a mixed method, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to obtain comprehensive data. The study found that bullying, both verbal and non-verbal, has a serious impact on students' mental and physical health, as well as creating an unconducive school environment. The anti-bullying policy implemented in these schools is based on government regulations and Islamic values, which emphasize the importance of maintaining human dignity and creating a safe learning environment. The implications of this study show that Islamic education can play an important role in shaping students' character and preventing bullying in schools.

Millets: A Nutrient - Rich Path to Sustainable Development Goals, Bridging the Gap Between Environment and Health

In 2015, the United Nations introduced the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals. Another major company significantly contributes to these goals. In 2015, global leaders united to embrace the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a groundbreaking initiative aimed at tackling the world's most critical issues. Central to this agenda are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a blueprint for fostering a more just, prosperous, and sustainable world. These goals encompass a diverse array of objectives, including the elimination of poverty and hunger, the promotion of clean energy, and the advancement of gender equality. Halfway through the 2030 deadline, it is important to keep track of completed products and work to be done. In recent times, there has been a growing concern worldwide about the relationship between environmental safety and human health. With the global population on the rise, the urgency for ensuring health and well-being has intensified. Often referred to as the “rich grain,” millet has emerged as the promise of bridging the gap between protecting the environment and improving human health. Millets offer a promising solution for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They address ecological challenges and promote better health outcomes.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Water and Sediment Condition Change in Fenhe River

Fenhe River is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River, and its water and sediment conditions have undergone tremendous changes in the age scale. The change of water and sediment conditions will inevitably lead to the change of river morphology, which poses a threat to the surrounding ecological environment and building safety. Firstly, this paper analyzes the changes of water and sediment conditions in Fenhe River through historical data. Secondly, according to the engineering measures and policies in the Fenhe River Basin, the influencing factors are put forward. Finally, the effects of rainfall, soil and water conservation, hydraulic construction, industrial water and coal mining on river flow and sediment conditions are considered. The results show that the increase of rainfall and inflow will weaken the sediment generation and carrying capacity, and further reduce the sediment yield. Soil and water conservation will effectively intercept runoff and sediment, reduce the content of the two in the river ; reservoir construction will regulate runoff and incoming sand to reduce the content of river sand. Industrial development and reservoir filling will reduce the amount of river water ; coal mining activities may aggravate the infiltration of the leakage area, resulting in a decrease in upstream runoff.

Anthropometry, Neuroergonomics and Immersive Technologies for the Workplace’s Future: Safer, Self-Sustainable and Digital

Objective: The objective of this research is to identify the best ways to organize tasks, design interfaces and optimize work processes while respecting the cognitive limits, body size and know-how of the workforce. Theoretical Framework: It is possible to prevent occupational and work-related diseases. The future of work is being shaped by a convergence of disciplines that seek to optimize the interaction between humans and machines. Method: The method used included publications related to the topic on immersive training, movement programming and respect for anthropometric differences between genders. Results and Discussion: The results indicate a reduction in mental fatigue, a reduction in the cognitive load in tasks with the creation of work routines and greater attention and productivity. Research Implications: This review research shows how neuroergonomics, anthropometry and immersive technologies, considered pillars of transformation, have the potential to create safer, more efficient work environments adapted to the individual needs of workers. Originality/Value: The study of the physical dimensions and physical-mental characteristics of the human body in the design of equipment and workspaces makes it possible to create more comfortable and safe environments, reducing the risk of repetitive strain injuries and occupational diseases.

Multi-Target Irregular Behavior Recognition of Chemical Laboratory Personnel Based on Improved DeepSORT Method

The lack of safety awareness and the irregular behavior of chemical laboratory personnel are major contributors to laboratory accidents which pose significant risks to both the safety of laboratory environments and the efficiency of laboratory work. These issues can lead to accidents, equipment damage, and jeopardize personnel health. To address this challenge, this study proposes a method for recognizing irregular behavior in laboratory personnel by utilizing an improved DeepSORT algorithm tailored to the specific characteristics of a chemical laboratory setting. The method first extracts skeletal keypoints from laboratory personnel using the Lightweight OpenPose algorithm to locate individuals. The enhanced DeepSORT algorithm tracks human targets and detects the positions of the relevant objects. Finally, an SKPT-LSTM network was employed to integrate tracking data for behavior recognition. This approach was designed to enhance the detection and prevention of unsafe behaviors in chemical laboratories. The experimental results on a self-constructed dataset demonstrate that the proposed method accurately identifies irregular behaviors, thereby contributing to the reduction in safety risks in laboratory environments.

Monitoring Cleaning and Disinfection in a Respiratory Syndrome Unit Amid the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Introduction: This study aimed to monitor the cleaning and disinfection processes of surfaces in a respiratory syndrome unit. Design: A cross-sectional study conducted in a respiratory syndrome unit specialized in the treatment of COVID-19. High-touch surfaces were monitored using the following methods: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Colony-Forming Units (CFU), and Visual Inspection. Monitoring lasted for 30 days, with samples collected both before and after the team performed the cleaning and disinfection procedures. Results: The results showed that most surfaces had microbial counts above 2.5 CFU/cm² both before and after cleaning, thus failing the test. Only one surface showed significant differences in relation to the adenosine triphosphate method: the patients' chair (P=0.014). Regarding visual inspection, it was observed that defects in the structure of the monitored surfaces impacted non-compliance rates. Additionally, a lack of standardization in the use of cleaning products was noted. Implications: The study highlighted the need for improvements in the process to meet the values proposed in the literature, ensuring a safe environment in all healthcare services. It also underscored the complexity of patients with respiratory syndrome.

Impact of Microwave Pre-Curing on Pore Structure and Environmental Performance of Metakaolin- and Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers

Microwave technology in geopolymer synthesis offers a transformative, sustainable alternative to traditional methods, enhancing material properties and production efficiency. However, the effects of microwave-induced changes on pore structure and their relationship with mechanical strength and environmental performance, such as heavy metal leachability, are not fully understood. This study investigates the impact of microwave pre-curing on geopolymers, focusing on how microwave power and duration influence their pore structure and environmental performance. A total of 48 mixtures were prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators, with metakaolin and fly ash as raw materials. The modulus was adjusted to 1.5, and the liquid-to-solid ratio was set at 1.6 for metakaolin and 0.7 for fly ash. Microwave irradiation power settings of 100 W, 300 W, 440 W, 600 W, and 800 W were tested. The heating times ranged from 30 s to 90 s at intervals of 15 s. Our findings reveal that optimal microwave settings (100 watts for 45 s) can significantly enhance mechanical properties, with compressive strengths reaching 15.9 MPa for fly ash-based and 9.094 MPa for metakaolin-based geopolymers. However, excessive microwave energy leads to increased porosity, with adverse effects on structural integrity. Moreover, microwave pre-curing effectively reduces heavy metal leachability. Chromium (III) was used in leaching tests and it was demonstrated that ion concentrations as low as 0.097 mg/L enhance environmental safety. Advanced techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray CT were applied for the analysis of the atomic bonding, phases and pore structure of the studied geopolymers along with their ability to withstand compression (MPa). Chromium (III) was encapsulated and its leached concentration was measured by ICP-MS to evaluate the performance of the synthesized geopolymers. These results underscore the need for precise control over microwave irradiation parameters to maximize the benefits while mitigating negative impacts. This study provides valuable insights into the controlled use of microwave technology for geopolymer synthesis, recommending optimal irradiation conditions for improved performance and sustainability and advancing sustainable construction materials. The developed geopolymers show promise for applications in construction, waste stabilization, and heavy metal immobilization, contributing to more sustainable and environmentally friendly materials in these industries.

Application of nanocrystalline spinel MFe2O4, (M = Co and Cu) in waste water treatment

Abstract Transition metal spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Cu and Co) were successfully synthesized following the co-precipitation method and their structural, optical, photocatalytic, antimicrobial and toxicity properties have been studied. The characterization of the title compound has been carried out using XRD, SEM, EDS, FT-IR and UV spectroscopy. The XRD studies confirmed a cubic spinel structure with the Fd-3m space group and CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 exist in the nanocrystalline size of 43 nm and 17 nm, respectively. The SEM images revealed the agglomerated nature of the ferrite nanoparticles, and the EDAX spectrum confirmed the elemental compositions of the samples and their purity. The FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of metal–oxygen stretching bands. The ferrite samples demonstrated photocatalytic activity in the visible region, as assessed by the degradation of methylene blue (MB), in an aqueous solution under visible irradiation. After 105 minutes, CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 catalysts exhibited degradation of 72% and 56% for the MB solution. Through broth dilution, MFe2O4 (M=Cu and Co) nanoparticles were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. aureus and E. coli, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Studies indicated that CoFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity when compared to CuFe2O4. However, the antifungal activity study indicated that CuFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit better antifungal activity when compared to CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The toxicity of the nanomaterials was tested by mixing MFe2O4 (M = Cu and Co) with food and administering it orally to Drosophila melanogaster. The results indicated that the functionalized CuFe2O4 nanoparticles are non-toxic for the living organisms. Hence, optimized NCs have the potential for degrading dyes from polluted water as well as acting as antimicrobial agents by rupturing the cells of pathogens. They have potential applications in both environmental safety and biomedicine.

Plankton food web structure and productivity under ocean alkalinity enhancement.

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a nature-based technology for CO2 removal and storage, but little is known about its environmental safety. We tested a CO2-equilibrated OAE deployment in a close-to-natural community using in situ mesocosms in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic and assessed metazoan zooplankton to inform about food web stability, structure, and production. In addition, a literature review complemented experimental results by summarizing physiological responses of marine animals to decreasing proton concentrations, or increased pH. The food web studied proved resistant, and zooplankton physiologically tolerant, to the OAE tested. We observed short-term effects of OAE on zooplankton reproduction and productivity, which were likely trophically mediated. Yet, these did not affect zooplankton populations or their nutritional value as food for fish. Our study demonstrates an environmentally safe OAE application, but also stresses the risks of more intense OAE options, and the vulnerabilities of other marine ecosystems.

Ranger Himung: Mitigating Youth Delinquency Through Increasing Legal Resilience with Spoken Media (Madihin)

Juvenile delinquency in the city of Banjarmasin is an increasingly worrying social phenomenon, especially with the emergence of trends such as the use of addictive substances and motorcycle gang violence. This trend illustrates the need for immediate intervention to prevent further escalation and maintain the safety of the school environment. Legal awareness education in schools is considered the right strategy to build positive character in adolescents, reduce deviant behavior, and strengthen their legal resilience. This community service study was carried out at SMPN 3 Banjarmasin by applying a socio-legal juridical approach in the form of a serial workshop. This program consists of four series that focus on the formation of harmonious, inclusive, independent, and superior characters through legal counselling delivered in the context of Madihin, a traditional art of South Kalimantan. Spoken Media is an interactive approach used to integrate local cultural values in learning, including the values of tolerance, non-violence, and gender equality. Program evaluation is carried out through pre-tests and post-tests using questionnaires to measure the improvement of student's legal knowledge, understanding, attitudes, and behavior

Analisis Kinerja Guru Penggerak di SD Negeri 149 Palembang

This research discusses the role of teacher leader in improving the quality of education and student learning outcomes. This research uses a qualitative method where this method uses interview techniques, observation and document analysis. This data collection uses a population of all teachers significantly contributes to the implementation of innovative teaching practices, the development of student potential and the formation of collaborative professional learning communities. Apart from that this research analyses the importance of teacher leader in increasing student involvement and create a safe and comfortable learning environment. This research has identified several challenges that will be faced including limited resources, time, the need for continuous training to improve competency. This is recommended so that schools can provide ongoing support and opportunities for professional development for teacher leader. Overall, the performance of teacher leader at SD Negeri 149 Palembang can play a crucial role, so that the school’s educational goals can be achieved which can provide benefits to the student’s learning experience.

An Evaluation of London's Intermediate Minor Oral Surgery Service

ABSTRACTBackgroundOral surgery as a speciality has traditionally experienced significant demands, representing one of the largest volume and cost of referrals from primary to secondary care. The IMOS service was created with the objective to increase the efficiency and accessibility of oral surgery services to the public, as well as reduce pressures within hospital settings.AimsTo assess: The quality of the service provided. The waiting times. If the service met needs. Patient‐reported outcome and experience measures. MethodA random sample of patients referred to London Tier 2 IMOS providers were selected, 10 from each provider, totalling 180. They were evaluated to ascertain waiting times, treatment delivered, quality of documentation and level of complexity, level 1, 2, and 3. Patient‐Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) and Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) were also carried out to assess satisfaction.Results38.3% of referrals were classed as Level 1 and the remaining Level 2 and Level 3 were 60% and 1.67%, respectively. 37.2% of patients were seen within 0–49 days, and 72.3% of patients were seen and treated within 18 weeks. 90.8% of these cases were non‐surgical, 17.9% involved mandibular 3rd molar extractions, of which 46.6% were surgical.313 PREMs and 321 PROMs were collected, the experience survey revealed over 98.7% of patients felt anxiety and pain were managed well, with any concerns addressed. PROMs showed that 94.3% of patients did not require further calls or assistance post‐treatment. 72.4% of patients felt recovery was completed within 3 days of the treatment. 1.87% of patients required further assistance such as for dry socket and infection.ConclusionThe London IMOS service is an economical, safe and effective environment to provide minor oral surgery to the vast majority of patients, who would have otherwise been seen in secondary care. Development of pan London triage and communication pathways will further enhance the service and ensure smooth and efficient patient journeys.