Air Transport Safety Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE AND ASPHALT AIRPORT MOVEMENT AREAS FOR THE NEEDS OF REGIONAL AIRPORTS OF THE VISEGRAD FOUR COUNTRIES

Aviation is currently the fastest growing sector of transport not only passengers but also goods. It is considered to be the most efficient, but also the safest, which is why great emphasis is placed on the efficiency and safety of air transport. A particularly important factor in air safety is the condition of operating areas at airports. Operating areas must meet the standards for the category of aircraft that will use them, while being properly maintained to maintain their safety. From a long-term perspective, the service life and costs associated with the operation of airport operating areas are also important. The aim of the article is to analyze the concrete and asphalt airport pavement surfaces of the regional airports of the Visegrad Four countries.

Professionally Oriented English Teaching of Future Aviation Industry Professionals

The study is devoted to Aviation English language learning by future aviation industry professionals in the context of obligatory disciplines which are of vital importance for future specialists in the aviation industry professional activity. Aviation English language learning determines the readiness and ability of future specialists in the aviation industry to conduct dialogue both in the native and in English aviation languages, first of all, in direct professional activity. The main purpose of the investigation is to figure out the effective approaches and teaching methods of professionally oriented English vocabulary for the students of aviation industry and to develop a new program strategy for the introduction of communicative methods and techniques in Aviation English teaching of future aviation industry professionals. The leading methods which were used during the investigation are online and paper questionnaire of Aviation English teaching in National Aviation University; online and paper questionnaire of students on the effectiveness of the use of communicative training excesses in the classroom; statistical processing of the data obtained, individual and collective interviews with the teachers of foreign languages, video, presentations, usage of the Moodle platform and Google classroom. The investigation has two types of result: theoretical and practical. The theoretical overview has shown that future aviation professionals’ training is guided by regulations on air navigation in accordance with the standards and recommended practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The practical results of the study, presented in the investigation, proved out that the most approaches of Aviation English teaching of future aviation industry professionals are the competence, communicative and contextual. The dominant method for professionally oriented Aviation English teaching are communicative training methods, which were suggested for improving English proficiency of future aviation industry professionals, has proved out its quality and effectiveness. “The professionally oriented Aviation English learning program for the aviation industry students” which was developed by the author in the process of investigation promotes further proficiency of future aviation industry professionals is significant in contributing to air transportation safety. The main conclusions of the provided investigation show that the development of English-language communicative language skills of future aviation industry professionals to the high point demands the organization of a qualitative educational environment of universities, which should help students to adapt to the English-language academic, professional and information environment.

Methodology for assessing dependencies between factors influencing airline pilot performance reliability: A case of taxiing tasks

Pilot performance reliability is critical to civil air transportation safety. Internal and external factors influencing pilot performance reliability are important elements to estimate human error probability. However, dependencies between these factors, including state dependencies and effect dependencies, are always ignored or only partially considered in most human reliability analysis (HRA) method. This paper attempts to develop a methodology incorporating both state and effect dependencies between contributory factors into HRA for airline pilot tasks based on fuzzy logic and the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM). Anchor points were determined for each common performance condition (CPC) state levels through airline pilot elicitation process and then corresponding state and effect fuzzy sets were constructed for each CPC. The CPC dependency fuzzy inference rules were constructed and transformed with reference to the CPC dependency assessing rule in CREAM. And a cognitive failure probability (CFP) calculation method based on the final CPC effect fuzzy sets and the extended CREAM was proposed. To illustrate the use of the proposed methodology, a case study about commercial airline pilot taxiing task was given. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed methodology and its capability of representing the ambiguity and fuzziness of expert judgement.

Border Quarantine Measures and Achievement of COVID-19 Control in Taiwan

Since December 21, 2019, on-board inspection had been implemented on direct flights from Wuhan, China, marking the beginning of boarder quarantine challenges in respond to COVID-19 pandemic. In line with the development of the international epidemic, the Central Epidemic Command Center gradually expanded entry restrictions and post-entry quarantine requirements. Since March 19, 2020, all foreign nationals had been prohibited from entering Taiwan. Passengers eligible for entry were required to undergo home quarantine for 14 days. Upon arrival, passengers were required to declare their symptoms and travel history, and to receive fever screening and health assessment. Throat swab specimens were collected from those who presented symptoms at the airport or in the hospital, and then these passengers stayed in a centralized quarantine facility to wait for testing results. In addition, aiming at reducing risks originated from crowds and frequent movement, only aircrafts from five airports in China were allowed to enter Taiwan. Also, all connecting flights were suspended, and cruises and cross-strait passenger liners were banned from calling at ports of Taiwan. For front-line officers at ports of entry, health monitoring and protection guidelines were developed to protect their safety. In order to ensure safety and security of air and sea transport, the competent authorities in charge of transportation have established an epidemic prevention and management mechanism for air and sea transport respectively. Over 184,000 home quarantine notices had been issued by border quarantine authorities. More than 80% of the inbound travelers completed the declaration via Entry Quarantine System, greatly improving timeliness and accuracy of information required for further epidemic prevention and control in community. With on-board quarantine and health surveillance system for entry, not only the first confirmed case in Taiwan, but also more than one-third of imported cases were detected through border quarantine, sparing more capacity for domestic response and preparedness for medical resources and medical systems and therefore alleviating pressure on epidemic prevention and control in the community. Despite continuous and serious epidemic and significant challenges ahead, Taiwan keeps on implementing various quarantine measures in accordance with the principle of ＂strict risk control at border ＂ to comprehensively protect border security.

A comparative study on air transport safety of lithium-ion batteries with different SOCs

In order to investigate the effect of different states of charge (SOC) on air transport safety of lithium-ion batteries, 18650 lithium-ion batteries were used to conduct UN38.3 experiments of single-cell batteries and thermal runaway experiments of single-cell batteries and battery packages (multi-cell batteries). In the UN38.3 experiments of single-cell batteries, six tests were conducted, including thermal, vibration, shock, external short circuit, impact, and altitude simulation tests to determine the changes in maximum temperature, the percentage of the battery mass, and the voltage change before and after the experiment. Regression fitting and correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between different SOCs and the variables. In the thermal runaway experiment of the single-cell battery, the regression fitting and analysis are performed on experimental data of SOCs with the battery’s initial explosion time, explosion duration and experiment end time. In the simulation of the thermal runaway experiment of multi-cell lithium battery packages, the explosion temperatures and the explosion times of batteries with 100% SOC and with 30% SOC were compared. The results indicate that the SOC of lithium-ion batteries in air transport should not exceed 30% for safety reasons. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for safe transportation of civil lithium-ion batteries and associated equipment.

Classification of State Regulation Principles in the Field of Air Transport

It has been established that the principles of state regulation in the field of air transport can be defined as an objectively determined set of basic requirements, rules and standards, compliance with which is ensured by state coercive force, which are key guidelines for streamlining with the use of regulatory measures of public and legal relations between subjects and objects of aviation activity and provision of aviation services.
 It has been offered to classify these principles according to the following criteria: 1) direction of state regulation (in the field of air transport, in the field of airports and civil airfields activities, in the field of using aircraft, in the sphere of organization of air traffic and airspace, in the field of ensuring public order and safety in air transport, in the field of training aviation personnel); 2) scope of activity (general and special).
 It has been offered to include the rule of law, legality, economic validity (feasibility), adequacy, efficiency, balance of state influence (combination of legal and economic means of regulatory influence), predictability and transparency into the general principles of state regulation in the field of air transport. The content of these principles has been characterized.
 The significance and peculiarities of the observance of special principles of state regulation in the field of air transport (creation of equal conditions for the development of economic activity of air transport enterprises, social orientation, stimulation of national air producers, safety of air transportation, priority of environmental needs, principle of technical support) have been revealed.
 It has been concluded that the compliance with the principles of state regulation in the field of air transport will create a fundamental basis for sustainable development of the entire sector, introduce effective conditions for a free and competitive market of air services and air transportation in Ukraine, and ensure Ukraine’s participation in large international transport projects and complex international programs with preferential funding conditions. It has been offered to supplement the Air Code of Ukraine with the Art. 41 “Purpose, objectives and principles of state regulation in the field of air transport of Ukraine”.

Problems of providing transport security of Ukraine: regulatory background

Problems of providing transport security of Ukraine: regulatory background

APCI Evaluation Method for Cement Concrete Airport Pavements in the Scope of Air Operation Safety and Air Transport Participants Life.

Many factors have an impact on flight operation safety and air transport participants life. This article presents one of them, which is maintenance of the airport infrastructure in a good condition, with proper infrastructure management, in particular of cash and human resources. At the beginning of the article, attention is paid to the aspect of safety and human life in air transport. Also, an overview of world experience in the field of assessment of the technical condition of airport pavements was presented, including the standard method of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) estimation. Then, the authors propose an innovative method of assessing the condition of airport pavements based on the Airfield Pavement Condition Index (APCI), taking into account, apart from the extent of surface damage, such parameters as load capacity, evenness, roughness, and bond strength. This approach gives a broader picture of the actual condition of the airport pavement, which has a great importance on flight operation safety, including passengers and cruel life. Next the described research method is experimentally verified in real conditions at Polish airports. Finally, an example of using the APCI method in the assessment of selected airport pavements from Polish airports is presented. The results of tests performed on five functional elements of a military airfield are presented. A satisfactory result is obtained for three elements, an adequate—for two.

Selected Aspects of Navigation System Synthesis for Increased Flight Safety, Protection of Human Lives, and Health.

Accurate navigation systems allow us to optimize the trajectory of flying objects and thus solve environmental problems in aviation and their impact on public health. In this paper, we present one of the methods of assessment of accuracy and resistance to interference of distance-measuring equipment (DME). By using computer technology, the method enables us to determine the potential but also the real error measuring the distance of the flying object from DME. The credibility of the respective results of the solution on the task of DME optimal rangefinder synthesis depends on the accuracy of the previous data used, i.e., mathematical models of the respective flying objects flight dynamics, useful signals, and their parameters and interference. DME systems have an impact on air transport safety, and therefore the impact of interference on their operation must be investigated.

ORGANIZATION OF FLIGTHS ON THE DRILLING AND PRODUCTION INSTALLATIONS, IN THE FIELD OF THE SAFETY OF FLIGHT`S PASSANGER

The paper discusses the rules of organizing flights to offshore installations in the wide aspect of safety of passenger and cargo transport by air. The study, analysis the institutions responsible for the safety and organization of air transport, with particular emphasis on the work carry out on the British Shelf and the Baltic Sea. In addition, selected requirements for helicopters, air operators and offshore installations, in particular landing area, equipment and installations readiness to take the helicopter were presented in terms of on board, along with operational procedures for ensuring safety and flight organization.

Safety Management of Aviation Transport in the Context of Sustainable Development of the National Economy

The article discusses the impact of a wide range of technical, natural, human and economic hazards on the aviation industry. The safety of aviation as a whole is characterized as an important component of the general concept of national security, as well as a component of the system for ensuring personal safety, public safety and security in air transport from external and internal threats. It is noted that maintaining an acceptable level of safety of national aviation, the development of theoretical foundations for the safety of aviation transport management is of current and practical importance for the sustainable development of not only a separate transport infrastructure, but also the national and global economy. The article investigates «security» and methods of its management, «activity security policy», which is aimed at countering threats, restoring activities in order to protect corporate interests, preserving the integrity of processes or a system based on the assimilation and development of a safety culture. At the same time, in the studies, these types of threats include individual elements that can be used in almost any air transport. In particular, the importance of external threats and destabilizing factors and threats is highlighted. A structured approach to safety management is indicated at the global, regional and national levels, including: the required organizational structures, areas of responsibility, policies and procedures. The characteristics of the main goals of the safety management of the aviation transport enterprise are considered, the ideal goals and potential ones are highlighted, and also touched the degree of reach of such goals. Determined that the objectives of enterprise safety management, as well as the objectives of enterprise management as a whole, must meet a set of requirements, the obligation to comply with which is the key to the success of such management. Information on the ICAO Civil Aviation Security Strategy has been processed, which is considered the most effective tool to ensure an acceptable level of security in global civil aviation. According to which the implementation of the aviation safety management system is regulated at three hierarchical levels – global, regional and national, and the aviation safety management system represents an orderly approach to management.

Multimodal Deep Fusion Network for Visibility Assessment With a Small Training Dataset

Visibility is a measure of the transparency of the atmosphere, which is an important factor for road, air, and water transportation safety. Recently, features extracted from convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have obtained state-of-the-art results for the estimation of the visibility range for images of foggy weather. However, existing CNN-based approaches have only adopted visible images as observational data. Unlike these previous studies, in this paper, visible-infrared image pairs are used to estimate the visibility range. A novel multimodal deep fusion architecture based on a CNN is then proposed to learn the robust joint features of the two sensor modalities. Our network architecture is composed of two integrated residual network processing streams and one CNN stream, which are connected in parallel. In addition, we construct a visible-infrared multimodal dataset for various fog densities and label the visibility range. We then compare our proposed method with conventional deep-learning-based approaches and analyze the contributions of various observational and classical deep fusion models to the classification of the visibility range. The experimental results demonstrate that both accuracy and robustness can be strongly enhanced using the proposed method, especially for small training datasets.

A support system for civil aviation navigation equipment security management

Civil aviation navigation equipment system has many weaknesses, which easily causes serious problem to air transportation safety. This paper focuses on a support system for civil aviation navigation equipment security management. Firstly, a sustainability assessment platform was constructed to analysis and find out the weaknesses of equipment network. Next, one network expansion planning platform was built to improve the reliability and business continuity of the whole navigation system. Experiments were carried out based on these two platforms. Also, the equipment network of China’s eastern part was expanded based on the business continuity assessment. Results proved that the network business continuity and node efficiencies of new equipment network can satisfy the lowest requirement of economic consumption. Finally, the optimal network expansion planning method has been achieved, proving the effectiveness of the civil aviation navigation equipment security management support system.

Сучасні тенденції та проблеми авіаперевезень у міжнародному туризмі України

The aviation park of Ukraine, the safety of air transportation, the interaction of tourist companies with the domestic and foreign air carriers are analysed. The problematic issues and perspective directions of development of aviation passenger transport of Ukraine are identified according to social, political and technological prerequisites. The set of methods was used in the research: the method of analysis of Internet sites of companies-experts in the air transportation market, as well as methods of synthesis and the analysis of collected materials. The peculiarities of the current state of safety of transportation on the airlines of Ukrainian carriers are considered. The materials of the Sector for Analysis and Prevention of Aviation Events of the National Bureau of Investigation of Aviation Events and Incidents with Civil Aircraft in the Territory of Ukraine are analysed. The events and incidents with air carriers that have been entered in the register of civil aircraft of Ukraine and foreign registration, which occurred in 2018 by hazard classes, were revealed. The qualitative and quantitative status of the modern passenger fleet of Ukraine, which is involved in tourist air transportation, is investigated. The basic peculiarities, modern features and tendencies of development of the Ukrainian airlines engaged in tourist transportation in the domestic and international tourism are complexly characterized. The real technical state of the airlines of scheduled and charter flights of Ukraine is revealed. Worldwide and national passenger safety requirements are defined. The practical relevance of the study is determined by its topicality. The main problems that hinder the development of aviation transport in the Ukrainian and world markets are identified. The mechanisms of improvement of tourist air transportation in Ukraine are offered. Key words: air transportation, aviation transport, international tourism, tourist air transportation.

A Hierarchical Heuristic Approach for Solving Air Traffic Scheduling and Routing Problem With a Novel Air Traffic Model

Efficient flight routing and scheduling play an important role in air traffic flow management, which aims to maximize the utilization of airport and enroute capacities to ensure safety and efficiency of air transportation. In this paper, we first propose a novel discrete-time flow dynamic model for an air traffic network, consisting of airports, waypoints, and air links, upon which we formulate an air flow routing and scheduling problem as an integer linear programming problem. Considering the NP-hard nature of the problem, we present a novel hierarchical flow routing and scheduling approach, where the hierarchical architecture is derived naturally from the network containment relationship, and computation is carried out in a bottom-up manner, which relies on an incremental strategy. On the resulting flow routes and schedules, a heuristic algorithm is carried out to determine flight plans for individual aircrafts. The effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical approach is illustrated by air traffic data in four flight information regions in the association of Southeast Asian nations.

Body of Knowledge in Research of Air Traffic Management: Case Study in Indonesi

Air Traffic Management (ATM) is a discipline that manages the movement of flights in the air and on the ground. Its functions are to maintain the safety level required by the authority and to provide the capacity required by the airlines. The challenges in ATM come from the in-balance between the market growth and the available infrastructure and also the gap between the regulations and the technology. The research in ATM provides the solutions by introducing new methods or technologies to cope with those challenges. The effort in organizing and cataloging the Body of Knowledge (BOK) in research of ATM is presented in this report. This BOK is a complete set of research concepts and activities in term of managing the air traffic to improve the air transportation safety and its capacity. Considering the latest publications in the last 5 years, the BOK consists of five areas of operation which are enroute, arrival, terminal, departure and connectivity. Each area of operations consists of several knowledge units that contain several research topics. In this report, a special attention is given to the development of ATM research in Indonesian. It characterizes with the challenges that commonly faced in Indonesia such as high density air traffic, in-sufficient infrastructure/technology, in-balance demand and supply during peak hours and major disruption by natural disasters (volcanoes and earth quakes).The report summarizes that the trend of ATM research in Indonesia is in the knowledge unit of capacity optimization. Additionally, it recommends to explore research activities by implementing new air traffic concepts such as the trajectory based operation and the integrated of departure and arrival management to improve capacity, efficiency and safety.

Robust modeling for fleet assignment problem based on GASVR forecast

Fleet assignment is the essential step of overall airline flight cheduling process, and the quality of assignment strategy directly affects economy and safety of air transportation. Market demand forecast is the premise of fleet assignment, and accurate forecast is an important guarantee to reduce passenger overflow and improve aircraft utilization rate. In order to carry out scientific fleet assignment, this paper studies from two aspects: Firstly, support vector machine regression (SVR) is used to forecast flight passenger flow and solve the problem of undeterminable parameters, we present a GA-SVR model with genetic algorithm for parameter optimization. Secondly, from the perspective of flight recovery efficiency, this paper incorporates the concept of fleet robustness, and establishes the robust model for fleet assignment with dual-objective, which maximizes the flight operating profit and minimizes the number of aircraft type in busy airports. Finally, flight network of an airline is analysed to verify the validity of the model and algorithm. It shows that: the MSE mean value of GA-SVR prediction results is between 0.0103 and-0.0031, which is relatively accurate. And the fleet assignment model can significantly improve robustness (16.7%) at the expense of less profit (4.2%).

Examining the Perception and Effectiveness of a System Awareness Briefing During Cruise Flight

Automation has increased the safety of air transportation by assisting pilots during periods of high workload and during critical phases of flight. However, an unintended consequence of automation proliferation has been the reduction in attention resulting from its use. Prior research has shown that during periods of high automation and low workload, pilots’ minds begin to wander and occupy themselves with thoughts other than the current task at hand. This research involved conducting four separate studies addressing the following research questions: 1) Would the use of a system awareness briefing result in the general public being more willing to fly on commercial airlines? 2) Do student pilots support the use of a system awareness briefing? and 3) Does a system awareness briefing actually improve pilot awareness of automation and aircraft parameters during cruise flight? The results from Studies 1 and 2 indicated participants preferred flying with a pilot who was using the system awareness briefing compared to a pilot not using the briefing. The findings from Study 3 did not reveal any significant differences between pilots who used the system awareness briefing versus those that did not. In Study 4, pilots who used the system awareness briefing were more accurate in reporting current heading, fuel flow, and electrical volts, compared to pilots who did not use the briefing. They also reported that they felt more situational awareness compared to the control group. Keywords: system awareness briefing; experimental research; automation; training

MODEL PREDIKSI CURAH HUJAN HARIAN MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN BACKPROPAGATION

Weather is an atmospheric condition that occurs in a narrow area with a short space of time. Observations of weather elements are needed in everyday life. for it can affect the safety of air transportation. The weather element that is often predicted is rainfall. Rainfall in tropical regions such as Indonesia is one of the parameters that can describe weather conditions in general. The method used to predict rainfall was artificial neural network with backpropagation algorithm. The purpose of this paper is to apply the model of artificial neural networks with backpropagation algorithm to predict daily rainfall and to determine prediction accuracy based on Mean Square Error (MSE). The network used has 3 layers namely input layer. hidden layer. and output layer with 7 input neurons, 12 hidden neurons, and 1 output neuron. The activation function used were bipolar sigmoid function and linear function. Based on data analysis carried out using network architecture and parameters that had been determined with 578 data at the training stage. MSE values of 25,0639 was obtained and based on the results of the network training process. the prediction was quite well. In the testing stage. the model developed using data as much as 145. MSE value of 405,1994 was obtained. MSE obtained during the testing stage was greater than that of obtained during the training process due to several factors. one of them is because the weather is volatile so the weather conditions vary every year and global warming causes weather conditions to be unpredictable.

Operational Reliability of Aerodrome Pavements

The requirements for efficiency and safety of air transport are constantly increasing, in proportion to the increase in the number of passengers and goods. Ensuring all requirements requires sufficient and functional airfield infrastructure with a capacity runway system and movement areas to ensure reliable ground movement of an aircraft. The movement areas of an aerodrome change qualitatively during their lifetime, mainly affected by traffic load and climate conditions. To ensure the safety of an aircraft movements, the reliability of airfield pavements should be reviewed, which is most affected by the pavement surface condition. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the surface condition and operational reliability of airfield pavements, which were obtained long-term experimental measurements. The results of visual surveys and assessment of pavement distresses are defined by the pavement condition index and the pavement development prognosis, which declares the ability of the airfield construction to meet safe air traffic requirements.