Implementation Of Safety Management System Research Articles

Implementation of safety management system in nickel mining: A case of PT Putra Perkasa Abadi Job Site MLP in 2023

Background: The audit of the Mineral and Coal Mining Safety Management System aims to obtain an overview of the level of implementation of the mineral and coal mining management system, assess the capacity of the mining system to ensure compliance with the legislative requirements, evaluate the effectiveness of mining systems in meeting the set targets and identify the potential application of the MSMS to be enhanced at the P.T. Putra Perkasa Eternal Site of PT Makmur Lestari Primatama from the period January 1, 2023 until December 2023. The purpose of this study was to find out the implementation of the safety management system in nickel mining of PT. Putra Perkasa Abadi Job Site MLP in 2023. Method: This type of research is quantitative descriptive. The research conducted in December 2023. Compliance measurements are carried out on 7 elements consisting of Policy, Planning, Organization and Personnel, Implementation, Monitoring, Evaluation and Follow-up Action, Documentation, and Management Review and Performance Improvement. Data collection methods are carried out with interviews, observations, and document explanations. Results: The policy element achieved 74% compliance from the maximum achievable value. Although the maximum value has not been reached, it still shows a good level of compliance. The planning element achieves 59% compliance from the maximum achievable value. Further evaluation is needed to understand the factors that lead to this achievement. Organizational and staff elements reach 51% compliance from the maximum value. Implementation elements reach 38% compliance. There is great potential for improvement in the implementation of this element. The monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up elements reached 46% compliance. More effort is needed to improve performance in this regard. Despite low maximum values, documentation elements reach 58% compliance, indicating a good focus on document management but still requiring optimization. Management review elements and performance improvements reached 46% compliance. This aspect can be a focus of improvement to improve overall performance. Overall, the management system achieved 49% compliance from the maximum value. Conclusion: In general, PT Putra Perkasa Abadi Job Site MLP has procedures and mechanisms that support the creation of a mining safety system. However, improvements are needed that can be directed to elements with lower compliance scores. It requires optimization of each element consisting of Policy, Planning, Organization and Personnel, Implementation, Monitoring, Evaluation and Follow-up, Documentation, as well as management review and performance improvement. Data collection methods were carried out using interviews, observation and document review.

Kajian Biaya Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Konstruksi Pada Proyek Villa Banana di Kabupaten Badung

The implementation of the Construction Safety Management System (SMKK) is part of the management system for the implementation of Construction Work to ensure the realization of Construction Safety. The implementation of a Construction Safety Management System need a number of costs that will be part of the contract value. The purpose of the study was to determine the components of implementing SMKK, the amount of costs required for the implementation of SMKK and the percentage compared to the contract value. The study used quantitative descriptive methods and data collection in the form of surveys and interviews. The results showed that the required SMKK cost components are RKK preparation, socialization, promotion and training, work protective equipment, personal protective equipment, insurance, construction safety personnel, facilities, infrastructure, and medical devices, traffic equipment as well as activities and equipment related to construction safety risk control. Total cost for the implementation of SMKK in the Villa Banana Project is Rp. 86,520,255.50 with a consumable cost of Rp. 31,439,079.78 and a non-consumable cost of Rp. 55,081,175.72. The percentage of SMKK implementation costs on the contract value is 3.696% of the total project contract value which is Rp. 2,341,117,572.00.

Analysis of occupational health and safety management system internal audit implementation based on SMK3 PP No. 50, 2012 (Study at Pasuruan Concrete Industry, Indonesia)

Technological updates impact the risk of new hazards that can cause accidents and occupational diseases. The risk of hazards in the workplace is controlled through control efforts and the commitment of industries and workers to implementing the Occupational Health and Safety Management System. Indonesian manufacturing industries in implementing Occupational Health and Safety Management System are guided by SMK3 PP No. 50, 2012. Internal audit includes the fourth principle of occupational health and safety management system, namely monitoring and evaluating Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance. This research is descriptive research that aims to describe and analyze the application of occupational health and safety management system based on SMK3 PP No. 50, 2012 at Pasuruan Concrete Industry, Indonesia. Information sources are obtained from in-depth interviews, filling out document study checklist sheets, and field observations. The method to obtain in-depth interview informants through purposive sampling, with research informants is the party who has the authority and knowledge regarding the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management System in the Pasuruan Concrete Industry, Indonesia. Of the total 166 elements required by SMK3 PP No. 50, 2012, the company managed to fulfill as many as 160 elements, or 96%, with the category 'Satisfactory'. Overall, the company implements occupational health and safety management system progressively and sustainably, as evidenced by the increase in achieving the conformity of occupational health and safety management system audit internal elements and the guarantee of worker safety and health starting from management support, OHS programs, and the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure.

Influencing Factors of Safety Management System Implementation on Traditional Shipping

Influencing Factors of Safety Management System Implementation on Traditional Shipping

Gambaran Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja RSI Ibnu Sina Simpang Empat Tahun 2023

Hospitals are workplaces that have a large workforce with a high risk of occupational disease or work accidents. Based on interviews conducted at RSI Ibnu Sina Simpang Empat and data reports, there were 6 cases of work accidents in 2022. The research aims to find out an overview of the implementation of the occupational safety and health management system at Ibnu Sina Simpang Empat Islamic Hospital in 2023. The research design uses qualitative methods with descriptive approach. The informants in this research were the K3RS committee, nurses and human resources. The research was carried out by means of in-depth interviews, observation and document review. The research results show that the K3 policy has been issued by the hospital director and K3 experts have been consulted. K3RS planning involves identifying the environment in the field and taking considerations. The implementation of the K3RS plan is guided by Minister of Health Regulation No. 52 of 2018. Monitoring and evaluation of K3RS performance is carried out by the K3RS team once every three months. Reviewing and improving K3RS performance is an evaluation carried out twice a year. It is recommended to hospital management that educational delivery is not only verbal but also in writing and on sheets regarding the delivery of the applicable laws.

Implementation of an Occupational Safety and Health Management system (A Study of the Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health at PT PLN Indonesia Power, Barrru)

This research aims to determine: Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management at PT. PLN Indonesia Power, Barru, by collecting data obtained by observation, interviews, documentation. The results of this research show that PLN Indonesia Power UJP PLTU Barru considers it necessary to implement a system occupational safety and health management in every activity carried out. The implementation of an Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) in a company is basically a requirement stated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower Article 87 that companies are required to implement an Occupational Safety and Health Management System that is integrated with the company's management system. Based on interview procedures, the implementation of occupational safety and health in the work accident prevention and management system at PLN Indonesia Power PLTU Barru OMU has been carried out. Based on Rahmat Kamruddin's presentation as Senior Environmental K3 Supervisor, factors that influence the running of K3 include communication. Communication at work will influence the work process and is even an essential part of it.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INHIBITING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SMK3 IN THE WIDENING PROJECT OF KAPAS – GLENDENG BRIDGE, BOJONEGORO REGENCY

In construction projects, inadequate implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OHSMS) poses risks to the safety and well-being of workers, resulting in decreased performance and compromised project quality. This study focuses on the Kapas-Glendeng bridge widening project in Bojonegoro Regency, identifying key obstacles such as workforce competence, limited experience, insufficient training, and challenges accessing digital information. Additionally, issues related to worker involvement in regulation-making, understanding of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), reporting procedures, and documentation of work accidents were observed. To address these challenges, the study recommends strategies such as involving untrained workers in competence-building programs, providing apprenticeships for less experienced personnel, implementing comprehensive training information systems, actively engaging workers in project planning, enforcing OHS monitoring systems, ensuring mandatory PPE usage with penalties for violations, and establishing clear procedures for recording and reporting work accidents. This proactive approach aims to enhance OHS implementation and mitigate risks in construction projects.

Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System as an Effort to Prevent Occupational Accidents in the Food Industry

Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System as an Effort to Prevent Occupational Accidents in the Food Industry

Effect of Health and Safety Management Systems in the Construction Sector

Management systems that are recognized as key tools to improve business management and the results associated with it have spread at the business level during the last 50 years. Regarding Safety Management Systems (SMSs), despite having specific international standards, there are no complete studies that analyze the degree of effectiveness of SMS, and even less in construction, a sector that concentrates a large part of registered labor accidents worldwide. The present investigation is an analysis of SMS effectiveness from an empirical study carried out over 48 months in five countries with a total of more than 23 million work hours between 2009 and 2012. Additionally, it is implied that the impact of SMS implementation in a certain organization must be complemented by a statistical qualitative analysis of its effect on the distribution of accidents. Both analyses are developed in the present study, thus contributing relevant implications when assessing both quantitatively and qualitatively the effects of developing and implementing a health and safety management system in this sector. The findings from this research can contribute to understanding how SMS implementation can help reduce accidents in this industry as well as to enhance SMS implementation in a high-risk sector.

Perceived Factors Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems in the South African Construction Industry

Although notable efforts have been made in the past to improve Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), the overall performance has not significantly improved as high-level injuries, risks, and fatalities continue to occur. Earlier studies have shown that implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) ensures a reduction in accidents on site, which is, however, not easy due to the many challenges arising during its implementation. The research objectives were to identify, in order of importance, factors that affect the implementation of an OHSMS on construction sites and to analyse how an OHSMS can be implemented in the construction industry of the Western Cape, South Africa, using the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) method. The research questionnaire obtained online opinions from construction professionals. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27.0. The data were interpreted through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, frequencies, descriptive statistics, and a multi-regression analysis. A multi-regression test was conducted to determine the relationship between internal and external factors and the implementation of an OHSMS, including the use of the PDCA method. The findings reveal that both internal and external factors affected the implementation of the OHSMS. The most important internal factors were risk control strategies, senior management commitment, and support and communication channels. The most common external factors were pressure from clients on project delivery, company reputation, OHS enforcement, and government legislation. A framework was developed to outline how an OHSMS can be implemented using the PDCA approach based on the findings from this study. The framework can be adopted by the construction industry to improve effectiveness when implementing their OHSMS.

Implementation of Food Safety Management System and its Effects on Business Performance in an Educational Institution Restaurant.

Food safety standard implementation is fundamental to the prevention, detection, and management of foodborne risks as well as the realization of food security, protection of health, and economic sustainability of food manufacturing, processing, and distributing enterprises. The global food safety standard, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is one such instrument deployed to promote food safety in the hospitality industry worldwide. A higher educational institution in Kenya introduced HACCP ten years ago as part of its ongoing quality improvement policy to gain the advantages of implementing the standard in the food business, and as a reaction to incidents of food contamination in its restaurant that raised concerns among the customers and the leadership. Food contaminations were experienced even after the implementation of the HACCP food safety program, which brought to the fore the pitfalls that occur due to deviations from the HACCP plans and loss of control that expose consumers to food hazards. Despite the introduction of HACCP in the institution’s restaurant in 2014, there have been incidents of lapses in food quality among which was a suspected food contamination resulting in undesired customer experiences. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the implementation of HACCP food safety management processes on food and beverage safety and business performance at the institution’s restaurant. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the implementation of the HACCP food safety management system in food production and sales; assess the customer perceptions and confidence levels in the quality and safety of food and beverages served, and to evaluate the effects of the HACCP food safety management programme in the delivery of safe food and the general business performance at the institution restaurant. The study design was exploratory and involved a survey of restaurant customers using a structured questionnaire, and interview of key informants using an interview guide. The researcher also observed food chain processes using a checklist. The study population was primarily the management and staff of the institution restaurant as well as the client population comprising students, instructors, administrative staff, institution managers, and regulatory agency representatives. The data obtained from primary sources was complemented with secondary data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and results were presented in tables, graphs, and pie-charts while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The key findings of the study were that despite some challenges and complexities in the implementation of HACCP, this food safety management system had significantly reduced the incidence of food contamination in the facility. Further, based on customer perceptions and feedback, the institution had registered high customer satisfaction scores (CSAT) and customer retention rates (CRR). In addition, the institution was able to generate sustained and increasing revenues and profits for the institution. The study therefore concluded that HACCP is an important instrument for promoting and safeguarding food safety in the hospitality industry and an important tool for building customer confidence and generating revenues for food businesses. The key recommendation from this study is that the institution should address identified issues of space, equipment, staff, and supplier knowledge and skills that compromise conformity with HACCP requirements.

Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of estate managers on food safety of black tea manufacturing in the Uva region of Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan black tea is renowned for its high quality and regarded as a brand that is chemically safe, ozone-friendly, and ethically acceptable with accountable stakeholders in the supply chain. Meantime, food safety has become one of the mandated food attributes that is heavily concern by stakeholders even at the estate level. Hence, this study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of managers at black tea manufacturing in the Uva region of Sri Lanka regarding basic food safety concerns. Data were collected from 30 respondents at 30 black tea manufacturing factories in the Uva region using a stratified random sampling technique. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire based on KAP of basic food safety was utilized and collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. The study indicated that the mean percentage of knowledge was satisfactory (93.1%), and the mean score for attitudes and practices of food safety was 4.7±0.4 (X±SD) and 4.6±0.5 (X±SD), respectively. However, this study depicted that the knowledge of food safety influenced managers’ attitudes (0.421, P<0.05) but not their food safety behaviour. Further, they believed that food safety management systems would be a means of directing their black tea to the international market (76.7%), while pledging the concerns of food safety (70%). However, it was depicted that constraints with food handlers (100%) and financial difficulties (73.3%) hugely affected the implementation of food safety management systems at the black tea manufacturing factories in the Uva region of Sri Lanka. Hence, this study suggests continuous, periodical but short training to sustain the practice of handling teas safely in the Uva region of Sri Lanka.

Relationship Between Inhibiting Factors and the Implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System

Occupational health and safety in hospitals is influenced by Occupational Safety and Health Management System or what is often called SMK3 which functions to regulate occupational safety and health in an industry or building. This research aims to analyze the relationship between inhibiting factors and the implementation of the occupational health and safety management system at the Royal Prima Medan Hospital. This research is an analytical survey research using a cross sectional study design carried out in June 2023. The sample in this research is all medical personnel who work in Royal Prima Medan Hospital, namely 121 people. The sample size is determined using the total population formula. Data were analyzed using the chi square test and logistic regression. The research results show that there is a relationship between HR quality, HR workload, HR work environment, wage levels and the rate of addition of new workers with the implementation of the occupational safety and health management system at the Royal Prima Medan Hospital. The most dominant variable related to the implementation of the occupational safety and health management system at the Royal Prima Medan Hospital is the wage level. It is recommended to the hospital that the results of this research can be used as input to improve and develop the level of occupational health and safety, especially for hospital workers, which can also indirectly improve the quality of service and work productivity of the hospital

Evaluation of Occupational Health Safety Management System in Hospitals in Banda Aceh City

The most dominant hospital activity actors at risk of occupational safety accidents (SMK3) are hospital employees such as nurses, cleaning services, patients and visitors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application and factors affecting the implementation of occupational health and environmental safety management systems at dr. Zainal Abidin Regional General Hospital, Meuraxa Hospital and Banda Aceh Mother and Child Hospital. The data collection technique uses a mix method that combines quantitative and qualitative data with sequential explanatory strategies. The legal basis is Permenkes No. 66 of 2016, and the data was analyzed using the Likert scale method points 1-5 through SPSS version 26. The results of research at RSUDZA, RSIA, and RSUDM Banda Aceh show that the application of SMK3 is good to very good. However, there are several inhibiting factors that need to be considered by the hospital in order to improve the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) at RSUDZA, RSIA, and RSUDM Banda Aceh, some improvements can be recommended. First, RSUDZA needs to ensure the stability of K3 field officers and improve the marking of K3 signs. In addition, the unification of the drug room with pharmacy employees must be separated to be more effective. RSIA needs to obtain budget for ceiling repairs so as to block various small dirt falling from roof gaps, avoid splashing rainwater falling through the roof insulators or regulators of heat and cold coming from the roof, roof frame covers to make the space neater and cleaner, sound dampers, both generated by rainwater and other sounds and rearrange the right material placement. RSUDM needs to overcome solid waste piles, improve the marking of K3 rooms, and improve the arrangement of parking areas. In addition, it is important to hire additional security personnel in the ER. All these improvements are expected to improve occupational safety and health conditions in hospitals.

Analysis of the Implementation of SMK3 in the Emergency Assistance for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (EARR) Project at Mutiara Sis Al Jufri Airport, Palu City

This research was carried out by Purwandriono, number f 11222002 with Supervisor Mrs. Nirmalawati and Mr. Tutang Muchtar Kamaludin, with a background in airports that must continue to operate in line with the implementation of Works Construction, wanting to know the influencing factors, as well as the dominant factors and factors the most dominant in the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) in the Emergency Assistance for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (EARR) Project at Mutiara Sis Al Jufri Airport, Palu City. Using the factor analysis method, eight (8) new influential factors were obtained, namely: 1. SOP K3, 2. K3 Reward and Punishment, 3. K3 Work Environment, 4. Role of Management in K3, 5. Role of Workers in K3, 6 .K3 procedures and regulations, 7.K3 implementation, 8.Job safety analysis. This study used a population of 119 staff and project workers and a random sample selection method with the slovin method, a total sample of 55 respondents was obtained. Research data was taken using the questionnaire method, so that the output of data processing was obtained using the factor analysis method, that the factor that had the most significant influence was factor 1 (Standard Operating Procedure/SOP K3), with the variable: The company provided Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to the employees. project workers. (X11 with a loading factor of 0.895)

Analysis of the application of OHS Management System in the Emergency Assistance for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (EARR) Project at Mutiara Sis Al Jufri Airport, Palu City

This research with the background of the Airport that must continue to operate along with the implementation of construction work, wants to know the factors that influence, as well as the dominant factors and the most dominant factors on the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) on the Emergency Assistance for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (EARR) Project at Mutiara Sis Al Jufri Airport, Palu City. Using factor analysis method, eight (8) new influential factors were obtained. This study uses a population of 119 project staff and workers and a sample selection method with a random sample with the slovin method, obtaining a sample size of 55 respondents. Research data was taken using a questionnaire method, so that the output of data processing results with the factor analysis method was obtained, that the most significant factor was factor 1 (Standard Operating Procedure / OSH Standard), with the variable: The company provides Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to project workers. (X11 with a loading factor of 0.895).

Analysis of Personnel's Understanding of Safety Culture in the Implementation of Safety Management System at Yogyakarta International Airport

The global spread of industries towards the era of Industry 4.0, encompassing the integration of cyber technology and automation. Safety Management Systems (SMS) are employed at each airport differently due to their distinct characteristics. Airport security and order disruption are security issues. Cases such as apron breaches, trespassing, and negligence occur. Aviation accidents pose security issues stemming from SMS implementation, operational oversight, aircraft certification, and flight health factors. There are 8 accident categories and 22 serious incidents resulting in 5 fatalities.This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. To attain answers, the researcher designed a qualitative research design. Qualitative research aims to investigate, discover, describe, and explain the quality of social influences. Data analysis is conducted through data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. Validity is ensured using source triangulation. The research findings reveal that personnel safety culture at Yogyakarta International Airport aligns with SOP. Out of 165 criteria, the achievement rate is 92.7%, indicating a positive relationship between safety culture and safety management system (KP 622/2015). The effectiveness of safety management system implementation at the airport is 72%. Strategies like Avoidance, Reduction, and Segregation are used to mitigate risks. Although risks cannot be entirely avoided or eliminated, adherence to standard operating procedures (SOP) and risk mitigation through facilities and human resources help minimize these risks.

Analysis of Potential Hazards Using the HIRADC Approach and Methods Job Safety Analysis on The Practical Process at The Department of Environmental Health

The Physics, Industrial Sanitation, and Occupational Safety Laboratory, also known to be the Health Department's Workshop Environment at the Ministry of Health Jakarta II Health Polytechnic, is part of the laboratory standards established through the Decree of the Minister of Health Number: HK.03.05/IV/14354.I/2010 concerning Health Personnel Education Laboratory Standards. To keep up with service standards or Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in a laboratory and follow the Occupational Health and Safety management system following PP No. 50 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems, the supporting facilities and infrastructure therefore require more effective and efficient attention. The objective of this study is to implement the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and the HIRADC method to evaluate potential health and safety hazards at the Jakarta II Health Polytechnic Workshop. The result based on analysis and discussion using the JSA approach of the risk level research at the Department of Environmental Health workshop showed that 11% had a high-risk level, 28% had a medium-risk level, and 61% had a low-risk level. The highest risk is in the practical work of making slabs and testing insecticides for open joints using fogging and insecticides. The control provided is based on a control hierarchy, and it entails providing enough complete PPE in accordance with the risk of hazard and supervising the use of PPE during preparation and until the practicum process is complete.

Implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System in the Education Sector

Introduction: The frequency of work accidents, occupational illness, and natural disasters that influence schools and universities requires the implementation of occupational safety and health not only in the industrial sector, but also in the education sector. This study aimed to implement the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (hereinafter OSHMS) at the Public Health Faculty University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta as part of an effort to protect all academic community, contractors, guests, and visitors from work accidents and occupational diseases. Method: This study was operational research that employs an implementation framework, which involves the entire population in the faculty as the research sample. Data was analyzed descriptively both qualitative and quantitative. Result: OSHMS is successfully implemented with the stipulation of several policies at the Public Health Faculty University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta through the Dean's Decree Number 05 of 2022 concerning Determination of Occupational Safety and Health Policies, the formation of an occupational safety and health committee through the Dean's Decree Number 04 of 2022, implementation of OSHMS socialization, and installation of signs related to safety and health in the workplace. Conclusion: The implementation strategy carried out through the stages of exploration, installation, initial implementation, and sustainability was successfully used as a guide in realizing the implementation of OSHMS at the Public Health Faculty University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta.

Exploring microbial diversity during the artisanal Salchichón production: Food safety in the consumer spotlight

A study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality, safety, and variability along the production chain of two artisanal salchichón factories in Andalusia. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), total coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (CPS), lactic-acid bacteria, moulds and yeasts and the presence of bacterial pathogens were investigated in 3 batches of raw materials, finished products, food-contact surfaces (FCS) and indoor ambient air by using classical microbiological and PCR/PFGE techniques. Of the 171 samples analysed, high inter-batch variability in microbial loads was observed. The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in samples was 7.01% and 4.67%, respectively. Raw meat and FCS were identified as the potential sources of contamination of the finished products, with 16.67% testing positive for L. monocytogenes and 10% for S. aureus. Diverse sources of L. monocytogenes and a wide range of high pulsotypes were identified in the smaller producer. Although the largest producer showed better hygiene control, L. monocytogenes was detected in salchichón samples with growth-supporting physicochemical values. Therefore, the implementation of food safety management systems, hygiene measures for raw materials and monitoring of hazards are encouraged. Finally, the findings of this study offer valuable and current empirical data that can be used in risk assessments.