Safety Education Research Articles

Awareness and preparedness level of medical workers for radiation and nuclear emergency response.

Radiological science and nuclear technology have made great strides in the twenty-first century, with wide-ranging applications in various fields, including energy, medicine, and industry. However, those developments have been accompanied by the inherent risks of exposure to nuclear radiation, which is a source of concern owing to its potentially adverse effects on human health and safety and which is of particular relevance to medical personnel who may be exposed to certain cancers associated with low-dose radiation in their working environment. While medical radiation workers have seen a decrease in their occupational exposure since the 1950s thanks to improved measures for radiation protection, a concerning lack of understanding and awareness persists among medical professionals regarding these potential hazards and the required safety precautions. This issue is further compounded by insufficient capabilities in emergency response. This highlights the urgent need to strengthen radiation safety education and training to ensure the well-being of medical staff who play a critical role in radiological and nuclear emergencies. This review examines the health hazards of nuclear radiation to healthcare workers and the awareness and willingness and education of healthcare workers on radiation protection, calling for improved training programs and emergency response skills to mitigate the risks of radiation exposure in the occupational environment, providing a catalyst for future enhancement of radiation safety protocols and fostering of a culture of safety in the medical community.

“I Do Not Have the Time of Being sick”: Para-Occupational Exposure and Women’s Health Risk Perception in an Agricultural Community

ABSTRACT Introduction Few studies have explored the relationship between para-occupational exposure and risk perception in farmers’ families. Women are indirectly involved in agricultural activities, even though their roles most of the time are hidden. Women’s para-occupational exposure and risk perceptions are important to describe, since women have a key gender role in the family’s health care and possibly in the impact of acting regarding pesticide safety education. Furthermore, in farmer families, the impact of para-occupational pesticide exposure on women’s health has been neglected. Aim Analyze pesticide para-occupational exposure scenario, knowledge, and health risk perception among women living in a farmer community. Methods A mixed methodology was used. Two groups of women were identified to screen the exposure scenario: Women living in a farming family and women not living in a farming family. Data on para-occupational pesticide exposure and intradomicile practices were collected by questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to identify health risk perception and risk practices. Results We observed a complex pesticide exposure scenario. All women were potentially exposed to pesticides through several pathways. One-third of the participants lived near a farming family or in proximity to neighbors that used pesticides at home, and one of every three women referred to spending time in a farmer’s home. Among the group of women in a farming family (n = 18) stored pesticides inside the home was common; having the “safety practice” of storing pesticides in high places to avoid children being exposed. Women not living in farmimg families (n = 11) felt overexposed due to living in an agricultural community and agricultural drift exposure. Women from this group also mentioned feeling fear of developing cancerous diseases as well as fertility problems. Conclusions Knowledge and risk perception of pesticide exposure are similar between groups; however, women living in farming families were less willing to attend preventive health check-ups or educational programs than women not living in a farming family.

Riding Toward Danger: A Scoping Review of Burns Associated With Personal Mobility Devices, Including Electric Bikes (E-Bikes) and Electric Scooters (E-Scooters).

Burn injuries related to lithium-ion batteries from personal mobility devices, such as electric bikes and electric scooters, have emerged as a global concern. By examining the literature, this study aims to provide an overview of the demographics, patterns, and outcomes of personal mobility device-associated burns. A Singaporean cohort revealed burns resulting predominantly from fires occurring due to the combustion of unattended personal mobility device batteries during charging. In contrast, an Israeli cohort showed a higher total body surface area and highlighted the vulnerability of limbs to burn injuries in such incidents. A Beijing cohort, consisting of pediatric patients indicated potential child safety concerns regarding personal mobility device usage. Finally, a Shanghai cohort demonstrated the potential dangers of personal mobility device battery chargers. The observed differences between those experiencing burn injuries and the broader population of personal mobility device riders in terms of age and gender suggest that younger males may be at higher risk, perhaps due to risky practices such as leaving personal mobility devices unattended while charging. This review emphasizes the need for safety education, adherence to regulations, and responsible consumer choices to mitigate burn injuries. Recommendations include promoting child safety measures, using certified personal mobility devices, and cautious handling of DIY conversion kits. Further large-scale studies are essential to gain comprehensive insights and develop effective safety strategies to protect personal mobility device riders from burn injuries.

Burden of carpal tunnel syndrome and its associated factors among construction industry workers in Gondar town, Ethiopia.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by symptoms such as pain, numbness, or tingling on the anterior surface of the index, middle, or radial half of the ring finger, which is frequently associated with weakness of hand grip, and nocturnal pain and/or numbness resulting from compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel between the carpal bones and the transverse ligament. The construction industry involves many activities aside from the building process, such as landscaping, painting, electrical supply, plastering, paving, and telecommunications. Performing such tasks involves repetition of wrist flexion and extension, forceful grip with the hand, and/or vibrations of the hand and arm. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome and its associated risk factors among construction workers. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among six construction sectors in Gondar from April to July 2021. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was prepared from the literature with a Katz hand diagram, and a physical examination and a special test (carpal compression test, Phalen's, and Tinel's test) were carried out for those participants who reported pain during the interview. Binary logistic regression was conducted with SPSS 25 to identify the associated risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. The strength of the association was detected by the adjusted odds ratio. A total of 333 study participants aged 18-70 years were included in this study. Among the participants, 11.7% (AOR: 95%CI: 8.1-15.3) had carpal tunnel syndrome. Age, cigarette smoking, work experience, and working with finger-pressing tools were risk factors significantly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome among construction workers with a p-value of <0.05. The magnitude of carpal tunnel syndrome was 11.7% among construction workers. Being of older age, having more experience, cigarette smoking, and working with finger-pressing tools were risk factors significantly associated with carpal tunnel syndrome among construction workers. Employers should implement work safety education programs that raise awareness about the risks of cigarette smoking and encourage employers and supervisors to seek early medical intervention and treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome before it becomes a chronic problem.

Events related to medication errors and related factors involving nurses’ behavior to reduce medication errors in Japan: a Bayesian network modeling-based factor analysis and scenario analysis.

This study aimed to identify the relationships between medication errors and the factors affecting nurses’ knowledge and behavior in Japan using Bayesian network modeling. It also aimed to identify important factors through scenario analysis with consideration of nursing students’ and nurses’ education regarding patient safety and medications. We used mixed methods. First, error events related to medications and related factors were qualitatively extracted from 119 actual incident reports in 2022 from the database of the Japan Council for Quality Health Care. These events and factors were then quantitatively evaluated in a flow model using Bayesian network, and a scenario analysis was conducted to estimate the posterior probabilities of events when the prior probabilities of some factors were 0%. There were 10 types of events related to medication errors. A 5-layer flow model was created using Bayesian network analysis. The scenario analysis revealed that “failure to confirm the 5 rights,” “unfamiliarity with operations of medications,” “insufficient knowledge of medications,” and “assumptions and forgetfulness” were factors that were significantly associated with the occurrence of medical errors. This study provided an estimate of the effects of mitigating nurses’ behavioral factors that trigger medication errors. The flow model itself can also be used as an educational tool to reflect on behavior when incidents occur. It is expected that patient safety education will be recognized as a major element of nursing education worldwide and that an integrated curriculum will be developed.

Research on the Propagation Model of Unsafe Behaviors among Construction Workers Based on a Two-Layer NAN-SIRS Network

Unsafe behaviors among construction workers are a leading cause of safety accidents in the construction industry, and studying the mechanism of unsafe behavior propagation among construction workers is essential for reducing the occurrence of safety accidents. Safety attitude plays a pivotal role in predicting workers’ behavioral intentions. We propose a propagation model of unsafe behaviors based on a two-layer complex network, in which the upper layer depicts the change in construction workers’ safety attitudes, and the lower layer represents the propagation of unsafe behaviors. In this model, we consider the impact of individual heterogeneity and herd mentality on the transmission rate, establishing a partial mapping relationship based on behavioral feedback. After that, by building a probability transition tree, we establish the risk state transition equation in detail using the microscopic Markov chain approach (MMCA) and analyze the established equations to deduce the propagation threshold of unsafe behaviors analytically. The results show that enhancing the influence of individual heterogeneity and behavioral feedback increases the threshold for the spread of unsafe behaviors, thereby reducing its scale, while herd mentality amplifies the spread. Furthermore, the coexistence of safety education and behavioral feedback may lead to one of the mechanisms fails. This research enhances understanding of the propagation mechanism of unsafe behaviors and provides a foundation for managers to implement effective measures to suppress the propagation of unsafe behaviors among construction workers.

Enacting a child safety education programme in special education contexts

BackgroundThe teaching of personal safety and abuse prevention skills in schools is a feature of robust child protection systems across the world. In Ireland, the Stay Safe programme is mandatory for all primary schools and aims to equip children with the skills and knowledge necessary to reduce their susceptibility to abuse. The mandatory nature of the programme presents a challenge to schools catering for children with special educational needs and disabilities, due to a lack of clarity for teachers over the extent to which it can be adapted. AimThe aim of this study was to probe how teachers in special schools balance the mandatory requirement to teach the designated safety programme, with the practical reality that many of their children may not be able to process the intended learning, in the way it is prescribed. In a broad sense, the study aimed to showcase how teachers increase the accessibility of the programme for children with various special educational needs and disabilities. Methods and ProceduresThe study adopted a mixed-methods approach to data-gathering. Phase 1 consisted of a questionnaire distributed via Qualtrics to every special school principal in Ireland (n = 133). Phase 2 consisted of a three-site embedded case study with three special schools. Data from both phases of research were merged, using a three-part iterative framework, to arrive at a nuanced understanding of how the designated safety programme was enacted in special schools. Outcomes and ResultsThe results indicated that teachers in special schools enact the designated safety programme with varying degrees of systematicity, despite its mandatory status. Aspects of the programme were frequently skipped, supplementary material was introduced and content was generally changed depending on child need. The greater the learning difficulty, the more modification engaged in by teachers in special schools. Conclusions and ImplicationsThis article concludes by proposing that greater flexibility be provided to teachers in special education contexts to modify mandatory child safety education programmes. To support this flexibility and boost teacher expertise in undertaking programme modifications effectively, the article highlights teacher professional learning as a key priority. Prioritising the ongoing development of teacher expertise goes some way towards reducing an over-reliance on past teaching experiences guiding provision, at the expense of expert, evidence-based approaches.

Exploring perceptions of and attitudes towards tanning with school children, parents/carers and educators in Wales: A mixed methods study protocol for the SunChat study.

Skin cancer comprises half of all cancers in England and Wales. Most skin cancers can be prevented with safer sun exposure. As over exposure as a child can greatly increase future skin cancer risk, early and accessible sun safety education and promotion of sun safe behaviours is critical. Scientists agree there is no such thing as a 'safe tan', yet the public, including children, often have positive perceptions of tanned skin. To protect against future skin cancer, it is important to understand and address these misconceptions. The Curriculum for Wales with its area for Health and Well-being, and autonomy for schools in designing curriculum content, presents an ideal way to facilitate this exploration. Gather data regarding perceptions towards tanning to explore the perceived effects of a tan on health.Inform the development and testing of an educational toolkit for integration within the Curriculum for Wales to encourage positive health behaviours and attitudes of school children towards tanning and sun exposure. SunChat is a mixed methods exploratory study comprising three work streams: Workshops with school children to understand their perceptions on tanning.An online multiple-choice survey with parents/carers to understand perceptions, attitudes and behaviours towards tanning both for themselves and their children.An informal focus group with primary school educators to explore challenges in engaging with the school community around the Health and Well-being Area in the Curriculum for Wales. To date, there has been no work in Wales exploring children's, parents/carers', and educators' perceptions of tanning and how healthier attitudes can be encouraged. This study will engage with participants to scope current perceptions on tanning and the perceived effects tanning has on health. Findings will feed into future toolkit and curriculum development for health in schools in Wales and beyond.

Health and Safety Education for Painting Workers in Small Companies to Make Them Aware That Paint Is "Dangerous and Harmful".

Workers in painting companies may be unaware that the paints they handle have adverse health effects. The present study explored the factors associated with workers' perception of paints as "dangerous and harmful". A questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted with workers engaged in painting operations in small-sized painting companies (fewer than 50 employees) in northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi prefectures. Safety and health education methods making workers perceive paint as "dangerous and harmful" were clarified. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis were used for the survey and hierarchical cluster analysis for the interviews. The factor "Hazard prediction activity (KY Activity)", gender, and job position were identified as factors that make workers perceive paint as "dangerous and harmful". Based on the interview results, "KY Activity" was a keyword and a standardized safety and health activity. Before work, workers gather in a small group to discuss the dangers and hazards of paint, share information, establish action goals, and confirm safety measures. The questionnaire identified "KY Activity" as a factor influencing the workers' perception of paint as "dangerous and harmful". "KY Activity," also extracted from the interviews, is an effective health and safety education method for teaching workers in small-sized painting companies that paint is "dangerous and harmful".

Safety education at research facilities with radiation sources and short-term facility users – Current design and practice and possibilities for improvement

Research facilities such as spallation sources and synchrotrons generate radiation for use in atomic-level or molecular-scale experiments. These facilities can be viewed as complex safety-critical systems. An important aspect of the safety management of such systems is the short safety education and training programme the users are required to undergo in order to gain facility access. As research on the topic is limited, this study aimed to increase the knowledge about current education design and practice using the perspectives of safety science and pedagogy. Study objectives were to identify preconditions that impact the safety education design, to describe current design and practice of the safety education, and to identify weaknesses and possibilities for improvement. Site visits with a total of 20 interviews were performed at three research facilities. The results show the need for sufficient resources to maintain learning activities for users, provide pedagogical continuing education for educators, and maintain safety culture-enhancing activities to meet the challenges of having large numbers of short-term facility users. Increased focus should be placed on safety-related competence needs and the mapping of these to match the competence of individual users. New thinking and innovation can benefit the design and provision of such education activities, based on both socio-technical system and system safety perspectives.

Swimming and water safety delivery for newly arrived Australians.

In Victoria, Australia, culturally and linguistically diverse communities are more than twice as likely to drown than their Australian-born counterparts. One explanation is the lack of feasible, community-led approaches to water safety and swimming education. A community engagement framework was used to develop and implement a 5-day pool program to teach swimming and water safety to newly arrived migrant children attending an English language school in Victoria. Socio-cultural needs of the predominantly Afghan cohort were incorporated through in-language consultation with parents who requested males and females be educated separately. Participants were assessed against Victorian aquatic competency benchmark standards at pre- and post-program, however, there was no expectation to achieve these competencies within the 5 days due to a lack of prior aquatic exposure. Independent and paired samples t-tests determined changes in skills, including by sex and number of lessons attended. Forty-one participants completed all assessments. Excluding lifesaving skills, there was a significant increase in total competency attainment overall from pre- to post-program (p < 0.001), and for each competency (p's ≤ 0.002)-predominantly knowledge and rescue skills. Improvements were mostly recorded among males, demonstrating that females may require more specialized support to achieve similar outcomes. Improvements in rescue skills and knowledge indicate the program's effectiveness in increasing newly arrived migrant children's awareness of, and exposure to, foundations of safe aquatic behaviours. Future programs tailored to newly arrived migrant communities should consider implementing water familiarization activities as a stepping stone to engagement with structured swimming and water safety education.

Subcutaneous epcoritamab (SC epcor) administered outpatient (outpt) for relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL): Results from phase 2 EPCORE NHL-6.

7029 Background: Epcor is the only SC CD3xCD20 bispecific antibody approved for R/R DLBCL. In initial protocols, hospitalization after the 1st full dose of epcor was required to monitor patients (pts) for and characterize CRS. The EPCORE NHL-6 trial assessed whether R/R DLBCL/FL pts treated with SC epcor across US community and academic sites could be safely monitored in the outpt setting. Methods: Eligible pts had R/R DLBCL or FL and at least 2 prior lines of therapy. Epcor was given in 28-d cycles [C]; C1 SUD: 0.16 mg then 0.8 mg, followed by 48 mg; C1–3: QW; C4–9: Q2W; C≥10: Q4W. Pts received safety education, including early identification and reporting of symptoms of CRS and ICANS, and were required to stay ≤30 min of the site of care for 24 h after the 1st full dose. Based on C1 optimization (OPT) findings from EPCORE NHL-1 (Vose ASH 2023, Abs 1729), the trial was amended to implement C1 OPT with hydration and dexamethasone after enrollment of 34 pts. Results: At data cutoff, 36 pts (23 DLBCL, 13 FL) received ≥1 dose of epcor (median cycles, 3). 13 and 23 pts were from US academic and community sites, respectively. Median age was 65 y, 67% of pts had extranodal disease, and 39% had prior CAR T. Any grade CRS occurred in 47% of pts and were mostly low grade (G1, n=9; G2, n=7; G3, n=1). Median time to onset of CRS after 1st full dose was 23 h. No CRS events led to discontinuation; 11 pts (31%) were treated with tocilizumab, 8 (22%) with corticosteroids, and 5 (14%) with both. ICANS occurred in 8% (all G1-2) with a median time to onset of 20 days from C1D1, and all resolved. Of 31 pts receiving the 1st full dose, 3 pts (10%) received epcor in the inpatient (inpt) setting while admitted for AEs other than CRS (pain management, leg injury, UTI, n=1 each). The remaining 28 pts (90%) received epcor and were monitored in the outpt setting. 12 total pts had 13 CRS events after the 1st full dose with CRS starting in the outpt setting in 10 pts (G1, n=6; G2, n=4). 7/28 (25%) pts initially monitored as outpts were subsequently managed as inpt for CRS. All 12 pts had resolution of CRS with a median time to resolution of 45 h. Conclusions: Pts with R/R DLBCL and FL were successfully treated with SC epcor and monitored in the outpt setting across different types of sites. CRS events occurring in the outpt setting were appropriately managed, and the observed CRS incidence and severity was comparable to that of the pivotal EPCORE NHL-1 trial. These data suggest that SC epcor can be safely administered and pts monitored outpt, and then managed inpt as needed for CRS. Enrollment is ongoing, and a larger dataset with C1 OPT including hydration and dexamethasone, which are anticipated to further lower CRS incidence and severity, will be presented later. Clinical trial information: NCT05451810 . [Table: see text]

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing School Safety Capacity through Safety Education: Focusing on the Improvement of Resilience and Practical Experience of Elementary School Students

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing School Safety Capacity through Safety Education: Focusing on the Improvement of Resilience and Practical Experience of Elementary School Students

Comprehensive Safety Strategies and Innovations for Infrastructure Resilience in Bridges

This study explores the critical elements of ensuring bridge safety, covering design, construction, maintenance, personal protective equipment (PPE), community engagement, and public perception. It draws lessons from historical bridge failures, like the Morandi Bridge collapse, highlighting the necessity for stringent safety protocols in infrastructure development. Innovative solutions, such as heating systems to prevent ice formation and seismic resilient designs, are explored to address maintenance challenges and environmental impacts. In addition, the study also examines the role of public perception, education, and community engagement in bridge safety. It discusses the positive and negative aspects of safety measures like nets and Fall Protection Systems (FPS) and evaluates the impact of public education programs on safety awareness. Visual standards, clear signage, and innovations in bridge design, such as smart sensors and self-healing materials, are explored for their contributions to safety and longevity. A comparative analysis of safety standards worldwide, such as AASHTO, BSI, CSA, Austroad, Eurocodes, JRA, TB, IRC, ABNT, and SANS, highlights global efforts to establish consistent safety measures. Historical data and case studies, including the Tacoma Bridge Collapse and the Minneapolis I-35W Collapse, provide insights into safety measures' evolution. In conclusion, there is a need for a comprehensive approach to bridge safety, on the backend by implementing policies and ensuring safety protocols are being met, as well as a good public perception using visual components, like safety nets. Success hinges on collaborative efforts, robust risk reduction, and fostering public confidence in infrastructure development.

Exploring the direction of play-based early childhood safety education using metaverse

Exploring the direction of play-based early childhood safety education using metaverse

재난안전관리체계 평가모형을 활용한 다중이용시설 안전관리 사례 연구

This study was conducted on the safety management of multi-use facilities using a disaster safety management system evaluation model, focusing on the case of Company A. Sports facilities within multi-use facilities are used by an unspecified number of people and require quick judgment and initial response from safety managers in the event of an emergency. In the event of an emergency such as a fire, it is important to respond to the delay in evacuation time for users of sports facilities on the top floor. The building managed by Company A has facilities such as a swimming pool, fitness center, sauna, indoor golf course, and yoga𐄁pilates room located on the top floor. We analyzed Company A's case of sports facilities in a building that is both a complex building and a multi-use facility. The building in question is located in Seoul, and the safety management case of Company A was studied in the following order building safety organization and system establishment, safety management capabilities, safety management activities, education and training, and evaluation feedback. Through this, we studied key management issues and vulnerabilities requiring safety in multi-use facilities, as well as cases of fire drills and evacuation measures to prepare for disaster occurrences, and focused on the safety management system of multi-use facilities and conducted research on sports facilities within multi-use facilities safety and improvement measures were derived. By applying Company A's safety management best practices to the research model, the company's safety management can be effectively analyzed and examined. Through this study, we would like to make suggestions so that safety managers of buildings with sports facilities in multi-use facilities can use them as a reference.

건설업 일용직근로자의 직무스트레스가 근골격계질환에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to derive implications for the prevention and management of musculoskeletal diseases of daily workers in the construction industry by comparing and analyzing the effects of job stress on musculoskeletal diseases among daily workers in the construction industry. Method: This study was conducted on 218 daily workers in the construction industry who participated in safety and health education in the construction industry among workers in the construction industry located in Daegu and Gyeongbuk. G*Power 3.1.9.7 analysis was used to find out the number of statistically significant research subjects, and 122 people were calculated and tested when a moderate effect size of 0.15, a significance level of 0.05, a power of 95% and two predictors were used for multiple regression analysis. Results: In the case of recognition of musculoskeletal disease, the age groups were significantly higher in their 50s and 60s, and in the single group by marital status. In the case of variations in perception of the severity of musculoskeletal disease symptoms according to socio-demographic characteristics, there were no variables showing significant variations, but job stress showed a certain relationship with musculoskeletal disease, and job stress had a significant positive effect on musculoskeletal disease morbidity. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that measures to manage job stress should be sought to prevent musculoskeletal diseases and manage diseases of daily workers in the construction industry.

Current Situation and Challenges of Safety Management of Chemical Laboratories in Universities: Problems and Countermeasures

University chemistry laboratory is an important base for teaching experiment and scientific research, and its experimental activities and scientific research results play an irreplaceable role in cultivating students' practical ability and promoting the development of the subject. However, with the increase of the frequency of laboratory use and the improvement of experimental complexity, the safety management of chemical laboratories in colleges and universities has become increasingly prominent. Laboratory accidents can not only cause serious harm to people and the environment, but can also have a negative impact on a school's reputation and the quality of education. Through the field investigation and data analysis of chemical laboratories in many colleges and universities, it is found that although many colleges and universities have established a set of safety management system, there are still many deficiencies in practical operation, such as weak safety awareness, imperfect safety facilities, insufficient safety training and lack of emergency plans. These problems not only threaten the safe operation of the laboratory, but also restrict the smooth development of scientific research and teaching activities. In view of the challenges facing the safety management of chemical laboratories in colleges and universities, safety education and training should be strengthened to improve the awareness and attention of teachers and students to laboratory safety. Secondly, it is necessary to improve the safety facilities and ensure that the hardware equipment of the laboratory can meet the safety requirements. In addition, a sound safety management system and emergency plans should be established to respond quickly and effectively in emergency situations.

Why do Workers Generate Biased Risk Perceptions? An Analysis of Anchoring Effects and Influential Factors in Workers' Assessment of Unsafe Behavior

BackgroundRisk perception plays a crucial role in workers' unsafe behaviors. However, little research has explored why workers generate biased risk perceptions, namely underestimating or overestimating the risks of unsafe actions. Cognitive biases in risk perception arise from uncertainties about the dangers of unsafe behaviors. As a typical heuristic strategy, the anchoring effect is critical in decision-making under uncertain conditions. Consequently, this study empirically analyzed the influence of anchoring effects on workers' risk perception. MethodsIn 2022, a survey was conducted with 1,418 coal mine workers from Shanxi Province, China. The survey instruments assessed workers' risk perception of unsafe behavior, anchoring effects, need for cognition, and safety knowledge. Multivariable linear regression models were employed to analyze the associations among these variables. ResultsThe findings verified the proposed anchoring effects. Specifically, experimenter-provided high-risk anchors led workers to overestimate unsafe behavior risks, thus reducing their tendency to engage in such behavior. In contrast, experimenter-provided low-risk anchors and accident-injury experiences (self-generated anchors) decreased workers' risk perception, increasing their propensity to engage in unsafe behavior. Additionally, workers' safety knowledge and need for cognition significantly affected anchoring effects. ConclusionThis research enhances workplace safety studies by applying the anchoring effect from psychology to risk perception research. Suggestions for improving risk perception encompass implementing hazard warnings, fostering safety education, and providing training. Furthermore, managers should give special attention to workers with accident-injury experience and promptly correct their accident fluke mentality, thereby improving overall risk awareness.

A Human Factors and Systems-Thinking approach to Veterinary Patient Safety Education: Why, What, and How?

Preparing graduates to practice safely in today's increasingly complex veterinary workplaces is a key aim for veterinary educators. This requires embedding veterinary patient safety concepts into already full curricula. This teaching tip explores the benefits of incorporating human factors and systems-thinking principles into the design and delivery of veterinary patient safety education, showing how these can inform both what is taught and how. We explore what taking a human factors approach to veterinary patient safety education means, inviting educators to rethink not just curricular content but the whole approach to delivery. Advocating for the adoption of a systems-thinking-informed approach to curriculum design, we present a two-stage curriculum mapping process to support educators to embed core human factors principles as a way of thinking and doing for learners and faculty alike. Learning theories and educational design that align with human factors principles promote participatory methods and encourage collaborative experiential learning, critical thinking, and authentic application of knowledge and skills. Educators should explore opportunities presented by interprofessional education and workplace-based learning for practical application of these principles. Barriers to an integrated human factors-based patient safety curriculum include inconsistent terminology and understanding, significant faculty development requirements, and assessment challenges associated with existing regulatory and licensing requirements. Practical approaches to addressing these barriers are discussed. The recommendations outlined for the design and delivery of veterinary patient safety curricula will help ensure that institutions develop graduates that are effectively prepared for the complexity they will meet in the veterinary workplace, leading to improved patient safety and overall workplace well-being.