Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Safety Research Articles

Design and Modelling of hybrid network security method for increasing security in vehicular ad-hoc network

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are becoming more commonplace as a means for cars to communicate and share data on things like traffic patterns, road conditions, and travel times and speeds. Therefore, one of the key issues facing academics now is ensuring data communication safety in VANET. There are several privacy-preserving verification techniques for VANETs. However, they do have complex calculations and safety issues. This research presented an operating platform for the 5G-based VANET architecture that combines Software-Defined Networking (SDN) with Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). The proposed system provides SOM and SDN-based network (SOM-SDN) solutions that will improve safety in two dimensions by spotting and stopping threats. First, this research examines the network's efficiency threats while considering Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) threats. The suggested system's safety was then compared with current DDoS attacks. Additionally, the proposed method is strong enough to fend off typical assaults and maintain the communication information's secrecy, thanks to an examination of its security qualities. The efficiency comparisons' outcomes demonstrate the suggested procedure's light and effectiveness. Additionally, the suggested model using SUMO and NS-3 demonstrates how effective and useful the method is for VANETs. The proposed study shows a 92% improvement in performance, a 4% reduction in end-to-end latency, a 92% improvement in transmission outbound, a 98% improvement in packet transmission rate, and a 94% improvement in the enumeration of bounce compared to prior studies.

Elliptic-Curve based Crypto-Compression Scheme For Medical Videos in Connected Ambulance

Communication and collaboration in transport systems are overdeveloped through Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). In VANETs, various messages are sent to activate warnings about road accidents, sharp turns, traffic jams, etc. Data security in VANETs is then essential to prevent the intrusion of hackers. Although security and safety in VANETs have been the subject of several research works, some intelligent vehicles contain extremely sensitive data that require specific high-level and real-time security solutions. This is the case for connected medical ambulances in which surgery can be performed with the help of an outside doctor. In such cases, video is the most complicated type of data to handle due to its size, content, and structure. In this paper, an elliptical approach to video representation is introduced, and a video crypto-compression scheme is proposed. The scheme described is built on Elliptic Curve Cryptography, which demonstrates good performance in computer security in recent years.

A VANET Collision Warning System with Cloud Aided Pliable Q-Learning and Safety Message Dissemination

Ease of self-driving technological developments revives Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) and motivates the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to develop novel intelligent solutions to amplify the VANET safety and efficiency. Collision warning system plays a significant role in VANET due to the avoidance of fatalities in vehicle crashes. Different kinds of collision warning systems have been designed for diverse VANET scenarios. Among them, reinforcement-based machine learning algorithms receive much attention due to the dispensable of explicit modeling about the environment. However, it is a censorious task to retrieve the Q-learning parameters from the dynamic VANET environment effectively. To handle such issue and safer the VANET driving environment, this paper proposes a cloud aided pliable Q-Learning based Collision Warning Prediction and Safety message Dissemination (QCP-SD). The proposed QCP-SD integrates two mechanisms that are pliable Q-learning based collision prediction and Safety alert Message Dissemination. Firstly, the designing of pliable Q-learning parameters based on dynamic VANET factors with Q-learning enhances collision prediction accuracy. Further, it estimates the novel metric named as Collision Risk Factor (CRF) and minimizes the driving risks due to vehicle crashes. The execution of pliable Q-learning only at RSUs minimizes the vehicle burden and reduces the design complexity. Secondly, the QCP-SD sends alerts to the vehicles in the risky region through highly efficient next-hop disseminators selected based on a multi-attribute cost value. Moreover, the performance of QCP-SD is evaluated through Network Simulator (NS-2). The efficiency is analyzed using the performance metrics that are duplicate packet, latency, packet loss, packet delivery ratio, secondary collision, throughput, and overhead.

Service-Oriented Architecture for Providing ITS Services in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is the cutting edge technology for smart transportation. VANET becomes an important aspect of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Different safety and non-safety applications have been developed for VANET. The inspiration behind VANET is to provide safe, and pleasant journeys to the drivers and passengers. Although the quality of software depends upon its architecture, most of them do not give proper attention to the consideration of Software-Oriented Architecture (SOA) for providing safety and non-safety ITS services in VANET. To address this issue, we proposed an efficient software architecture by highlighting the important operations and services of the system. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated by several design metrics and the results are compared with a state-of-the-art solution. The results showed that our proposed architecture has low coupling and high cohesion factors. Furthermore, the results reveal that our architecture is less complex and more reusable. From the results, we conclude that the proposed architecture is suitable for providing safety and non-safety ITS services and will pave the way for the implementation of the futuristic vision of the ITS.

A position-based reliable emergency message routing scheme for road safety in VANETs

Reliable emergency message (EM) transmission in vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) necessitates an effective routing scheme. Position-based routing is considered more suitable for VANETs for not having to maintain any routing table or sharing connection states with neighbors. However, position-based routing is challenging in VANETs because vehicles change their positions instantly, and the next-hop can often go out of the communication range in greedy forwarding mode. This unstable behavior of the next-hop triggers route redundancy and leads to a high end-to-end delay (ED) and lower packet delivery ratio (PDR). Moreover, routing decisions based on a next-hop (relay) vehicle may be less optimal if we do not consider the stability and predict the position of a next-hop vehicle in such dynamic environments. To that end, we propose a position-based reliable emergency message routing (REMR) scheme based on our mobility metrics, which exploits the vehicle moving behaviors to enhance EM delivery. We describe how the choice of next-hop in greedy forwarding can be enhanced by leveraging neighbor’s future location information. By taking into account the Euclidean distance and position information, REMR predicts the relative positions of neighbor vehicles to exclude unstable neighbors from the list of candidate next-hops. In addition, REMR employs the vehicles’ movement information (e.g., position, speed variation, and moving angle) to minimize a possible link disruption and to choose an optimal next-hop for robust routing of EMs. REMR also offers a beaconing control strategy to enhance message reliability and to deal with the problem of beacons congestion. To minimize beacons congestion, REMR adjusts the beacon interval based on the neighborhood density. By consolidating mobility metrics and beacon control strategy, REMR can respond adequately to variation in the network traffic and frequent topology changes as validated by our simulation results.

Machine Learning Based Misbehaviour Detection in VANET Using Consecutive BSM Approach

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology for vehicle-to-vehicle communication vital for reducing road accidents and traffic congestion in an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANET communication is vulnerable to various attacks and cryptographic techniques are commonly used for message integrity and authentication of vehicles. However, cryptograhpic techniques alone may not be sufficient to protect against insider attacks. Many VANET safety applications rely on periodic broadcast of basic safety messages (BSMs) from surrounding vehicles that contain important status information about a vehicle such as its position, speed, and heading. If an attacker (misbehaving vehicle) injects false position information in a BSM, it can lead to serious consequences including traffic congestion or even accidents. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately detect and identify such attackers to ensure safety in the network. This paper presents a novel data-centric approach to detect <i>position falsification</i> attacks, using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Unlike existing techniques, the proposed approach combines information from 2 consecutive BSMs for training and testing. Simulations using the Vehicular Reference Misbehavior (VeReMi) dataset demonstrate that the proposed model clearly outperforms existing approaches for identifying a range of different attack types.

A novel lightweight authentication and privacy-preserving protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is commonly employed in intelligent transportation system (ITS) that allows the exchange of traffic data among vehicles and nearby environment to accomplish effective driving experience. Privacy and security are the challenging issues that exist in the safety needs of the VANET. Any particular leakage of the vehicle details such as route data might result in serious impacts, and therefore, authentication and privacy-preserving protocols are needed to enhance safety in VANET. With this motivation, this paper presents a new lightweight authentication and privacy-preserving protocol using improved timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication with cuckoo filter (ITESLA-CF) for VANETs. The proposed model encompasses different stages of operations such as initialization, registration, mutual authentication, broadcast and verification, and vehicle revocation phases. In addition, the ITESLA-CF technique has effective broadcast authentication as TESLA with minimal memory requirement. Besides, the ITESLA-CF technique includes a cuckoo filter to save the authentic information of vehicles that exist in the RSU’s range. The proposed model has lightweight mutual authentication among the parties and it offers robust anonymity to accomplish privacy and resists ordinary attacks. To ensure the better performance of the ITESLA-CF technique, an extensive set of simulations take place and the results are assessed in terms of different measures. The resultant experimental values pointed out the supremacy of the ITESLA-CF technique over the recent state of art methods.

Efficient VANET safety message delivery and authenticity with privacy preservation

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) play an essential role in the development of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). VANET supports many types of applications that have strict time constraints. The communication and computational overheads are minimal for these computations and there are many security requirements that should be maintained. We propose an efficient message authentication system with a privacy preservation protocol. This protocol reduces the overall communication and computational overheads. The proposed protocol consists of three main phases: the group registration phase, send/receive messages phase, and the leave/join phase. For cryptography algorithms, we combined symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms. The symmetric key was generated and exchanged without using the Diffie–Hellman (DH) protocol. Furthermore, we used an efficient version of the RSA algorithm called CRT-RSA. The experimental results showed that the computational overhead in the registration phase was significantly reduced by 91.7%. The computational overhead for sending and receiving the non-safety message phase was reduced by 41.2% compared to other existed protocols. Moreover, our results showed that the time required to broadcast a safety and non-safety group message was below 100 ms and 150 ms, respectively. The average computational time of sending and receiving a one-to-one message was also calculated. The proposed protocol was also evaluated with respect to performance and security and was shown to be invulnerable to many security attacks.

A New QoS Adaptive Multi-path Routing for Video Streaming in Urban VANETs Integrating Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic

The multi-path transmission is an appropriate transmission method for high data rate packets like video streaming. To provide video streaming with high quality, the video packets are divided into different frames for transmitting through various paths. Nevertheless, regarding the results of numerous inherent features of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), designing a stable and efficient routing protocol is difficult for various applications of VANETs. In particular, the dynamic nature of topology and intermittent connectivity make maintaining the quality of service (QoS) task very difficult. To provide QoS to entertainment applications and traffic safety in VANET, we offer a routing protocol based on the adaptive junction with QoS support regarding packet delivery ratio (PDR), connectivity probability, and delay. To establish the best QoS routes, we considered the equivalent routing problem as the optimization problem and then proposed an algorithm based on ant colony optimization for solving it. Moreover, a fuzzy logic-based algorithm was employed to select the best next-hop vehicle by incorporating multiple metrics associated with the vehicle’s position, link quality, and vehicle mobility. The transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) are the two most known transference layer protocols. In this study, we provide an adaptation of TCP and UDP protocols for video streaming in VANET. To indicate the behavior of our suggested method, the network simulator NS-2 is used for the simulation. The simulation findings show the efficiency of our proposed approach in comparison with the existing research works in terms of the average packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, overhead, and peak signal to noise ratio.

Reliable and efficient data dissemination schemein VANET: a review

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), identified as a mobile ad hoc network MANETs with several added constraints. Basically, in VANETs, the network is established on the fly based on the availability of vehicles on roads and supporting infrastructures along the roads, such as base stations. Vehicles and road-side infrastructures are required to provide communication facilities, particularly when enough vehicles are not available on the roads for effective communication. VANETs are crucial for providing a wide range of safety and non-safety applications to road users. However, the specific fundamental problem in VANET is the challenge of creating effective communication between two fast-moving vehicles. Therefore, message routing is an issue for many safety and non-safety of VANETs applications. The challenge in designing a robust but reliable message dissemination technique is primarily due to the stringent QoS requirements of the VANETs safety applications. This paper investigated various methods and conducted literature on an idea to develop a model for efficient and reliable message dissemination routing techniques in VANET.

SCMAC: A Slotted-Contention-Based Media Access Control Protocol for Cooperative Safety in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can improve the safety during the traffic by enabling cooperative communication among the vehicles. The media access control (MAC) protocol should be well designed so that cooperative messages can be exchanged efficiently and reliably. Because vehicles move fast on the road, the network topology changes rapidly, which makes it harder to design the MAC protocol. This article introduces SCMAC, a slotted-contention-based time-division multiple access MAC protocol. SCMAC combines the advantages of the contention-based protocols and the contention-free protocols, and hence, can accommodate different traffic densities and channel conditions. Each time slot is divided into two periods: 1) reservation period (RP) and 2) transmission period (TP) in the protocol. Nodes compete in the RP to confirm whether the channel can be used before the transmission can take place in the TP. Analysis and simulation results are also presented to evaluate the performance of SCMAC in various scenarios. The results show that SCMAC can adapt different traffic densities and channel conditions and can provide more real time and efficient services compared to the other protocols.

A Robust Channel Access Using Cooperative Reinforcement Learning for Congested Vehicular Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technique dedicated to wireless vehicular communication to improve transportation safety by exchanging driving information between vehicles. For safety purposes, vehicles periodically broadcast a safety packet via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. Accordingly, VANET safety applications demand a reliable exchange of the safety packet with high Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), acceptable latency, and communication fairness. However, the communication performance significantly degrades due to numerous packet collisions when a large number of vehicles simultaneously access limited channel resources for the safety broadcast. In particular, the problem grows more severe in congested VANETs absent infrastructures since vehicles must control channel access using a self-adaptive scheme without external assistance. Thus, a robust and decentralized channel access protocol for VANETs is required to achieve road safety. In this paper, we propose an intelligent channel access algorithm empowered by cooperative Reinforcement Learning (RL), in which vehicles coordinate the channel access in a fully-decentralized manner. We also consider a proper interaction scheme between vehicles for enhancing the V2V safety broadcast in infrastructure-less congested VANETs. We provide evaluation results with extensive simulations according to various levels of traffic congestion. Simulations confirm the superior performance of the algorithm: the algorithm has a 20% increase in PDR compared to the latest RL-based channel access scheme. Furthermore, the algorithm satisfies the low latency requirement of VANET safety applications as well as both short-term and long-term communication fairness.

Ant Colony Optimization Based Qos Routing Protocol (ACORP) for Vanets

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET ) is a special type of communication network that promises wide applications ranging from road safety to driving comfort. The rich applications enhance the safety and comfort of travelers by establishing a cooperative communication among the vehicles. To increase communication efficiency this work proposes an Ant Colony Optimization based Quality of Service Routing protocol(ACORP) for VANETs that aims to enhance the road safety and travel convenience in VANETs.

A Novel Hybrid MAC Protocol for Basic Safety Message Broadcasting in Vehicular Networks

Basic Safety Messaging plays a crucial role to provide road safety in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). To avoid potential accidents, vehicles periodically broadcast safety information to neighboring vehicles. However, due to transmission collisions, fading channels and other factors, vehicular networks usually suffer a low packet delivery ratio (PDR) and a large delay, which are intolerant of many safety applications. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for basic safety message (BSM) dissemination based on the framework of Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC). Its partially centralized and partially distributed characteristic not only can effectively suppress the collisions, but keep compatibility with IEEE 802.11p. In addition, the integration of Physical-Layer Network Coding (PNC) and Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) further strengthens the reliability and efficiency for BSM dissemination. Both the theoretical analysis and comprehensive simulations indicate that, compared with existing schemes, the proposed protocol can significantly improve the PDR by a range of 20% to 300%. Meanwhile, in terms of normalized throughput, it increases by varying percent between 20% and 160% in different scenarios.

QoS Routing Protocol (QoRP) to Enhance Road Safety in VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) communication promises a vast array of applications ranging from road safety and driving comfort. Safety message broadcasting plays a significant role in highway safety in which the safety alert messages have to be delivered immediately to the vehicles located in the risk boundary area. Most of the current research attempt to select optimal relayer for safety message rebroadcasting. However, relayer selection models are not efficient, especially in a high-density VANET, as they cause a high delay in safety message delivery and lead to multiple accidents at the incident spot. To avert these issues, this work proposes a QoS Routing Protocol (QoRP) that aims to enhance the road safety in both sparse and dense VANETs.

Real-Time Detection of DoS Attacks in IEEE 802.11p Using Fog Computing for a Secure Intelligent Vehicular Network

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a method through which Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have become important for the benefit of daily life. Real-time detection of all forms of attacks, including hybrid DoS attacks in IEEE 802.11p, has become an urgent issue for VANET. This is due to sporadic real-time exchange of safety and road emergency message delivery in VANET. Sporadic communication in VANET has the tendency to generate an enormous amount of messages. This leads to overutilization of the road side unit (RSU) or the central processing unit (CPU) for computation. Therefore, efficient storage and intelligent VANET infrastructure architecture (VIA), which includes trustworthiness, are required. Vehicular Cloud and Fog Computing (VFC) play an important role in efficient storage, computation, and communication needs for VANET. This research utilizes VFC integration with hybrid optimization algorithms (OAs), which also possess swarm intelligence, including Cuckoo/CSA Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Firefly/Genetic Algorithm (GA), to provide real-time detection of DoS attacks in IEEE 802.11p, using VFC for a secure intelligent vehicular network. Vehicles move ar a certain speed and the data is transmitted at 30 Mbps. Firefly Feed forward back propagation neural network (FFBPNN) is used as a classifier to distinguish between the attacked vehicles and the genuine vehicles. The proposed scheme is compared with Cuckoo/CSA ABC and Firefly GA by considering jitter, throughput, and prediction accuracy.

Enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm to provide reliable delivery for VANET safety applications.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging and promising wireless technology aimed to improve traffic safety and provide comfort to road users. However, the high mobility of vehicles and frequent topology changes pose a considerable challenge to the reliable delivery of safety applications. Clustering is one of the control techniques used in VANET to make the frequent topology changes less dynamic. Nevertheless, research has shown that most of the existing clustering algorithms focus on cluster head (CH) election with very few addressing other critical issues such as cluster formation and maintenance. This has led to unstable clusters which could affect the timely delivery of safety applications. In this study, enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm (EWCA) was developed to address these challenges. We considered any vehicle moving on the same road segment with the same road ID and within the transmission range of its neighbour to be suitable for the cluster formation process. This was attributed to the fact that all safety messages are expected to be shared among the vehicles within the vicinity irrespective of their relative speedto avoid any hazardous situation. To elect a CH, we identified some metrics on the basis of the vehicle mobility information. Each vehicle was associated with a predefined weight value based on its relevance. A vehicle with the highest weight value was elected as the primary cluster head (PCH). We also introduced a secondary cluster head (SeCH) as a backup to the PCH to improve the cluster stability. SeCH took over the leadership whenever the PCH was not suitable for continuing with the leadership. The simulation results of the proposed approach showed a better performance with an increase of approximately40%– 45% in the cluster stability when compared with the existing approaches. Similarly, cluster formation messages were significantly minimized, hence reducing the communication overhead to the system and improving the reliable delivery of the safety applications.

Holistic approach for coupling privacy with safety in VANETs

The drastic increase in road accidents has motivated transport community to safeguard passengers from serious injuries and casualties. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) introduced smart vehicles that can wirelessly communicate with each other to contribute to the enhancement of road safety by forming a network on ad-hoc basis called Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). In VANETs, vehicles periodically broadcast beacon messages to get better and timely awareness of road's condition. However, these unencrypted beacon messages bring a serious concern on the people's privacy if an adversary overhears them. The research community has proposed to use a pseudonym instead of real identity; however, vehicle's location traces can still be built with ease. Numerous location privacy protection techniques have been proposed; however, they work on turning the vehicle's radio transmitter off which consequently can affect safety applications. Protecting the drivers’ location at the risk of sacrificing their safety makes the key purpose of VANETs questionable. In this paper, we aim to develop a holistic safety-aware location preserving scheme called Coupling Privacy with Safety (CPS) which ensures to provide drivers’ privacy along with their safety. CPS contributes to providing protection against syntactic linking attack, semantic linking attack, misleading attack/false alarm, Sybil attack and impersonation attack. It also avoids congestion and communication overhead. It also maintains QoS along with location protection and provides revocation facility.

SdnMAC: A Software-Defined Network Inspired MAC Protocol for Cooperative Safety in VANETs

The performance of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) largely depends on the underlying medium access control (MAC), as it determines the schedule utility of physical resources. However, in existing time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC protocols, a node usually acquires slots based on what each node senses, which is typically the coupling of the control and data plane. This coupling makes the TDMA protocols unable to rapidly and agilely deal with the challenges in VANETs, such as high mobility and dynamic network densities. Inspired by the software-defined network (SDN), we propose a novel SDN-based MAC protocol, named sdnMAC, to handle these challenges. A novel roadside openflow switch (ROFS) is designed as the roadside unit, controlled by the openflow controller. The sdnMAC can be divided into two tiers, the management of ROFSes (MA-ROFS) by the controller and the management of vehicles (MA-VEH) by ROFSes. In MA-ROFS, the controller schedules the cooperative sharing of time slot information among ROFSes. In MA-VEH, each ROFS allocates slots based on this shared information, thus decoupling of the control and data plane. This decoupling provides great rapidness and agility to sdnMAC, thus handling the rapid mobility and varying vehicle densities. Extensive simulations using network simulator NS3 and traffic simulator SUMO are performed. It is shown that the sdnMAC protocol can better meet the requirements of cooperative safety in VANETs.

A review of broadcasting safety data in V2V: Weaknesses and requirements

One of the main goals in using vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) system is to provide the driver of a vehicle with services that helps him/her in avoiding chain accidents and traffic jam. Vehicles can get different services from global servers when connecting to the internet or can cooperate with each other, where each vehicle behaves as a collector for traffic information and a disseminator of necessary data to the neighbouring vehicles during their journey. However, disseminating safety data between connecting vehicles is a challenging task due to the quick change in the wireless network topology, and the broadcast protocol's reliance on many physical parameters (e.g. vehicle's speed, location, roads structures etc.). Thus, getting a reliable VANET system and ensuring the integrity of messages are the main objectives when introducing any dissemination method. This paper reviews several existing VANET safety applications, and revises the disseminating methods for safety messages between vehicles without infrastructure to cover a wide area in a quick reliable way. Wherefore we include relevant works that present different methods to broadcast the warning message between vehicles, particularly when no infrastructure is available. Towards the conclusion, we show a classification tabular for these works, and a comprehensive feedback to reach the optimal perception of the broadcast scheme during safety data dissemination that depends on three objects; the environment, the vehicle as a sender, and the vehicle as a receiver.