Safety In Emergency Situations Research Articles

Некоторые проблемные вопросы организации выполнения научных исследований в области медицины катастроф

Summary. The objectives of the study are to analyze and give a general assessment of the organization of scientific research on the problems of disaster medicine, including within the framework of dissertation works carried out mainly by specialists of the Disaster Medicine Service (QMS) of the Russian Ministry of Health; outline the main directions for its further improvement. Materials and methods of research. Research materials – regulatory, program and methodological documents regulating the procedure for organizing scientific research on the problems of disaster medicine in 1994–2020: all (116) dissertation works defended in the dissertation council in the specialty 05.26.02 “Safety in emergency situations (medicine) disasters)”, which operated in 1996–2020. at the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine “Zashchita” (VTsMK “Zashchita”); data from expert assessment cards on the research topic, filled out by the teaching staff of the departments: disaster medicine, mobilization training of health care and disaster medicine, disaster medicine and life safety of educational organizations of higher medical and additional professional education of the Ministry of Health of Russia; scientific works and publications devoted to the study of problematic issues in disaster medicine. When carrying out the study, the following methods were used: methods of content analysis and expert assessment; statistical, analytical, bibliographic methods and field observation method. Research results and their analysis. The results of the study are presented, characterizing the state of the organization of scientific research on problematic issues of disaster medicine, including within the framework of dissertations carried out by specialists from medical organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Health of Russia. Reasonable proposals were made to improve the organization of scientific research in disaster medicine.

Research on the SLAM technology moving away from high-precision maps in the context of autonomous driving

SLAM(Simulation Localization and Mapping) technology is widely used in the fields of unmanned driving, autonomous robots and augmented reality. Real-time localization and mapping capabilities provide important support for autonomous driving. In this paper, we present a review of the implications of SLAM technology away from high-precision maps in autonomous driving scenarios, and the concept and production process of high-precision maps, as well as their role and advantages in autonomous driving, are discussed. Then, the application, significance, and advantages of SLAM technology in autonomous driving scenarios are discussed in detail, and the advantages of SLAM technology in environmental adaptability, real-time performance, cost and scalability, and safety in emergency situations are emphasized. Finally, the challenges faced by the current SLAM technology in autonomous driving are analyzed, and the development prospects of SLAM technology in the field of autonomous driving in the future are discussed.

Analisis Kompetensi Awak Kapal Penyeberangan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shipping safety has always been an interesting topic and a focus for all stack holders in the Indonesian sea, river, lake and crossing transportation community. One of the factors that play an important role in supporting shipping safety is the competence of the crew. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the level of competence of crossing crews in Eastern Indonesia in terms of the fulfillment of CMT and CMHBT Certificates as required by STCW Chapter V Regulation V / 2. This research is a type of Normative Research carried out for approximately 8 months on ships operating on the Sheet-Padangbai, Gilimanuk-Ketapang and Bajoe-Kolaka trajectories with a Judgement Sampling system. The data used is in the form of qualitative data based on the results of a survey of the completeness of CMT and CMHBT certificates from the Crossing Ship Crew. The results of this study found that the competence of Crossing Crew in Eastern Indonesia in terms of compliance with CMT and CMHBT Certificates used as research variables was above 80% of the number of crew surveyed. However, the study also found that there was a misperception regarding the obligation to fulfill the CMT certificate required for all crossing crew and the CMHBT certificate which should only be required for the Skipper, Head of the Engine Room, Mualim I, Driver II and other personnel who fit the Muster List on board passenger ships and Roro-passengers are responsible for passenger safety in emergency situations, which in this case is the officer of the ship. In fact, in the field, CMHBT certificates have also been fulfilled by crew members who are not officers. This does not meet the efficiency aspect in the application or shipping safety.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Index of articles of journal “Medico-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations” 2022

.

Safety of Reinforced Concrete Columns: Effect of Initial Imperfections and Material Deterioration under Emergency Actions

The effect of (1) initial imperfections and (2) material degradation of reinforced concrete columns on their safety in emergency situations was investigated. The research was limited to low- and medium-flexibility columns. Numerical modeling and proven regulatory methods of analysis were applied to determine the ultimate bearing capacity, taking into account supplementary dynamic loading by a longitudinal force and a bending moment in case of emergency. The numerical model, describing the column structure, has 3D elements simulating concrete, and rebars simulating reinforcement frames (cages). Imperfections are simulated by (1) the physical loss of elements, (2) unzip of nodal elements, and (3) unzip and further zip using nonlinear elements simulating gaps and cohesion between concrete and reinforcement. Implicit dynamics and an incremental method were employed to make computations. Within the framework of this computational scheme, a nonlinear problem was solved using the Newton–Raphson method with nodal forces convergence. The effect of imperfections, such as geometrical deviations and deterioration of mechanical characteristics, on the bearing capacity of compressed bending elements was identified under emergency actions. Risks of mechanical safety loss were analyzed to find that columns in the frame structures of highly hazardous, technically complex, and unique buildings and structures, subjected to supplementary loading, need an additional safety margin in the range of 3–21%. Rectangular cross-sections of columns are the most effective in terms of the safety criterion.

Assessing the priority of human rights and mental health: the PHRAME approach.

Protecting all human rights of people with mental health conditions is globally important. However, to facilitate practical implementation of rights, it is often necessary to decide which of these rights should be given priority, especially when they conflict with each other. The aim of the Priorities of Human Rights and Mental Health (PHRAME) project is to develop a replicable approach to establish a proposed set of high-priority human rights of people with mental health conditions, to facilitate practical decision-making and implementation of such rights. A two-stage Delphi-style study with stakeholders was conducted to generate a list of key rights of people with mental health conditions, and rank priorities among these rights in terms of feasibility, urgency and overall importance. The stakeholders in this study consistently ranked three rights as top priorities: (a) the right to freedom from torture, cruel inhuman treatment and punishment; (b) the right to health and access to services/treatment; and (c) the right to protection and safety in emergency situations. Insights from PHRAME can support decision-making about the priority to be given to human rights, to guide practical action. This approach can also be used to assess how human rights are prioritised in different settings and by different stakeholders. This study identifies the clear need for a central voice for people with lived experience in research and implementation of decisions about the priority of human rights, ensuring that action respects the opinion of people whose rights are directly affected.

Artificial intelligence in the field of information support of emergencies (literature review)

Relevance. Artificial intelligence is one of the fastest growing areas in the field of computer technology. Intention is to provide an overview of modern artificial intelligence technologies applied in various branches of Safety in Emergency Situations and summarize modern emergency management systems. Methodology. The object of the study was research on safety in emergency situations, presented in the global stream of scientific articles published in 2005–2020 and indexed in the abstract-bibliographic databases Scopus and the Russian Science Citation Index. Results and discussion. A review of modern artificial intelligence technologies made it possible to create a generalized classification of its systems used in various branches of security in emergency situations, including for preventing the development of crisis situations, and to show the main examples of use in this branch of knowledge. Conclusion. A promising direction in the use of AI systems is the classification of texts, in particular, scientific articles and other specialized texts on a specific research topic, which can be carried out using machine learning methods. An important role is given to text pre-processing technologies, or tokenization.

431. THORACOSCOPIC ESOPHAGEAL CANCER SURGERY IN THE LEFT LATERAL POSITION WITH EMPHASIS ON SAFETY AND RADICAL CURE

Abstract Compared with thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position (PP), the conventional thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the left lateral position (LL) with artificial pneumothorax is slightly more difficult for dissection of the middle and lower mediastinum, but is superior to PP because the operation can be performed with good visual field in the upper mediastinum. The purpose of this study was to clarify the safety and curative potential of this technique. We retrospectively reviewed 246 cases of thoracic esophageal cancer surgery from April 2012 to December 2018. Thoracoscopic surgery (group V) was performed in 154 patients and open right thoracotomy (group O) in 92 patients. When this procedure was judged to be feasible, it was started thoracoscopically, and when it was judged to be unfeasible, a small thoracotomy of about 10–15 cm was added to allow one hand to enter. Thoracoscopy not only reduces the invasiveness of the procedure, but also allows us to share the anatomy, and improves the maneuverability of esophageal transfer and ensures safety in emergency situations. Postoperative complications with Clavien-Dindo classification II or higher were 40% in group O and 51% in group V. In group V, anastomotic leak was 15 (9.7%), vocal cord paralysis 34 (22%), pneumonia 17 (11%), SSI 16 (10%). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 20 days. 8 (8.7%) patients in the O group had anastomotic leak, 10 (11%) had vocal cord paralysis, 8 (8.7%) had pneumonia, 12 (7.8%) had SSI. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 28 days. Of 27 salvage procedures, 14 (52%) were performed thoracoscopically. Thoracoscopic surgery was completed in 10 cases and combined thoracotomy in 4 cases. Short-term outcomes of thoracoscopic surgery show an increase in vocal cord paralysis compared to open surgery. The procedure does not improve infectious complications. This technique has the advantage of easy conversion to open thoracotomy, including in emergency situations, and is more advantageous in advanced cancer, and can be a curative and safe treatment for highly advanced cancer.

Analysis of the global pool of dissertations in disaster medicine (1992–2020)

Relevance. The study of the global pool of theses and dissertations in disaster medicine can reflect the general structure of innovative research and will assist in reviewing current scientific literature in this field of knowledge. Intention is to analyze the structure and dynamics of the number of foreign dissertations in disaster medicine and compare them with similar indicators of Russian dissertations. Methodology. The object of study is the global pool of dissertations presented in the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global electronic database, Health & Medicine section, for the period 1992-2020 and an array of domestic dissertations in the scientific specialty 05.26.02 “Safety in emergency situations” (medical, biological and psychological sciences) for 1992-2020. The quantitative indicators of foreign and Russian dissertations in emergency medicine were compared. Results and Discussion. The electronic search made it possible to find 28,423 foreign doctoral (PhD) dissertations in the problems of disaster medicine. The polynomial trend with a very high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.97) shows an increase in the annual number of dissertations for the period 1992-2020. The average annual number of dissertations in the period under review was 980 ± 386. Dissertations described general provisions (4.7 %), tasks and organization of the disaster medicine service (8.3 %), forecasting and modeling of the health consequences of emergencies (4.8 %), organization of medical-sanitary support (18.5 %), provision of medical care and treatment of victims (14.9 %), medical control, examination and rehabilitation of rescuers (2.3 %), training of disaster medicine specialists (12.8 %), biological issues (6.2 %), psychiatric and psychological security problems (28.1 %). The general array of dissertations was analyzed by leading countries and universities. Quantity and scope of foreign dissertations on the problems of disaster medicine were compared with those of Russian dissertations over time. Conclusion. More than 95 % of the analyzed pool of disaster medicine dissertations in the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database are published in full text. Our study makes it possible to optimize scientific research in the field of disaster medicine and also shows possible approaches to dissertation analysis when preparing own manuscripts.

Prediction of safety in emergency situations of complex geotechnical objects using neural networks

In this article, the mathematical setting of the problem of predicting the state of an object was performed, the construction features and efficiency of using a multilayer perseptron for constructing neural network models and predicting the states of a geotechnical object were analyzed. Based on this article, an approach to predicting maximum water levels in rivers during the spring flood is proposed. Thus, prevent and minimize the likelihood of emergencies arising from flooding of territories located in the immediate vicinity of rivers.

ПЕРЕВІРКА ГІПОТЕЗИ ПРО НОРМАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКОН РОЗПОДІЛУ КІЛЬКОСТІ НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЙ ПРИРОДНОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

Warning and prevention of natural emergencies is based on the analysis and forecasting of threats of emergency situations in the state. At the same time, the forecasting of natural emergencies should be aimed at regulating natural safety in the country, assessing the threats of emergencies and their prevention. Prevention of natural emergencies of various natures, minimization of their consequences is a component of creating safe conditions for the individual and society as a whole, an integral part of the state policy of national security of the country. Ensuring safety in emergency situations requires reliable functioning of the emergency response system adequate to the level and nature of threats. The effectiveness of planning and implementing measures to prevent natural emergencies is determined by the quality of forecasting the threats of their occurrence Since the processes of occurrence of natural emergencies are of a random nature, knowledge of the law of distribution of the random variable “number of emergencies” in the state on the basis of statistical data acquires importance. The article presents the results of checking the compliance of statistical data on natural emergencies in the state with the normal distribution law. Based on the processing and analysis of monitoring data for natural emergencies, a hypothesis was put forward about the normal law of distribution of the random variable the «number of natural emergencies» in the state in accordance with the available information. Pearson’s goodness-of-fit test was chosen to test the proposed hypotheses. An assessment was made in accordance with the chosen criterion of the hypothesis about the agreement of the sample distribution with the law of normal distribution. Asa result of the research, it was found that the hypothesis put forward does not contradict the statistical data of monitoring natural emergencies over a certain period of time. The parameters of the established distribution law were evaluated.

Structural and logical model of the mechanism for regulating technogenic safety in emergency situations of military-technogenic origin

To ensure stable management of technogenic safety and civil protection in these conditions, it is necessary to develop an information model for managing technogenic security under verious conditions of use of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the provision of minimal risks and threats of emergencies of military technogenic origin. The information model provides for three components, namely: the first is a model for managing technogenic security safety in the zone of ​​the joint forces operation in a steady state; the second is a model for managing technogenic safety in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of natural or technogenic origin; third is a model for managing technogenic security in the area of ​​the joint forces operation in an emergency of military-technogenic origin. The paper shows that the information model of the mechanism of man-made safety regulation during emergencies of military-man-made origin is a set of specific methods, forms, techniques, tools and levers of man-made safety regulation, through the improvement of which, in fact, the man-made safety system is improved. regional level. On the example of solving the practical problem of determining the depth and area of ​​distribution of the primary cloud of highly toxic substances and its impact on military facilities, shows the use of information model to provide the decision maker with necessary and sufficient information to make management decisions to ensure military-man-made security . To assess the effectiveness of mechanisms for state regulation of man-made safety at the regional level, it is proposed to use the method of hierarchy analysis. According to this model, the subject of management (management bodies in the field of technogenic safety) exerts a controlling influence (on the basis of laws, decrees, by-laws, standards, resolutions, orders, programs of ecological direction) on the object of management (social facilities, enterprises, natural objects), which in accordance with the received control impact, changes its state, activity, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the state or impact on the environment.

Risk Management Tools for Emergencies in the Context of Global Informatization

Global informatization has brought many changes to all spheres of life. At the turn of the century, it becomes clear that along with tremendous technical achievements and radical geopolitical changes, the outgoing era's main result was a change in the world's systemic properties. Ensuring safety in emergency situations is one of the most critical tasks of modern human development. The risks from these events can be catastrophic, which is why the authors devoted their research to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations, as well as the development of recommendations for improving risk management tools in emergency management in the context of global informatization.

LPV approach for collision avoidance: Controller design and experiments

This paper presents a robust approach for the lateral controller design and analysis. This controller is an important part of the Advanced Evasive Steering system for improving driving safety in emergency situations. First, the path-following problem is formulated in a generic LPV framework taking into account the actuator’s rate constraint and the avoidance trajectory disturbance. Then, a simple static state-feedback is optimized using LMI technique. It is shown that a good compromise between performance and robustness of the controller can be achieved with this method. Moreover, the simplicity and the low tuning effort is beneficial for implementation of the proposed controller on conventional automotive ECUs. Experimental results obtained with different driving scenarios confirm the effectiveness of this method.

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE MECHANISM FOR REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF MILITARY-TECHNOGENIC ORIGIN

Purpose. Violation of the technological mode of operation potentially hazardous objects and high-risk objects, this is caused by joint military operations, it causes a significant increase in the risks of man-made disasters with large-scale negative consequences due to the threat of destruction of such objects.To ensure stable management of natural and man-made safety in these conditions, a structural and logical model of natural and man-made safety management has been developed under different conditions of application of the Armed Forces of Ukraine ensuring minimal risks and threats of emergencies of military-technological origin.Findings. The functioning of the management system for natural and technogenic safety is carried out by the following models:- model of natural and man-made safety management in the area of joint forces operations in a stable mode;- model of natural and man-caused safety management in the area of joint forces operations in the state of emergency of natural or man-made origin;- a model of natural and man-made safety management in the area of joint forces operations in the state of emergency of military-technogenic origin.This regulation should be carried out through specific mechanisms, which include: 1 - legislative and regulatory; 2 - licensed; 3 - economic.Severe disturbance of unstable equilibrium natural and industrial Geosystems, which was formed in the Eastern region, as a result of the accumulation of imbalances in nature management over the years of totalitarianism, with the decline of industrial production due to the armed confrontation, led to the development of catastrophic situations.Practical implications. Rehabilitation of areas at a time when emergencies and disasters have occurred and have been eliminated, should also be carried out by implementing environmental rehabilitation programs of a certain level in accordance with the scale of the latter and projected duration of exposure and their effects on the environment and living conditions of the population.Practical implications. A model of the index-indicator approach has been developed for the further development of a structural and functional model of the mechanism for regulating natural and technogenic safety during emergencies of military and technogenic origin. The model creates the prerequisites for the development of effective procedures for the state management of natural and technogenic safety in emergency situations of military and technogenic origin.

Обеспечение комплексной безопасности на железнодорожном транспорте в контексте стратегического развития

Objective: Defi nition of the concept and components of integrated safety in railway transport, description of approaches to ensuring integrated safety. Methods: The general methods of empirical (observation and comparison) and theoretical (analysis and synthesis) research were applied. Results: Drawing on the analysis of the national regulatory framework in the fi eld of safety, it is proposed to defi ne the concept of integrated safety in railway transport as the absence of an unacceptable risk of hazardous events associated with damage to human life and health, damage to the environment and material values. The main types of safety that constitute integrated safety in railway transport are identifi ed, which include traffi c safety, transport security, fi re safety, sanitary and epidemiological safety, information security, cybersecurity, labor safety, environmental safety, industrial safety, safety in emergency situations. On the basis of international experience, the necessity of forming an integrated management system for integrated safety in railway transport is shown. The concept of a situational center for managing the integrated safety of the transportation process in railway transport is described. Practical importance: The proposed characteristics of the concept of integrated safety in railway transport and mechanisms for its ensuring can be used to organize practical activities to achieve the strategic goals of increasing the level of safety on domestic railways

Simulation Study on Kindergarten Evacuation Based on the Experimental Data

This paper studies the children evacuation behaviour, and the evacuation effect of kindergarten safety in emergency situations. The research studies the evacuation simulation via Pathfinder with experimental behavioural data. The research object is the latest issued standard drawings of nine-class kindergarten in China. With different values of the walking speed parameters for each evacuation route, the flow at each exit, evacuation time and other data are presented. The method and results of this study enrich the database of the standard drawings and provide evidence of kindergarten architectural design and developing evacuation strategies.

Mechanisms of state regulation of environmental safety in emergency situations

Ensuring environmental security in emergencies in Ukraine continues to be one of the main tasks of modern public policy at all levels of government. Due to the constant increase in the frequency and magnitude of emergencies (Emergency Situations), as well as human and material losses, measures to neutralize and prevent natural and man-made threats are of particular relevance.
 The purpose of the article is theoretical and methodological substantiation of mechanisms of state regulation of ecological safety in emergencies and determination of the main ways to improve their formation and functioning.
 The modern level of natural-technogenic danger has been investigated and it has been established that 140 – 150 technogenic accidents and catastrophes of regional and national importance occur annually in the territory of Ukraine. According to the UN, in most countries, natural and man-made disasters cause losses of 2 – 4 % in the structure of gross national product.
 Environmental risk is related to the following groups of factors: 1) technogenic; 2) natural; 3) socio-economic; 4) military; 5) political; 6) terrorism. In Ukraine there are territories with different levels of environmental safety, namely: ordinary (background), crisis, critical, catastrophic and after catastrophic (rehabilitation). The Chernobyl accident from emergency turned into catastrophic, as it caused a significant increase in cancer of the population, led to the depletion of a 30-kilometer zone for decades and led to radioactive contamination of the territory on 4.6 million hectares.
 In order to prevent and respond to emergencies in Ukraine, a Unified State System of Prevention and Response to Emergencies (EMU) has been established, and a number of laws and programs for the prevention and response to emergencies of anthropogenic and natural nature have been adopted.
 It is established that the mechanism of functional provision of ecological safety includes such types of state-legal measures as organizational, regulatory, regulatory, executive and enforcement measures.
 The main reasons for the deterioration of the environmental situation in Ukraine are identified: insufficient state control over the implementation of nature protection laws and economic incentives for resource and energy conservation, lack of effective laws on environmental protection and by-laws for their effective implementation, acceleration of negative economic, social and political environmental processes and more.
 Improvement of the mechanism of state regulation of environmental safety should cover its main four components, namely: economic, production, technical, organizational and state-legal. The most important activities need to be coordinated in terms of both components and time limits. It is necessary to create an effective mechanism for financing measures for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies, stimulating managers and business owners to reduce the level of natural and man-made hazard at the sites
 Today, there is a lag of our country from the developed countries of the world in the level of natural-technogenic security and the lack of a mechanism of state regulation of its provision. Improvement of the mechanism of state regulation of environmental safety should cover its main four components, namely: economic, production, technical, organizational and state-legal.

ABOUT OBLIGATIONS OF TEACHING OF LABOR SAFETY DISCIPLINES, LIFE SAFETY AND CIVIL PROTECTION IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The growing trend in the number of natural and man-made emergencies and the significance of the consequences objectively force us to consider them as a serious threat to the security of an individual, society and the environment, as well as to the stability of the country's economy. Therefore, it is obvious that training on labor protection, life safety and protecting the population at work and in everyday life is relevant and compulsory. Despite this, there is an attempt to exclude from the curriculum of higher educational institutions disciplines on labor protection, life safety and the protection of the population and territories. The purpose of the work is to analyze the legislation of Ukraine on the compulsory education students of higher educational institutions in the disciplines: “Life safety”, “Fundamentals of labor protection”, “Labor protection in the industry”, “Civil protection”. The main legislative and regulatory acts, which indicate the mandatory study of these disciplines, include: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Labor Protection”, the Civil Protection Code of Ukraine, and the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Approving the Procedure for Training the Population in Emergency Situations”, State Standard of Ukraine DSTU 5058: 2008. Safety in emergency situations. Emergency training. Key Points, letters of the Ministry Education of Ukraine “On standard programs of educational disciplines “Life Safety”, “Civil Protection”, “On standard programs of educational disciplines “Fundamentals of labor protection”, “Labor protection in the industry”, “On training students in life safety issues”. The necessity of the section “Labor Protection” in graduation work of bachelors and masters or passing a comprehensive state exam with labor protection issues for bachelors was also noted. Therefore, the exclusion of the above disciplines and the relevant sections in the graduate work of bachelors and masters is in general contrary to the legislation of Ukraine, including legislation on higher education, which is unacceptable.

Safety of the patient in an emergency situation: perceptions of the nursing team.

To know the perception of nursing professionals about the essential aspects to provide safe care to polytraumatized patients in emergency services. Descriptive and mixed study, performed with a focus group and projective techniques. The sample was made of seven nursing professionals. Data analysis took place through the Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionneires and SPSS 22.0 softwares. Based on the analysis of participants' speeches, three content partitions emerged in the Descending Hierarchical Classification. 1) Structure: need for changes; 2) The process: safe actions by the nursing team; and 3) Care free from damage as the sought result. Patient safety in emergency situations must rely on a proper environment and an organized sector, good conditions to transport patients, use of routines and protocols, identification and organization of the beds.