Safe Neighborhoods Research Articles

Effects of children's perceived satisfaction with the ‘Children's Cafeteria' project on peer relationships, relationships with primary caregivers, happiness, and safety perception : Focusing on children using welfare services

연구목적: 아동이 지각한 어린이식당 사업 만족도가 또래관계, 주양육자와의 관계, 행복감, 안전인식에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하며 이를 통해 어린이식당 사업의 확대와다양한 지원방안 마련을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: B광역시에 소재한 복지관, 경로식당, 교회, 문화센터 등 4개 기관에서 어린이식당사업에 참여하고 있는 아동 73명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, SPSS 18.0을 활용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 상관관계, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 어린이식당에 대한 만족도가 높을수록 또래 관계와 주양육자와의 관계가 긍정적이었고, 행복감 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 자신이 지역사회 내에서 안전하게 돌봄을 받는다고 느끼는 정도와 자신이 살고 있는 동네는 살기에 안전한 동네라고 생각하는 수준이높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 아동이 지각한 어린이식당 이용 만족도는 아동의 또래관계, 주양육자와의 관계, 행복감, 안전인식 등에서 모두 긍정적인 결과를 가져왔으므로 향후 어린이식당의 이용 만족도를더 높일 수 있는 방안과 저변확대를 가져올 수 있는 다양한 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the perceived level of satisfaction with a program called the ‘children's cafeteria' project by children using welfare services and how this affects their peer relationships, relationships with primary caregivers, feelings of happiness, and perception of safety. Methods: A survey was conducted on 73 children participating in a children's cafeteria business at four institutions, in this case welfare centers, a senior citizens' cafeteria, churches, and cultural centers located in metropolitan city B. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0, and a cross analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: The higher the level of satisfaction with ‘children's cafeteria', the more positive the peer relationship and the relationship with the primary caregiver, and the higher the level of happiness. It was also found that the level of belief that one was living safe neighborhood was high. Conclusions: Satisfaction with the ‘children's cafeteria' program as perceived by children using welfare services has positive results in the children's peer relationships, their relationship with their primary caregiver, their happiness, and their degree of safety awareness. It is necessary to find a variety of possible ways.

The Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a path to achieve health equity

The Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a path to achieve health equity

Safe, supportive neighborhoods: Are they associated with childhood oral health?

There has been limited examination of how community-level supports may influence oral health metrics among children. The purpose of our study is to examine the association between two types of community-level positive childhood experiences and oral healthcare and oral health outcomes among children ages 6 to 17 years of age. This study uses a cross-sectional data set from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health. Two oral health metrics were used: preventive dental care, measured as one or more preventive dental visits in the past 12 months, and tooth decay, measured as tooth decay or cavities in the last 12 months. To quantify living in safe, stable, equitable environments, questions on residing in a safe and supportive neighborhood were used. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to calculate frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable (n=40,290). Multivariable logistic regression models were used. In an adjusted analysis, children who lived in a supportive neighborhood had a higher likelihood of receiving a preventive dental visit than children who did not live in a supportive neighborhood (aOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.21-1.65). Children who lived in a safe neighborhood were less likely to have tooth decay than children who did not live in a safe neighborhood (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.65-0.86). The findings from this study highlight the role of social structures in tightening the safety net for oral healthcare in children.

The relationship between walkability and QOL outcomes in residential evaluation

To improve social factors related to quality of life (QOL), slow travel modes, represented by walking, may enable more opportunities for physical activities/social contacts. The impacts of walking may vary by the walkability of spatial environments, namely, by how accessible activities are by walking, and how safe, comfortable, and pleasant neighborhood streets are for walking. Little is yet known about the influence of walkability on various QOL outcomes, especially in car-oriented Asian cities. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the relationship between walkability and QOL outcomes by assessing the relationship between their multiple indicators. We first defined the indicators of walkability and QOL. Then, a questionnaire-based survey was administered to 500 inhabitants of Nagoya city (Japan) for evaluations of their neighborhoods with the indicators of walkability (neighborhood street accessibility and street quality) and QOL (work, health, social relationship, and attachment). Finally, the relationships between walkability and QOL outcomes were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that, neighborhood street quality (particularly pleasurability) affected the QOL outcomes through the interrelationship among the outcomes, more significantly than accessibility. The findings suggest the importance of street quality in land-use transport planning.

Planning for safe neighbourhoods in Namibia: A comparative case study of two low-income neighbourhoods in the city of Windhoek

ABSTRACT The safety of neighbourhoods remains challenging in developing countries due to several dynamics. This article explores the role of urban planning for safer neighbourhoods in two low-income neighbourhoods in the city of Windhoek. The study focuses on several crime attractors and generators influencing housebreaking incidents in two neighbourhoods. Various physical characteristics influence opportunities for crime in Katutura and Otjomuise, such as the location of alcohol outlets within the residential areas and large and unmaintained public open spaces. A lack of development in Otjomuise also influenced incidents of crime. However, severe socio-economic conditions and social factors also contributed to opportunities for crime. The findings have implications on planning and development in Namibia in terms of policy development and planning guidelines and assessments.

Examining the association between rurality and positive childhood experiences among a national sample.

The present study examines the association between rurality and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) among children and adolescents across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Recent work has quantified the prevalence of PCEs at the national level, but these studies have been based on public use data files, which lack rurality information for 19 states. Data for this cross-sectional analysis were drawn from 2016 to 2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), using the full data set with restricted geographic data (n = 63,000). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to calculate proportions and unadjusted associations. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association between residence and the PCEs that were significant in the bivariate analyses. Rural children were more likely than urban children to be reported as having PCEs: volunteering in their community (aOR 1.29; 95% CI 1.18-1.42), having a guiding mentor (aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.45-2.10), residing in a safe neighborhood (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.54-2.53), and residing in a supportive neighborhood (aOR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.20) than urban children. The assessment of rural-urban differences in PCEs using the full NSCH is a unique opportunity to quantify exposure to PCEs. Given the higher baseline rate of PCEs in rural than urban children, programs to increase opportunities for PCEs in urban communities are warranted. Future research should delve further into whether these PCEs translate to better mental health outcomes in rural children.

A Systematic Review of Project Safe Neighborhoods Effects

Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) is an ongoing national program, implemented by U.S. Attorney’s Offices and funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, to address gun and gang violence in local jurisdictions within all 94 federal districts in the United States. While dozens of studies have evaluated the local effects of PSN programs, a comprehensive review of PSN literature is missing; this article addresses that gap. The current study conducts a systematic review of empirical studies of PSN programs from 2001 to 2021 across nine major academic databases and five websites. Twenty-one evaluations were retained for a detailed review and categorized based on Maryland Scientific Methods Scale values. PSN initiatives produce overall favorable results in reducing violence in the short-term, though long-term impacts are rarely explored. PSN had an indicated positive effect on 91.9% of the examined outcomes, 54.5% of which attained statistical significance. Task force members state that likelihood of PSN success improves when working groups remain consistent in personnel, communicate regularly, and achieve buy-in from all involved parties. Future research should report effect sizes when appropriate, evaluate PSN programs absent in other high-populated areas, and employ more rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental designs so a meta-analysis can be conducted.

Safe Neighborhoods and Supportive Communities Protect Children from the Health Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).

Protective factors such as safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments can prevent the long-term effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Recently, policymakers and practitionershave sought to better understand environmental level influences on exposure to ACEs, given the crucial role ofsocial determinants of health in alleviating racial health inequities. Thus, this study seeks to understand how ACEs can be mitigated through neighborhood-level factors; it examines the relationships among ACEs, safe and supportive neighborhoods, and overall health status by race/ethnicity using a national data sample. Data were obtained from 30,530 households with children who participated in the 2018 National Survey for Children's Health, a nationally representative survey. Using multivariable logistic regression, safe and supportive neighborhoods were assessed as potential moderators of the association between ACEs and overall health status by race/ethnicity. Two separate models were run for each moderator, controlling for sex, age, and gender of the child. The presence of a safe neighborhood weakened the association between ACEs and overall health status. This was demonstrated by lower odds of experiencing poor health. The presence of a supportive neighborhood showed a similar pattern. However, these patterns varied when disaggregating the data by race/ethnicity. This study underscores the importance of community-level prevention and intervention efforts to mitigate the health effects of ACEs. Public health efforts seeking to prevent poor health outcomes should consider the socio-environmental influences on health behaviors across the lifespanand continue to address the varying needs ofhistorically disadvantaged populations.

Relations of the neighbourhood socio-economic and physical environment with 3-year changes in health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults in Belgium

Current evidence on the relations between neighbourhood environments and older adults' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) relies mainly on cross-sectional studies. This longitudinal study aimed to examine the relations of neighbourhood socio-economic status (SES) and objective and perceived physical environmental factors with 3-year changes in physical and mental HRQoL. Baseline and three-year follow-up data were collected in 503 Belgian older adults. Generalized linear mixed models were applied. Participants living in low compared to high SES neighbourhoods experienced stronger decreases in physical and mental HRQoL. Shorter objective distances to the nearest private recreational facility and park and better perceived aesthetics were associated with weaker decreases in physical HRQoL. Independent of time, higher perceived safety from crime was related to better physical and mental HRQoL. Unexpectedly, higher levels of perceived access to recreational facilities, land use mix diversity, connectivity and traffic safety were associated with stronger decreases in HRQoL. To prevent decreases in HRQoL, policies should prioritize older adults living in low SES neighbourhoods and provide aesthetically pleasing and safe neighbourhoods with nearby parks and private recreational facilities. Future research is needed to clarify the observed unanticipated effects and mediating pathways in the relations between neighbourhood environments and HRQoL.

0238 Perceived Childhood Neighborhood Safety and Sleep Health during Adulthood

Abstract Introduction Neighborhood safety has been cross-sectionally associated with sleep health at different life stages. However, few studies have investigated childhood neighborhood safety and adulthood sleep despite the possibility that childhood neighborhood safety may serve as a modifiable target for primordial prevention of poor sleep health. Methods Using data from 1,611 Black/African-American women enrolled in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids, we investigated associations between perceived childhood neighborhood safety and adulthood sleep. Participants reported safety of their childhood neighborhoods as unsafe vs. safe at ages 5,10, and 15 years. Participants also self-reported current (ages 23-35 years) sleep duration and quality (i.e., frequently wake feeling unrested [≥4 days/week] and frequent insomnia symptoms [≥15 days/month of difficulty falling or staying asleep]). Adjusting for childhood socioeconomic characteristics, log binomial models estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For perceived safety at ages 10 and 15 years, we applied inverse probability weights to models to adjust for perceived neighborhood safety at prior ages. Results Mean age ± standard deviation was 29 ± 3.5 years. Prevalence of residence in a childhood neighborhood perceived as unsafe increased with age (Age 5- 20%, Age 10- 22%, Age 15- 31%), and 17% reported an unsafe neighborhood at every age. Both short sleep duration (<7 hours) and frequently waking feeling unrested during adulthood were reported by approximately 60% of women, and 10% reported frequent insomnia symptoms. Participants in perceived unsafe vs. safe neighborhoods at every age were more likely to frequently wake feeling unrested as adults (PR=1.12 [95% CI: 1.00-1.25]). Perceived unsafe neighborhood at ages 5 and 15 years was associated with frequent insomnia symptoms and frequently waking feeling unrested, respectively. Perceived unsafe neighborhood at age 10 years was marginally associated with a higher prevalence of both frequently waking feeling unrested (PR=1.11 [0.98-1.27]) and frequent insomnia symptoms (PR=1.58 [0.99-2.52]) during adulthood. Conclusion Perceived unsafe neighborhood during childhood was associated with poorer sleep during adulthood among a cohort of young Black women. Support (If Any) Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z1AES103325[CLJ] and 1ZIAES049013[DB]), and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds designated for NIH research

Early Sexual Debut and Neighborhood Social Environment in Latinx Youth.

To examine whether social aspects of the neighborhood environment are associated with early sexual initiation in a California agricultural community of predominantly Latinx adolescents. In a prospective cohort study of 599 eighth graders recruited from middle schools in Salinas, California (2015-2019), participants completed five interviews over 2 years. Social environment measures included neighborhood social dynamics (neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, and social network gang exposure); experiences of discrimination; and school connectedness. We estimated associations between baseline social environment and early sexual initiation (<15 years) using Poisson regression with robust standard errors. We compared contraceptive self-efficacy and attitudes by sexual initiation status using ANOVA. Most youth were Latinx (94%) and age 13 (70%) at enrollment; 53% were female and 49% had a parent employed in agriculture. Additionally, 14% reported first vaginal sex before age 15. Neighborhood disorder (relative risk [RR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.21), social network gang exposure (RR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.49-3.33), and experiences of discrimination (RR, 1.67 [1-2 events versus none], 95% CI, 1.09-2.55; RR, 2.33 [3+ events versus none], 95% CI, 1.07-4.64) were associated with early sexual initiation. School connectedness was protective (RR, 0.44, 95% CI, 0.29-0.69). Youth who initiated sex before age 15 had more negative birth control attitudes and expressed lower motivation to use contraceptives. Findings underscore opportunities to promote early adolescent sexual health through strengthening supportive and safe neighborhood environments with the promise of addressing disparities in unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection rates in later adolescence.

Short communication: Relationship between social determinants and opioid use disorder treatment outcomes by gender

BackgroundSocial determinants of health (SDoH) influence health outcomes differentially across gender. Gender differences in SDoH have been identified at baseline in opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment studies, but less is known about how SDoH and gender intersect with OUD treatment trajectories. This study aims to identify social correlates of OUD treatment outcomes from five key areas of social determinants separately for men and women receiving buprenorphine for OUD. MethodsThis is a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey with medical record review conducted with patients recruited from an office based opioid treatment clinic. Participants completed surveys between July-September 2019. A 6-month prospective medical record review was conducted to determine treatment retention, substance use recurrence, and buprenorphine continuation. Chi square, T-tests, and Mann Whitney U tested differences in social factors and OUD outcomes by gender. Gender-stratified multivariable logistic and negative binomial regressions assessed predictors of OUD outcomes. ResultsAmong study participants (n = 142), women were significantly younger (p < 0.001), more likely to live in a safe neighborhood (p = 0.046), and less likely to be employed (p = 0.005) or have substance use recurrence during the study period (p = 0.033) than men. For women, employment (AOR=0.19, p = 0.031) and education (AOR=0.08, p = 0.040) were negatively associated with treatment retention. For men, no social factors were associated with OUD outcomes. ConclusionsSDoH may impact OUD treatment outcomes differently by gender. Addressing MOUD stigma and implementing patient-centered care strategies may facilitate OUD treatment continuation among employed women in recovery. Gender-related social factors should be considered in OUD treatment research.

An examination of caregiver incarceration, positive childhood experiences, and school success

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) foster healthy child development. Yet little is known about the degree to which children of incarcerated parents are exposed to positive childhood experiences (PCEs), such as participation in after-school activities, volunteering in the community, and residing in a safe and supportive neighborhood. We analyzed 2017–2018 data from the National Survey of Children’s Health to examine the relationship between caregiver incarceration and two academic outcomes, repeating a grade and school absenteeism, controlling for child and caregiver characteristics, and to examine the relationship between caregiver incarceration and PCEs, controlling for child and caregiver characteristics. Children exposed to household incarceration had higher odds of repeating a grade than children not exposed to household incarceration (aOR 1.62; 95% CI 1.23–2.13). Children with exposure to household incarceration had lower odds of residing in a supportive neighborhood than children without exposure to household incarceration (aOR 0.77; 95% CI 0.64–0.93). Findings from this study can be used by policymakers and program developers in the development and implementation of programs for children with incarcerated parents.

Examining the influence of positive childhood experiences on childhood overweight and obesity using a national sample

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) promote healthy social development, improve overall wellness, and help to moderate and prevent exposure to adverse childhood experiences. There has been limited research examining the association between positive childhood experiences and overweight or obesity status in children. The purpose of this study was to examine whether experiencing positive childhood experiences are associated with lower rates of overweight or obesity status in children between 10 and 17 years of age, using cross-sectional data from the 2018–2019 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 28,771), a nationally representative mail and online survey. Frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable were calculated using descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses. To examine the association between overweight or obesity and PCEs, multivariable regression models were used. Compared to children who were underweight or had a healthy weight, children who were overweight or obese were less likely to: participate after school activities (78.1%, p < 0.0001), volunteer in their community, school, or church (45.6%, p < 0.0001), have a mentor they feel comfortable going to for guidance (87.0%, p = 0.02), live in a safe neighborhood (61.3%, p < 0.0001), live in a supportive neighborhood (50.4%, p < 0.0001), and to live with a resilient family (78.3%; p = 0.0099). In adjusted analysis, among children exposed to two or more ACEs, children residing in a supportive neighborhood were less likely to be overweight or obese (aOR 0.87; 0.77–0.98). Our findings suggest that certain PCEs may mitigate overweight and obesity when children have experienced at least some childhood trauma.

Relationships among socioeconomic factors, quality of life, family stigma and psychological outcomes in family caregivers of patients with early onset Alzheimer disease due to E280A‐PSEN1 mutation and frontotemporal dementia in Antioquia‐Colombia

AbstractBackgroundCaregiving itself does not lead to adverse psychological outcomes, burden, stigma, and/or quality of life reduction but socioeconomic factors have been hypothesized as risk factors among dementia caregivers. We aimed to analyze the associations between socioeconomic factors and type of dementia as potential predictors of family stigma, Quality of life (QoL.), depressive symptoms, anxiety, and caregiver burdenMethodWe assessed 151 family caregivers distributed as early‐onset Alzheimer disease group (EOAD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and late‐onset dementia group (LOAD) for comparative means. Participants underwent questionnaires about family stigma, caregiver burden, depression, anxiety, QoL., and a questionnaire to explore socioeconomic factors. We performed a multivariable regression model with socioeconomic factors and the group as predictors. We included age, education, patient’s clinical‐stage, and behavioral changes as covariates.ResultBeing a caregiver of an FTD patient reduced physical functioning (β=‐13,5 p=0,018), working part‐time increased physical functioning (β=22,1 p=0,032) while working from home increased general health (β=22,4 p=0,028). The perception of living in a safe neighborhood reduced role limitation due to emotional problems (β=46,2 p=0,013). The perception of financial problems related to patients' care or disease cost increased the role limitation due to emotional problems (β=‐29,8 p=0,007). The caregiver burden increased together with the perception of financial problems related to patient's care or disease cost (β=13,9 p&lt;0,001) and was mediated by patient’s behavioral changes (β=0,47 p&lt;0,001). Family stigma is increased by the perception of financial problems related to patient's care or disease cost (β=0,31 p=0,013) and was mediated by the caregiver’s education (β=0,04 p=0,026) and patient’s behavioral changes (β=0,10 p=0,001). Depression increased by the perception of financial problems related to patient's care or disease cost (β=2,01 p=0,033) and the mediation of patient’s behavioral changes (β=0,06 p=0,015).ConclusionSocioeconomic factors can predict disturbances in QoL. among dementia caregivers. Education, being an FTD caregiver, and patient’s behavioral changes mediated among socioeconomic factors and negative psychological outcomes. When a caregiver may have low education and is caring for a patient with FTD and/or behavioral problems the risk of negative outcomes and family stigma increases significantly.

Building walkable and safe neighborhoods: Assessing the built environment characteristics for pedestrian safety in buffalo, NY

IntroductionIt is important to understand the relationship between the built environment and pedestrian safety to promote walking. Nevertheless, current literature insufficiently studied the impact of the built environment on pedestrian safety. There is few research considering spatial autocorrelation effects. This study aims to expand the investigation of conventional built environment correlates of pedestrian safety using the D variables from the walkability literature to further the discussions of the association of the built environment with both safety and walkability. MethodsData on pedestrian involved injuries were collected from the New York State Department of Transportation from 2012-2016. The results from the global Poisson regression (PR) models and the geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) models were compared to show the spatially varying effects of built environment characteristics on pedestrian involved injuries. Data were analyzed in 2019. ResultsThe results from the GWPR models were more pronounced than the global PR models. The findings confirmed the association of pedestrian safety with the D variables. The number of intersections, Walk Score, and population density showed conflicting impacts on safety and walkability. The statistically significant association of Walk Score with pedestrian safety in the study enriches current research on the relationship between built environment and pedestrian safety. ConclusionsThis study expanded the traditional built environment variables used in pedestrian safety research with the D variables in walkability research to help understand the role of built environment characteristics for building walkable and safe neighborhoods. The findings also shed light on the significance of distance in environmental modification for safe and walkable communities.

Safe Neighborhood for Adolescent Girls: The Case of Urban Dense Kampong In Yogyakarta City Center

Nowadays, the percentage of adolescents living in urban areas is increasing, including in Indonesia. Unfortunately, urban planning and design are very limited in involving the perspective of youth, including the provision of safe public space. This paper is concerned with understanding safe public spaces from the perspective of adolescent girls. This paper aims to explore whether the neighborhood, specifically its public spaces, according to the girls' perspective is safe enough by using a case study approach with the case of a dense organic neighborhood in the city of Yogyakarta, Kampong Code. The information was obtained by observation, forum group discussion (FGD), and also by conducting a safety walk with local adolescent girls. This paper found that although from a normative perspective, public spaces in the neighborhood are considered as not safe enough, because they were familiar with this condition, they tend to perceive that as a usual situation.

Digital ‘Lakshman Rekhas’: Understanding the Impact of Safety Apps on Women’s Freedom of Movement in Urban Spaces

The paper examines how technologies intended for ensuring women’s safety affect freedom of movement and reproduce masculine domination over space. Since times immemorial, humans have had an innate desire to explore and discover new spaces. However, for women, this desire has often been curtailed, due to the fear of being harassed or assaulted. Women tend to live by the ‘rape clock’; their daily routines, clothes, travel schedules and companions are constantly adjusted according to the location they have to visit. The recent proliferation of safety apps seek to offer a more secure way to travel through neighbourhoods. Inbuilt with safety audits, these apps prescribe the routes that women can take to travel to their destinations. The apps allow users to evaluate their current location in terms of seemingly objective parameters like security, openness, crowd density, lighting and transportation. In addition, the users can proactively determine the ‘safety score’ of the locality depending on how they feel about it and can also share its photos to justify the score. However, the paper argues, safety apps tend to circumscribe women’s desire to loiter. By recommending routes to travel safely and by constantly prescribing the parameters that women need to keep in mind while venturing out, these apps narrow down the spaces women can access. It enhances the fear of being assaulted and curtails the pleasure of loitering. Secondly, the apps neglect the fact that conceptions of safety vary according to one’s social location. Most safety apps begin with the notion that their users comprise of an abstract, universal category of women. But, individuals hailing from different backgrounds, including class, caste, education, region and religion experience the world differently. What counts as a safe neighbourhood for one may be considered unsafe by another. The subjective evaluations in safety apps tend to present a lopsided notion of safety which may tilt the scales against localities frequented by people hailing from minority communities. This may have other cascading effects such as overpolicing, non-access to goods and financial services, etc. In addition, these apps tend to shift the onus of safety onto the woman. Moreover, the GPS tracking feature of apps is undergirded in the misogynistic logic that women’s movements are to be controlled. The paper therefore critically analyses intriguing questions — How do safety apps determine what constitutes a safe neighbourhood for women? To what extent do these apps encourage freedom of movement for women? How can safety apps be restructured to accommodate women’s desire to loiter?

Factors Related to Immigrant/Nonimmigrant Children's Experience of Being Bullied: An Analysis Using the Multiple Disadvantage Model.

Applying the multiple disadvantage model, a study of children in the United States examined experiences of being bullied in terms of 5 factors: social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, mental health and access to care, and acculturation. The study was a secondary data analysis of 19,882 immigrant and non-immigrant children, using data from the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health. Logistic regression results show children's likelihood of being bullied to be associated positively with racial discrimination; child mental health problem (either attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, behavioral/conduct problem, or Tourette Syndrome); family substance use; being female; being age 6-10; being age 11-13; and parent education level. Likelihood of being bullied was associated negatively with safe neighborhood; being Black; being Asian; family cohesiveness; neighbor support; parent mental health; being a first- or second-generation immigrant; and parent age. The results imply the usefulness of interventions promoting racial harmony and family support.

Advancing racial justice in patient care encounters—yes, we can!

Advancing racial justice in patient care encounters—yes, we can!