Safeguarding Of Human Rights Research Articles

An Analysis of the Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations in the Context of Globalization

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are becoming increasingly influential on a global scale as globalization continues to evolve. However, this increased influence has also led to an increase in human rights challenges and criticisms directed at TNCs. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the human rights responsibilities of TNCs from the perspective of international law. Upon thorough analysis of the current human rights issues confronting TNCs as well as their responsibilities, deficiencies and possible avenues for enhancement in the safeguarding of human rights by TNCs are identified. In addition, it also delves into the progression of TNCs human rights responsibilities, which includes the development of international legal norms, the enhancement of corporate social responsibility, and the significance of human rights due diligence. Thus, the paper begins with an examination of the current status of TNCs human rights responsibilities, then proceeds to analyze the existing problems and challenges, as well as to project future developments in this area, which will help to provide useful references for the global practice of TNCs human rights responsibilities.

Protection of Human Rights in Pancasila Democracy

Pancasila serves as the foundation of the Indonesian state and the principal ideology guiding the formulation and implementation of government policies. This research aims to provide evaluative and informative material on Pancasila from a human rights perspective. The study falls within the juridical-normative category, involving the examination of theories, concepts, legal principles, and regulations pertinent to the research subject. Specifically, this research seeks to evaluate and elucidate the human rights dimensions embedded within Pancasila values. Pancasila underscores the protection of individual rights as articulated in the 1945 Constitution, which guarantees fundamental rights such as the right to life, the right to freedom of religion, and the right to education. This study examines the protection of human rights within the context of Pancasila democracy in Indonesia. Utilizing a literature review and an empirical data approach, the article delves into the philosophical and legal underpinnings of Pancasila democracy and its implications for human rights protection in Indonesia. As the state ideology, Pancasila democracy emphasizes the importance of participation, justice, and welfare for all citizens, including the safeguarding of human rights. In Pancasila democracy, the protection of human rights is a paramount responsibility of the Indonesian state. By strengthening law enforcement, ensuring the fair application of laws, and fostering active societal participation, Indonesia can guarantee and respect the rights of every citizen in alignment with the democratic principles of Pancasila.

The Constitutional Court’s Protection and Fulfilment of the Citizens’ Rights: Constitutional and Islamic Law Perspectives

This study aims to examine the degree to which the Constitutional Rights of Indonesian Citizens are maintained by the state, specifically focusing on democratic Public Elections (Pemilu) and Public Elections for Regional Heads (Pemilukada). This study centers on the advancement of the political democratic process, particularly concerning law enforcement and the safeguarding of human rights. This analysis focuses on the implementation of these features by the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi), which has the responsibility of handling post-conflict public election issues. This study utilizes empirical legal methodologies, employing a framework that combines the constitutional law and the Islamic law. The data was acquired through in-depth interviews and a meticulous examination of pertinent literature. The participants were experts in the domains of the constitutional law and the Islamic law. This paper argues that the state has successfully protected the legal rights of citizens by incorporating them into laws, so fulfilling their constitutional privileges. Constitutional rights refer to essential human rights, particularly the right to engage in the democratic process through voting or candidacy in public elections. In the Indonesian state administration system, citizens have the privilege to report any election matters to the appropriate authorities and have it lawfully resolved by the Constitutional Court Institution. The Islamic law supports the harmonization of law enforcement and the protection of citizens' rights within the context of human rights. In Aceh, a region that implements special autonomy and the Islamic law, there is no prejudice against the rights of individuals based on their gender or religion. Under the Islamic law, voting or running for office is regarded as a right rather than an obligation. However, participating in the act of voting is highly valued as it provides benefits and serves as a preventive measure against damage.

AN AUTOMATIC HATE SPEECH DETECTION IN SOCIAL MEDIA THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS: INFIDELITY VIDEOS IN FOCUS

The escalating prevalence of hate speeches, amplified by the misguided use of social media, introduces alarming challenges to the safeguarding of human rights and individual welfare. Motivated by this, the study explored the detection and classification of hate speech, specifically as observed in speeches and comments related to infidelity videos on YouTube Channel of Raffy Tulfo in Action. Further, the study utilized a computational linguistic algorithm through Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Additionally, the study sought to understand the distinctions in linguistic features between hate speech and non-hateful speech through LSTM. The researcher used 9,600,586 tokens for the analysis. To answer the first research question, the employment of LSTM helped identify hate speeches from non-hate speeches through effective data gathering through YouTube Application Programming Interface (API) and Whisper AI, text processing, labeling, coding, and algorithm deployment. Through that process, LSTM also classified them per target, including sex, quality, physical attributes, disability, religion, race, and class. Further, to answer the second research question, the study was able to identify 35 lexicons. Some samples include peenoise, U10, kokey, taitok, quibolok, squami, and shut@, which were used negatively. Lastly, to answer the last question, tokenization, embedding, sequential dependencies, padding, training-testing, and evaluating helped LSTM assess hate speech linguistic features. It is evident in the confusion matrix showing 46% true positives and 49% true negatives and its evaluation performance of 95% F1 score, affirming its high robustness and reliability. KEYWORDS: Applied linguistics, language, hates speeches, infidelity cases, computational linguistics, Long Short Term-Memory (LSTM), Philippines

Unpacking International Commitments: Assessing the Implementation of ICCPR, ICESCR, and the Convention Against Torture in Pakistan's Legal Framework


 Since time immemorial, the discourse surrounding human rights has occupied a central position in societal discussions. In the earliest epochs, these rights were not systematically codified, with the process evolving over centuries. A significant watershed moment occurred post-World War II, marked by the establishment of the United Nations and the consequential adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Notwithstanding Pakistan's ratification of the majority of international Human Rights covenants, a comprehensive integration into its domestic legal framework remains elusive. This research article delves into an analysis of three pivotal Human Rights agreements, namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the Convention Against Torture. The study analyzes the extent of these treaties' assimilation within the domestic legal system, elucidating the complexities and impediments hindering complete incorporation. The ensuing discourse proffers substantive recommendations aimed at facilitating the seamless integration and efficacious implementation of these international accords, thereby fortifying the safeguarding of human rights on a national scale.

Dignity and the Importance of Acknowledgement of Personhood for People With Disability.

Exploring the intricate relationship between individual and collective experiences, this study explores dignity from the perspectives of people with disability. Using an extreme citizen science approach, we engaged people with disability as active partners in gathering data through qualitative surveys and focus groups. Framework Analysis was employed to ensure the validity of findings while privileging the voices of people with lived experience of disability. Dignity was contingent on the acknowledgement of personhood and the delivery of human rights. Our research identified five key aspects to maintain and protect dignity: (1) acknowledging personhood; (2) recognising people with disability as decision-makers of their lives; (3) realising the right to access information; (4) maintaining the right to privacy; and (5) eliminating or minimising barriers to accessibility and inclusion. Undignified experiences that resulted from a lack of acknowledgement negatively affected participants' wellbeing, and healthcare settings were identified as particularly challenging environments for dignity. These findings have significant implications for healthcare systems and services within an international and interdisciplinary context. They emphasise the need for adaptable, flexible services, co-designed with people with lived experience of disability. Addressing organisational constraints, resource limitations, and expectations is paramount to ensuring dignity is maintained through the acknowledgement of personhood and safeguarding of human rights.

Hate Speech, incitamento all’odio, incitación al odio: EU Parallel Corpora, Legal Discourse, Metadiscourse and Translation

According to Sandrelli (2019, p. 111), “the multilingual co-drafting process produces equally authentic language versions of the same document in all the EU official languages. However, what actually happens in practice is that EU legislation is drafted in one language (English, in most cases) and is then translated into all the other ones”. Starting from this assumption, the aim of this paper is to investigate a series of hate speech-related EU documents in order to explore certain features of hate discourse and hate discourse-related phraseology, metadiscourse and translation issues in the English, Italian and Spanish versions of the texts. The quantitative and qualitative analysis will look at the use of peculiar language constructions in the three languages in relation, among other features, to hateful rhetoric, discrimination, violent behaviour, intolerance, harassment, gender inequalities, extremism and racism. Additionally, the features of metadiscourse (Hyland, 2019 [2005]) will be scrutinised in the three languages in order to ascertain whether and to what extent they function as rhetorical markers conferring a persuasive rather than merely an informative and prescriptive character to the texts under consideration. The parallel corpora include documents which date back to 2021. They appear to have as their underlying aim that of disseminating and circulating hate discourse-related counteractions, good practices and procedures in controversial cultural contexts and environments, especially those associated with such divisive matters as the safeguarding of human rights and human dignity of diverse religious, ethnic and social groups.

Human Rights and International Trade: How does the Trade System Violate Human Rights under the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Under COVID-19, the free trade system, especially the global intellectual property regime, is violating human rights in new ways. In the current fragmented state of international health law and human rights law, intellectual property law under the global trading system is commoditizing COVID-19 vaccines and other essential medicines, prioritizing commercial interests and patent protection over human rights. Although the international human rights system has issued a number of resolutions and reports on this issue, and many international and national organizations have also introduced mechanisms similar to the COVAX plan, the situation of "vaccine apartheid" and the marginalization of the interests of people in poor areas still exists. Therefore, this paper proposes some initial recommendations for better safeguarding of human rights during the COVID-19 outbreak, such as strengthening international cooperation or highlighting the human rights responsibilities of non-state actors, including multinational corporations and NGOs.

Comparison of Deepfake Detection Techniques through Deep Learning

Deepfakes are realistic-looking fake media generated by deep-learning algorithms that iterate through large datasets until they have learned how to solve the given problem (i.e., swap faces or objects in video and digital content). The massive generation of such content and modification technologies is rapidly affecting the quality of public discourse and the safeguarding of human rights. Deepfakes are being widely used as a malicious source of misinformation in court that seek to sway a court’s decision. Because digital evidence is critical to the outcome of many legal cases, detecting deepfake media is extremely important and in high demand in digital forensics. As such, it is important to identify and build a classifier that can accurately distinguish between authentic and disguised media, especially in facial-recognition systems as it can be used in identity protection too. In this work, we compare the most common, state-of-the-art face-detection classifiers such as Custom CNN, VGG19, and DenseNet-121 using an augmented real and fake face-detection dataset. Data augmentation is used to boost performance and reduce computational resources. Our preliminary results indicate that VGG19 has the best performance and highest accuracy of 95% when compared with other analyzed models.

Urban planners as boundary spanners: Steering perceptions of asylum seeker accommodations in Germany

Since its open-door policy for welcoming asylum seekers in 2015, Germany has experienced a resurgence of anti-immigrant sentiments and a backlash against the safeguarding of human rights. Such perceptions of asylum seekers and their accommodation are shaped in urban neighborhoods, where street-level bureaucrats try steering such perceptions. While much literature has discussed how immigrant affairs departments promote intercultural encounter or acceptance of diversity, we know relatively little so far if and when urban planners steer perceptions of migration-related diversity. Yet, urban planners work closely with residents in urban regeneration programs and were confronted with residents’ anxieties about the potential impact of the asylum seeker accommodation when large reception centers were opened in 2015. The article aims to fill a gap in the literature. Based on two in-depth case studies it shows how structural contexts inform whether urban planners span disciplinary boundaries and act as broker between residents and the state in order to steer perceptions of asylum seeker accommodations. The article is based on field research and qualitative interviews in two large German cities. The article contributes to literatures on perceptions of migration and diversity, urban planning and urban regeneration, street-level bureaucracy, boundary spanning and brokerage.

Brief notes about the development of rights of traditional people under the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

The main objective of this paperwork is to demonstrate how the safeguarding of human rights in relation to minority groups, especially traditional peoples, is developed in the context of the Inter-American System for the protection of Human Rights. In this sense, it is highlighted the theme of decoloniality in order to reveal the importance of pursuing the development of human rights in an intercultural manner that meets the real desires of traditional populations. Therefore, the specific objective is to analyze how the search for the protection of these people's rights has been based on the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. For this, the present work uses the methodology of approaching legal dialectics, accompanied by doctrinal bibliographic research, as well as international legal instruments that allow a better perception on the reality of the evolution of international law in the protection of the rights of traditional peoples.

Compulsory Treatment as Task of Public Governance or What Thyphoid Mary and Mad King Ludwig Had in Common (Abstract)

The article concerns involuntary treatment of infectious and mental diseases. Development of the legal regulation since the 19th century has been described here. Quality of the existing legal regulation has also been evaluated. Issues of involuntary psychiatric treatment have been analysed and demonstrated by the international case-law and state court practice. Significant differences between legislation in mental and infectious diseases has been detected, as well as differences have been traced between legal standards in the area of involuntary placement and involuntary treatment of mental disorders in Latvia and other countries. It has been concluded that involuntary psychiatric treatment, in line with epidemiological safety, is a task of public governance in the area of domestic security and safeguarding of human rights and it has to be reinforced by governmental authority. Thus, proposal of elaboration of the corresponding law has been made.

Bioethics, Human Rights and COVID-19

In this paper present, from a bioethical perspective, a reflection on how to reconcile efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic with the safeguard of human rights. To do this, I develop three points. First, the regulatory framework that justifies the restriction or suspension of rights in the face of serious threats to public health. Second, the declarations of the international bioethics committees on the way in which human rights should be protected during public health crisis. And third, a review of the main rights threatened both by the public health crisis and by the means adopted to combat it. Before going into each of these points, I offer a preliminary note to clarify certain legal concepts and underline the need to overcome disjunctive approaches in considering human rights.

The Powerful Mighty State versus the Human Rights Defenders: The Courage to Challenge the Unruly Authority

In December 2018, the National Rights Institutions (NHRI) across the globe pledge to bolster their support for human rights defenders amidst a growing climate of threats and reprisals. While adopting the Marrakech Declaration and reaffirming the principles of Paris Declaration, NHRIs recognized that Human rights defenders have a positive, important and legitimate role in contributing to the realisation of all human rights, at the local, national, regional and international levels,. The National Rights Commission of India too, in its recent workshop organized in June 2019 observed that human rights defenders play a crucial role in a democracy and that the Commission is endeavored to create the enabling environment for the safeguard of human rights of defenders. Yet, the situation in India is that human rights defenders have been targeted, attacked, harassed, threatened and have been charged in false cases by both the state and the non-state actors including police, armed groups and private actors. The mighty bureaucratic state apparatus abuses all its power to crush any resistance. More specifically, over the recent years, the role of the state has been transforming from the `welfare’ regime to the capitalist neoliberal order, therefore a situation is created where common people are forced to resist. But those ruling elite exploit all their might and resources to make sure that it sends the loud message that the dissent will not be tolerated. The elitist, caste-based, majority-linked misogynist hegemony oiled by inequality of division of capital is destroying the idea of the diverse plural country. The scale of violation and abuse of power by the state and not state actors is increasing over the years. The situation is that those who have been advocating for the rights of the marginalized and indigenous communities are those who have been facing grave onslaught of threats. Some have been shot dead, others have been implicated in the false cases, facing censorship, physically assaulted, kidnapped, involved in the unjust prosecution, unlawful, arbitrary detention, forced disappearances, unauthorized searches, financial threat of losing livelihoods or are being intimidated. Those working on the issues such as caste-based discrimination, environment, land rights, right to information, business and human rights are particularly vulnerable to undue arbitrary intimidation, arrest, threat, restriction and detention. Poets, journalists, artists, lawyers, activists, and many other such professionals are being specifically targeted because they are perceived as a threat by the ruling elite. These new forms of emerging challenges before the HRDs call for rigorous efforts to safeguard their rights. This write up looks at the emerging challenges and suggests that the institutions such as NHRC, the civil society and the international organizations should proactively act expeditiously to devise the measures to defend the HRDs.

Las pruebas periciales genéticas en el proceso penal en México en el marco los derechos humanos

A raíz de la reforma constitucional en México, se ha gestado una fuerte polémica en cuanto a los alcances de la responsabilidad del juzgador en materia de derechos humanos, se ha hablado de un nuevo sistema de control difuso de la constitucionalidad, opinión que no ha sido avalada por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, quien ha determinado que dicho control le corresponde en facultad exclusiva. Resulta, por consecuencia, complejo para el juzgador ordinario medir cuáles son sus responsabilidades y alcances en la salvaguarda de los derechos humanos, en especial cuando se habla de pruebas genéticas que revisten ya de suyo un alto grado de complejidad en su ofrecimiento, admisión y desahogo. En la presente investigación se analiza desde una perspectiva teórica, las posturas doctrinales y jurisprudenciales al respecto, realizándose una amplia revisión bibliográfica, hemerográfica, jurisprudencial y de orden legislativo que sustentan las conclusiones, que nos permiten determinar que en México no existen parámetros debidamente regulados para la realización de las referidas probanzas bajo el esquema de una adecuada salvaguarda de los derechos humanos del imputado y que, en todo caso nuestra legislación parece inclinarse por lo que la doctrina ha denominado derecho penal del enemigo

INVESTIGATING THE RESPECT OF HUMAN RIGHTS WITHIN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTING. EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROPEAN OIL AND GAS SECTOR

ABSTRACT Recent collapses, corporate frauds and the crisis of investors' confidence have moved things toward the development of ethical codes and the companies' orientation in the direction of a more sustainable behavior, which is now building up all over the world. In 2011, United Nations (UN) claims that companies have to “seek to prevent or to mitigate adverse human rights impacts that are linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they have not contributed to those impacts” (Guiding Principles, No. 13, p. 14). In this perspective, Human rights (HRs) principles are becoming a crucial theme in embedding sustainability issues in key company functions. Indeed, companies should be prepared to disclose actions to address their HRs impacts through a formal communication especially to affected stakeholders. The form and the frequency of this communication may provide suitable and accessible information giving an adequate measure of transparency and accountability to firms' audiences that may be impacted or to other relevant stakeholders (i.e. investors and so on). Building on these reflections, the research question of the present study pertains the influence of firm approach about the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting on firm commitment towards the safeguard of HRs. The foregoing research question is explored through six hypotheses into which the other determinants investigated are: firm profitability, corporate governance model and firm size. From an empirical standpoint, a longitudinal analysis, covering the time frame 2010-2014, is carried out on a sample of 42 European listed large-size companies operating in the oil & gas industry. Supportive empirical evidence ensues from the adoption of random effects (RE) regression models for panel data. Keywords Human Rights, CSR reporting, performance, corporate governance model, United Nations, European Directive.

Proportionality test of the European arrest warrant in a criminal procedure

European arrest warrant is the first and the most frequently used legal instrument in the European Union based on the mutual recognition principle. Framework decision 2002/584/JHA marks the starting point in the development of a simplified EU wide system of cooperation in criminal matters. Successful functioning of EAW system (as well as the whole mutual recognition based system) is dependent on the level of mutual trust between the issuing and the executing member state. More than 10 years of EAW application in practice has shown that in a standard situation priority is more likely to be given to the mutual trust rather than to a proper safeguarding of human rights. This has led to numerous situations in various member states in which EAWs have been issued when it was clearly unnecessary and disproportionate. The recent developments of the EU criminal and criminal procedure law have clearly shown that an increased amount of attention is being paid to proper safeguarding of essential rights of a person who is being faced with criminal justice system. Since there are no unified standards to be equally applied throughout the EU there is a need for individual assessment of each situation in order to stay in compliance with basic human rights. Such an evaluation is exclusively important during the application of EAW since a person experiences the most restrictive coercive measures – usually, a detention. Proportionality test in the EAW procedure is the key which guarantees that the instrument will be applied in compliance with the essential human rights. However, the prevailing approach to this question is that the proportionality check can and must be done only during the issuing of EAW. The executing state is excluded from the evaluation of the proportionality. This article analyse the nature and specifics of the proportionality test identifies the stages of its application and suggests the criteria to be evaluated during the test. Authors support the idea that the proportionality check must be carried out not only during the issuing stage, but also during the execution of EAW. Such a perspective is based on the direction which is apparent in the recent EU legislation based on mutual recognition principle (mostly – Directive on the European Investigation Order), practical experience of several member states and developments of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. The proportionality test, suggested by authors, includes a wide range of material and procedural criteria. The set of criteria to be evaluated differs depending on an individual case and its specific circumstances. Thorough proportionality check during the whole process of EAW application is an option which can increase the level of procedural safeguards of an individual until criminal procedure rules are unified in the EU.

Building Universal Socio-cultural Indicators for Standardizing the Safeguarding of Citizens’ Rights in Smart Cities

This research explores the opportunity to use standards as recommender instruments for designing urban policy. Standards are soft regulatory mechanisms that can be used for monitoring and safeguarding. More precisely, we explore the potential use of social standards for centering the focus of the smart cities initiative back to the citizens, and establishing a citizen-centered approach. This is in contrast to the industrial drive and technological emphasis which currently dominates. Accordingly, we present a set of novel citizenship indicators which serve as the basis for the social standardization of smart cities, something which is not now taking place, in order to ensure and safeguard the basic social urban rights of citizens. The juridical basis and well-established points of reference for building indicators for citizens’ rights in the city are two International Charters. These are the European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City, and the Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City. In this paper, we start by comparing and analyzing the rights contained in each of the two Charters, and elaborating indicators for measuring the promotion and protection of these rights. The elaboration of indicators has been based on different criteria and under the common premise of universal existence of feeding data, which is the most recurrent problem when building indicators meant to be global. Next, at the request of the International Standards Organization (ISO), we select the most relevant socio-cultural indicators for the Global Charter Agenda, which will be introduced in the on-going revision of the smart cities and communities standard ISO 37120:2014 Sustainable development of communities—Indicators for city services and quality of life. This will make ISO 37120 a more beneficial social standard for monitoring and safeguarding citizens’ rights in the smart city.

City Indicators on Social Sustainability as Standardization Technologies for Smarter (Citizen-Centered) Governance of Cities

The smart cities initiative encourages cities to improve their performance in the three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, economic, and social. The smart cities movement is distinguished from sustainable cities by its use of intelligent technologies to attain sustainability. The smart cities world-class initiative is the first and only urban movement to generate interest on the part of all urban stakeholders. This includes citizens, governments, and even industry, which is the most interested party due to its opportunities to sell tech solutions and services to governments, in order to better serve citizens. However, although there are many technological means to help cities successfully perform in the three pillars of sustainability, social sustainability of smart cities is not yet fully considered. And this constitutes a lost opportunity to positively impact citizens’ lives. This research proposes a mechanism to account for the social pillar of sustainability, which consists of measuring the “citizen-centeredness” of city policies and local governance. This citizen-centric approach is measured by monitoring performance of cities in safeguarding citizenship rights. Accordingly, a set of indicators measuring the safeguarding of citizens’ rights in the city included in its fundamental text, The European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City, has been elaborated. Acknowledging the potential of market standards promoted by national and international standardization bodies such as the International Standards Organization or the National Standardization Association in Spain, proposed indicators have been designed to serve as a basis for what could be the first-ever social standard. Since market standards have an econometric nature, this research has been carried out in total fairness to city council responsibilities, only accounting for those which are mandatory, for which a budget is assigned. Finally, in the last section of the paper, conclusions show the triple-win—for citizens, private stakeholders, and city councils, that the inclusion of social standards brings into the governance of cities.

Political Marketing: An Effective Strategy for Quality Leadership and Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria

Democracy stands for the rule of law, mutual consultation in matters of governance and the safeguarding of human rights brought about through quality leadership. This philosophical view forms the political hallmark of any nation including Nigeria. Unfortunately, democratization in Nigeria has remained nascent and quality leadership a mirage. This was largely due to the mis-conception given to the exchange theory concept in the Politician-Electorate relationships. The study identified Apolitical Marketing as the bane of sustainable democracy in Nigeria, thus the non-application of the concept of “customer first” (Electorate) is responsible for poor leadership. The author revealed that Political Marketing Research, Internal Democracy, Relational Politics and Green Politics are holistic in the drive toward good leadership and democratic sustainability. It was thus, recommended that Nigeria political class, umpires and leaders should invest very high proportion of their resources on research and intelligence gathering on the voters and embraces the holistic marketing concept geared toward a lasting, enduring and beneficial democracy.