Use Of Safety Equipment Research Articles

Occupational exposure in lead and zinc mines induces oxidative stress in miners lymphocytes: Role of mitochondrial/lysosomal damage

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and oxidative stress status in blood lymphocytes of lead-zinc miners. This research was performed in 10 mine workers who have been in contact with lead and zinc in comparison to a control group containing 10 healthy volunteers. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood using the Ficoll standard method and then mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and oxidative stress were evaluated. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), collapse in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content, and lysosomal damage in miners were higher than the control group. Also, viability and glutathione (GSH) content were decreased. The lymphocytes of workers of a lead-zinc mine are more susceptible to oxidative stress, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage. The proper use of safety equipment can reduce the risk of toxic agents and their subsequent hazards for mine workers.

Characteristics of injuries among infants who fall from bed

IntroductionAccidental falls are the most common causes of injury among infants. Due to their limited ability to move independently, falling from bed or other types of furniture (such as sofas or armchairs) is considered the most common reason for such injury. However, little is known about the frequency and types of injury associated with this type of fall among infants. This study aimed to determine the incidence and characteristics of injury among infants presented at emergency departments (ED) after falling from bed or similar furniture. MethodsThe retrospective analysis of infants under one year old presenting at ED after falling from bed (or similar furniture) was performed over a four-year period (2016–2019). Patient demographics, incidence and patterns of injury, outcomes, and ED resources use were evaluated as part of the study. ResultsIn total, 1,439 infants were included in the study, of whom 782 (54.3%) were male and 657 (45.7%) female. The median age of the patients was 7 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 6–9 months). More than half the infants (n = 812, 56.4%) had minor injuries, such as abrasions, bruising, contusions, and lacerations. There were significant injuries for 135 (9.4%) infants. The most common fracture was skull fracture (n = 59, 4.1%), followed by proximal fracture of the upper extremities (n = 26, 1.8%). Six (0.4%) patients had radial head subluxation. Traumatic brain injury featured for 30 (2.1%) infants (intracranial hemorrhage/cerebral contusion). While the majority of patients (n = 1352, 94%) were discharged from ED, 86 (6%) infants were hospitalized, all due to head injuries. A neurosurgical intervention was performed with three (0.2% of all patients) of the hospitalized patients. ConclusionFalling from bed causes skull fractures, traumatic brain injury, and long bone fractures among infants. Therefore, campaigns should be organized to raise awareness of these risks among parents and caregivers of infants. In addition, the use of safety equipment (such as bed rails) and creating a safe environment can help prevent significant injuries.

Examining injury severity in truck-involved collisions using a cumulative link mixed model

BackgroundTrucks play a vital role in promoting regional freight transportation and economic development, but truck-involved collisions often have more severe consequences and create greater losses for society. Research purposeThis study examined the relationships between injury severity and various explanatory factors in truck-involved collisions to identify preventive countermeasures for safety improvement. DataLos Angeles’ collision records from 2010 to 2018 were analyzed. MethodA cumulative link mixed model was applied, where the heterogeneities among drivers were highlighted. ResultOur findings confirmed that various driving mistakes, such as speeding, improper driving, and drinking alcohol, contributed to severe injuries. Male drivers were more likely to be severely injured, while female occupants were more likely to be severely injured. The use of safety equipment always helped mitigate injury severity. Collisions at night on dark roads with no streetlights and collisions on slippery road surfaces had higher risks of causing severe injuries. In addition, collisions on ramps were more likely to result in severe injuries. Drivers in old trucks were also at a higher risk of suffering from severe injuries. ConclusionsFreight companies are encouraged to monitor drivers’ performance using remote cameras. Policy-wise, local agencies should regulate improper driving behavior and safety equipment use for truck drivers. Improving lighting conditions, periodically testing the skid resistance of road surfaces, adjusting speed limits, and applying weigh-in-motion technologies may greatly help mitigate injury severity. Old trucks should be brought in for frequent tests or abandoned after many years of usage.

Learning accurate personal protective equipment detection from virtual worlds

Deep learning has achieved impressive results in many machine learning tasks such as image recognition and computer vision. Its applicability to supervised problems is however constrained by the availability of high-quality training data consisting of large numbers of humans annotated examples (e.g. millions). To overcome this problem, recently, the AI world is increasingly exploiting artificially generated images or video sequences using realistic photo rendering engines such as those used in entertainment applications. In this way, large sets of training images can be easily created to train deep learning algorithms. In this paper, we generated photo-realistic synthetic image sets to train deep learning models to recognize the correct use of personal safety equipment (e.g., worker safety helmets, high visibility vests, ear protection devices) during at-risk work activities. Then, we performed the adaptation of the domain to real-world images using a very small set of real-world images. We demonstrated that training with the synthetic training set generated and the use of the domain adaptation phase is an effective solution for applications where no training set is available.

Pengaruh Penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Terhadap Efektivitas Pencegahan Kecelakan Kerja

Project Constructions are unique, safety or security and protection factors at work become one of the most important factors of work productivity (Hanafi, 2017). Occupational safety and health have a contribution value of up to 20.2% on performance (Kartikasari, 2017). In the implementation of building projects by PT. XY found a lack of awareness of workers in the use of equipment and safety equipment, this is evident from the lack of use of protective fences and also signs/warning signs that are not fully installed. This research will discuss what are the dominant risks that influence the implementation of OHS management at PT. XY. Based on these dominant risks, this reaserch will create a safety execution development based on the Construction Extension to PMBOK Guide - 2016 Edition.

Proper Use of Technical Standards in Offshore Petroleum Industry

Ships for drilling need to operate in the territorial waters of many different countries which can have different technical standards and procedures. For example, the European Union and European Economic Area EU/EEA product safety directives exclude from their scope drilling ships and related equipment onboard. On the other hand, the EU/EEA offshore safety directive requires the application of all the best technical standards that are used worldwide in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is not easy to select the most appropriate technical standards that increase the overall level of safety and environmental protection whilst avoiding the costs of additional certifications. We will show how some technical standards and procedures, which are recognized worldwide by the petroleum industry, can be accepted by various standardization bodies, and how they can fulfil the essential health and safety requirements of certain directives. Emphasis will be placed on the prevention of fire and explosion, on the safe use of equipment under pressure, and on the protection of personnel who work with machinery. Additionally considered is how the proper use of adequate procedures available at the time would have prevented three large scale offshore petroleum accidents: the Macondo Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010; the Montara in the Timor Sea in 2009; the Piper Alpha in the North Sea in 1988.

Common Injuries Associated with Falls from Tree Stands in Iowa

Tree stand falls are a common injury among hunters. This study was designed to identify specific injury patterns and local and regional factors affecting access to and care for this unique trauma cohort in Iowa. The University of Iowa trauma registry was retrospectively queried from 2004 to 2014 for patients with a mechanism of injury of fall from tree stands. Data are presented as mean±SD, median, and range, or raw number and percentages as appropriate. Correlation analyses were performed using the Spearman coefficient. Fifty-three patients were identified. Age was 44±14 (17-78) y. Median fall height was 4.6 m (15 ft), ranging from 1.5 to 12 m (5 to 40 ft). Transport times varied from <1 h to >7 h. Hypothermia was observed in 6 patients (11%). Two patients (4%) tested positive for alcohol. Three patients (6%) tested positive for drugs. Soft tissue injuries (32 [60%]; ie, lacerations and abrasions) were the most common, followed by 30 spine fractures (57%, including 11 lumbar and 10 thoracic fractures), 16 other bone fractures (30%), and 11 rib fractures (21%). Twenty-two patients underwent surgery. Median hospital length of stay was 4 d, ranging from 0 to 20 d. Tree stand falls lead to significant injuries. Hypothermia represents a significant risk for these patients, and remote location resulted in long transportation time. Improper use or poor condition of safety equipment contributed to falls and injuries in a few of our patients.

DETERMINATION OF POOR COMPLIANCE WITH OSH RULES OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS USING ORDINAL REGRESSION MODEL

Occupational accidents in the construction industry constitute one of the major problems in Turkey. The industry alone is responsible for 32.0% of all fatal industrial accidents from 1992–2015. Beyond precautionary efforts, workers need to participate and cooperate in the construction process to reduce the high number of accidents. The objective of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the underlying causes and motivations that affect the compliance of workers in following occupational safety and health (OSH) rules. A total of 482 workers were surveyed in 2016–2017. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of the dataset. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted to determine the parameters that affect the compliance of workers in following OSH rules. Results show that most construction workers do not believe in the following findings: companies should provide OSH training before starting work; focusing on OSH would increase work efficiency and quality; OSH training is effective in preventing occupational accidents; OSH training is effective in reducing the frequency of occupational accidents; and OSH training is important for the safe use of equipment. Thus, the safety culture should be developed first in order for workers to gain awareness, adaptation and their sustainability.

Investigating on-road crash risk and traffic offences in Vietnam using the motorcycle rider behaviour questionnaire (MRBQ)

The factor structure of the Motorcycle Rider Behaviour Questionnaire (MRBQ) was investigated in Vietnam, a developing country with an extensive motorcycling culture. In addition, we examined which of the MRBQ factors, riding information and demographic variables predict motorists’ crash risks and traffic violations. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the MRBQ revealed a clear four-factor structure of 36 items (N = 2.254 riders). This study highlights some critical differences between motorists from Vietnam and other countries. Vietnamese riders without a driver’s licence had lower on-road crash/near-crash rates, and the use of safety equipment paradoxically increased the incidence of crash risks. Furthermore, crash/near-crash liability and offences of Vietnamese motorcyclists rose with riding years (in terms of years already riding a motorcycle). The 36-item version of the MRBQ provided in this paper may be applied to other motorcycling countries. Besides, based on the robust relationships between the MRBQ factors and accident risks, new effective on-road safety strategies can focus on minimizing the common aberrant riding behaviours such as traffic errors, control errors, speed and alcohol-related violations in Vietnam.

Safety equipment use and crash involvement among cyclists – Behavioral adaptation, precaution or learning?

The present study has investigated relationships between cyclists’ safety equipment use, crash involvement, and other safety relevant behavior. The main focus is on relationships that indicate either behavioral adaptation (safety equipment use leads to riskier behavior) or precautionary behavior (safety equipment is used for cycling in risky situations). Three consecutive surveys were conducted in 2015, 2016, and 2017 years among 650 Norwegian cyclists. Most items were dichotomized and analyzed with logistic regression models. In contrast to the behavioral adaptation hypothesis, regular use of safety equipment (bicycle lights, high-visibility clothing, and helmets) was found to be negatively related to some types of high-risk behavior (listening to music and taking chances while cycling). Regular use of bicycle lights and high-visibility clothing is also negatively related to collision involvement. Safety equipment use was found to be positively related to regular winter cycling and cycling in mixed traffic (not on sidewalks), and it is most likely used as a precautionary measure in such situations. Some cyclists learn from crash involvement by starting to use safety equipment after a crash, but the results do not indicate that crash involvement deters from cycling. The main conclusion from the study is that recommending, promoting or even mandating safety equipment for cyclists can be expected to improve safety and that behavioral adaptation is not likely to occur, at least not to an extent that will outweigh the positive safety effects. The results do not support reservations against the use of “sporty” (well-equipped) models in campaigns for promoting cycling.

Research and Development of the First Generation of Multifunctional Home Fitness Recliner

The first generation of multifunctional home fitness recliners is a kind of home-use portable fitness equipment that coexists with multiple functions and can be easily adjusted for strength. The fitness equipment adopts the bionic “fish-shaped” design, and uses the principle of morphological bionics to achieve the simplicity required by design and meet today’s aesthetics. While improving the aesthetics of the design equipment, it also meets the requirements of ergonomics, thereby improving the user’s sports experience. The device uses polyformaldehyde plastic, ABS plastic, shell ABS plastic (natural plastic in the groove), polyamide fiber, PVC artificial leather, plywood, sponge, rubber sponge and other plastic materials that meet national standards. 35 # steel, cold rolled steel rectangular tube, spring steel, tungsten steel and other materials that meet various technical indicators. Under the premise of safe use of equipment, multiple exercise uses can be realized.

Prevalence of safety equipment and helmet use among school students commuting to school in South Selangor, Malaysia

Prevalence of safety equipment and helmet use among school students commuting to school in South Selangor, Malaysia

KEBERLANJUTAN RANTAI PASOK INDUSTRI KECIL DAN MENENGAH (IKM) ALAS KAKI DI KABUPATEN DAN KOTA BOGOR

Measurement of supply chain sustainability in the footwear industry is limited to measurements on craftsmen as footwear makers in the District and City of Bogor. The purpose of this study was to obtain a footwear industry supply chain sustainability index in the District and City of Bogor as an industrial centre in the West Java region. The method approach taken was Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) using Rapfish software. This study analyzed three dimensions, namely economic, social and environment. The indicators used for the economic dimension were net profit, sales targets, production capacity, labour income, product quality, market access, investment for the environmental improvement, research and technology development. Indicators measured for the social dimension were employment opportunities for the local workers, human reource skills, easiness access to health, use of equipment, work safety, workplace quality, air quality of production rooms, workforce training, number of products returned, and certification in the social field. On the environmental dimension, the indicators measured were the reduction in the amount of energy used, the use of environmentally friendly materials, the level of waste management, measurement and reduction of emissions produced, certification in the environmental field, use of materials from local suppliers. The results of measurement of the footwear industry sustainability indexes were less sustainable for the economic and social dimensions, whereas for the environment dimension indexed was not sustainable. In leverage analysis, indicators that influenced to increase the index for the economic dimension were market access and labour income, the social dimension were the quality of the production room air and the use of safety equipment, and the environmental dimension were the level of waste management, measurement and emission reduction. Keywords: sustainability. footwear, MDS

Prävention von Nadelstichverletzungen im Gesundheitswesen – Teilauswertung eines Online-Analysebogens mit Schwerpunkt auf TOP-Schutzmaßnahmen

Prevention of needlestick injuries in healthcare – Partial evaluation of an online analysis questionnaire with a focus on TOP protection measures Background: The risk of needlestick injuries (NSI) for healthcare workers (HCW) is often dependent on a multitude of factors. After an NSI occurs, the accident should be analysed and the risk reduced through technical, organisational and personal protection measures (TOP). This paper describes the TOP recommendations in relation to HCW. Methodology: HCW whose NSI had been reported to the Statutory Accident Insurance of the Health and Welfare Service (BGW) were asked to fill out an online questionnaire about the accident and TOP recommendations. The analysis of TOP took place separately for each of the three fields of work: hospitals, medical practices and outpatient and inpatient care (= care). Results: As of the analysis date of 1 October 2018, 1,356 records had been assessed. 1,093 cases met the criteria for NSI. 715 respondents had proposed at least one protective measure. These referred most often to changes in the organisation of work across all sectors, such as reducing time pressure (59 % in hospitals, 92 % in medical practices) and more training on the use of safety equipment (54 % in medical practices, 71% in care). The use of safety equipment was the technical protective measure most often mentioned (32 % in medical practices, 55 % in care) followed by disposable containers (approximately 20 %). Double gloves, indicator gloves and gloves for garbage disposal played the biggest role in personal protective measures (approximately 20 % each). Conclusions: The majority of HCW see an ongoing need for optimisation with respect to training and the use of safety equipment. These results support the conclusions reached in other reviews that the risk of NSI can be most effectively reduced through the combined use of safety equipment and training. Keywords: healthcare workers – needlestick injuries – sharps – accident analysis – risk factors – technical, organisational and personal protection measures (TOP) – time pressure and training – safety equipment

PENERAPAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA PADA LABORATORIUM KONSTRUKSI SIPIL JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL – POLITEKNIK NEGERI MANADO

Civil Construction laboratories are the means to conduct student work practices. Civil Construction Laboratory with all equipment and materials is a place of potential cause danger to the users of lecturers, technicians and students in it if not equipped with knowledge about health and Occupational safety. The cost to build occupational safety and health, the cost to buy security tools is quite large. However, occupational safety and health will also be assured. Workers ' skills and skills must be increased through education and training so as to follow the pace of development of science and technology disaster relief tools should be improved to make the catastrophe caused by the implementation of Advanced technology is not until widespread and destructive. But currently the use of safety equipment for the implementation of practice in the Civil Construction Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of Manado State Polytechnic is still lacking. The specific purpose of dissemination of technological products to the communities to be achieved is (1) protecting and guaranteeing the safety of any lecturers, technicians, students and other people in the workplace; (2) Training K3 for lecturers and Technicians (3) The K3 Handbook for Civil Construction Laboratories. To achieve these objectives, then through the targeted external indicators are: (1) K3 equipment is personal protective equipment (APD) in the form of helmets, masks, vests, gloves and safety shoes (2) K3 Handbook, (3) Training services of K3 for lecturers and technicians and (4) publications on Local on-line mass media.

Pediatric road traffic injuries in Qatar: Evidence for a developmental stage approach to road safety.

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death in Qatar but their epidemiology in children has not been fully described. This paper will describe the epidemiology of pediatric road traffic injuries (pRTIs) in Qatar, in order to understand the relationships among risk factors, mechanisms of injury, use of safety equipment, and according to child developmental stages.The primary sample for this study was drawn from all pRTIs (0–18 years) from January 2010 to December 2012—motor vehicle occupants, passengers and drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and all-terrain vehicle (ATV) drivers and passengers—seen at the trauma registry of the Hamad Trauma Center, the national Level I Trauma Referral Center of Qatar.During those two years, the Trauma Center attended to 4864 patients, 443 (9.1%) of whom were pRTIs, 83% were male, and 71% were non-Qatari. Only 1.2% of injured passengers and drivers were restrained. All fatalities were passengers or drivers; the overall mortality rate was 3.4%. The motor vehicle crash (MVC) mortality rate was 6.2%, with the longest mean length of hospital stay 10.5 days and highest Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission rate 35.7%. Older adolescents (15–18 years) comprised 56.4% of total MVC mortality. One-in-four (25%) pedestrian victims was Qatari. They had the lowest mean Injury Severity Score (9.6); 73% were nine years or younger. ATV victims had a 27% ICU admission rate; 48.4% were 10–14 years old. Older adolescents made up only 17% of the pediatric population of Qatar, yet 40% of pRTI victims and 80% of pRTI deaths. Forty-two percent of injured older adolescents were drivers, with half (21%) of those underage.There are clear and distinct age and mechanism-specific patterns of pRTIs among children in Qatar that must be used to guide road safety policy and program formulation for underage pedestrians and drivers. Proven interventions that increase seatbelt and child restraint use and graduated driver licensing must be considered.

Relationships among factors affecting construction safety equipment selection: structural equation modelling approach

ABSTRACTThe construction industry is ranked the first in terms of accidents. Use of appropriate construction safety equipment helps reduce accidents. This study utilises the structural equation modelling to examine relationships among key factors affecting construction safety equipment selection. The approach considers measurement- and structural-models. The measurement-model confirms key factors and their relationships, while the structural-model examines relationships directions. Questionnaire survey is utilised to collect data. Respondents include managers and operators from medium- and large-sized construction companies. Six key factors are confirmed with the measurement-model results, including (1) Safety-related Policy, (2) Equipment Design, (3) Personal, (4) Supplier Agreement, (5) Supplier Support, and (6) Cost Value factors. They relate with employers, employees, and suppliers to select construction safety equipment that match with company’s policy and employees’ need to reduce chances of accidents. The structural-model results reveal directions of relationships among key factors. Safety-related Policy is the most important factor, as it influences other factors. Equipment Design and Personal factors are crucial when selecting construction safety equipment, as they influence Supplier Agreement and Supplier Support factors, which in turn, affect Cost Value factor. Construction companies can utilise the results to understand key factors affecting construction safety equipment selection, and make better decisions.

Does Safety Climate at Workplaces Affect the Protective Safety Equipment Use?

Bu çalışma işyerlerindeki güvenlik ikliminin kişisel koruyucu donanım kullanımına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma tanımlayıcı olarak Ocak-Şubat-Mart 2016 tarihleri arasında Bir Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Biriminin hizmet verdiği işyerlerinde çalışan işçiler üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini işyerlerinde çalışan toplam 120 işçi, örneklemi ise araştırma kriterlerine uyan 104 işçi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri “Bilgi Formu” ve “Güvenlik İklimi Ölçeği” kullanılarak, yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Etik açıdan Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi’nden yazılı izin ve araştırmaya katılan işçilerden sözel onam alınmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Independent –Samples T-Test, One Way-Anova ve Korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadaki işçilerin yaş ortalaması 31,29±7,95 olup, %76,0’ı erkek, %47,1’i lise mezunu ve %32,7’si vardiyalı sistemde çalışmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamındaki işçilerin %85,6’sı işyerinde kişisel koruyucu donanım kullanmanın önemli olduğunu düşündüğünü ve %72,1’i işyerinde düzenli olarak kişisel koruyucu donanım kullandığını belirtmiştir. Araştırmada işçilerin güvenlik iklimi ölçeği puan ortalamaları ile kişisel koruyucu donanımı düzenli kullanmaları, kişisel koruyucu donanımın ulaşılabilir olması, kişisel koruyucu donanım kullanımı hakkında bilgi almaları, kişisel koruyucu donanımın kullanımının kolay olması ve kişisel koruyucu donanımı ekip arkadaşlarının düzenli kullanması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu bulunmuştur (p&amp;lt;0.05). Bu çalışmada işçilerin algıladığı güvenlik ikliminin, kişisel koruyucu donanım kullanım durumlarını etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda işverenlerin, güvenlik iklimi ve kişisel koruyucu ekipmanların kullanımı ile ilgili farkındalıklarının arttırılması önerilir.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT VICTIMS IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM OF A HOSPITAL (PART 2).

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate the socioeconomic impact of motorcycle accidents of a metropolis with one million inhabitants treated by a university hospital in 2017. To study hospital cost and time of victims, evaluate definite and incapacitating sequelae, and analyze patient’s insertion in the labor market six months after the accident.Methods:Retrospective study of 62 victims of motorcycle accidents treated in the emergency room and referred for surgical procedure in a university hospital. Data were collected from medical records and answers via telephone six months after the trauma.Results:Injuries related to motorcycle accident resulted in high hospital costs. Average loss per patient was R$ 17,555. Of those who answered the functional impact questionnaire, 64% were on paid leave by INSS and 84% presented partial or permanent physical disabilities after the accident. Only 9 people (36%) received any kind of financial benefit from public authorities.Conclusion:High costs are directly related to hospitalization time and surgical needs. Most victims needed financial help and had their social lives aggravated. Investments in motorcyclists’ awareness of traffic laws and use of safety equipment are needed, as well as in road infrastructure. Level of evidence II, Prognostic studies.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND PREVENTION METHODS ON WORK IN CONFINED SPACES

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of potential hazards and safe work procedures in the confined space area of ??the working of the oil and gas industry. The research method used was the application research method with a case study approach in the oil and gas industry in Balikpapan. The results showed that the potential danger in the room was limited by the danger of lack of oxygen, fire, poisoning explosion, irritation, static electricity, mechanical energy, extreme room temperature, dehydration, insufficient air circulation, slippery surfaces and ergonomic hazards. Safe working procedures in confined spaces were ensuring a safe working environment, use of PPE and work safety equipment, isolation of mechanical equipment, cleaning of gases and liquids, adequate air ventilation and adequate communication systems. The results of the study also recommended supporting the success of work in the confined space area to always be aware of the possibility of toxic gas, low oxygen concentrations and excess, the danger of work equipment and workers equipped with a gas tester.