Safe Nutrition Research Articles

Development of galette technology using pectin concentrate and whole-ground flour from cereals

The food industry, covering industries that produce goods for consumption by the population, is a central link in ensuring food security. In this regard, high-quality, medically balanced and safe nutrition is of utmost importance. In this regard, the use of pectin substances as natural detoxifiers and whole-ground flour in the production of galets will solve the problem of meeting the needs of the population in safe food products with high nutritional and biological value. The aim of the work was to develop galettes of increased nutritional value using pectin concentrate and whole-ground flour from cereals. The article examines the effect of beetroot pectin concentrate on the quality of galettes made from a mixture of wheat and whole-ground corn, buckwheat flour. The optimal dosage of whole-ground corn flour of 15%, buckweat flour - 20.0% in the production of galets from wheat flour of the first grade, in which the quality of finished products is similar to control samples, is justified and determined. It was found that the nutritional and biological value of the developed galettes is higher than in the control samples, the products obtained meet the safety requirements of TR CU 021/2011.

Legal problems of the production of agricultural raw materials for baby food

The article analyzes modern legal problems of the production of agricultural raw materials for baby food in Ukraine, taking into account the latest legislative changes in the field of baby food production, organic agricultural production, state control over the use of genetically modified organisms in the manufacture of food products.
 It has been established that the improvement of the legislation in the field of child nutrition should be carried out by making amendments and additions to the Law of Ukraine «On Child Nutrition» in order to bring its prescriptions into line with EU requirements, and not to cancel the specified special Law. Given the specifics of baby food and the importance of guaranteeing its quality and safety, replacing a separate special law with one article in the Law of Ukraine «On Basic Principles and Requirements for the Safety and Quality of Food Products» is hardly expedient.
 Taking into account the specific legal nature of a personal peasant economy, the author proves that persons who run such an economy can produce raw materials for baby food products, subject to compliance with legal requirements for the quality and safety of such raw materials. Based on the latest legislative changes in the field of legal provision of biosafety of Ukraine, the article proposes to legislate the possibility and necessity of using organic agricultural products as raw materials for baby food before creating an effective system of state control in the field of use and circulation of genetically modified organisms.
 In order to ensure the constitutional right of the child to sufficient, high-quality and safe nutrition, the author considers it expedient to conduct in-depth scientific research on these issues and make appropriate scientific conclusions and recommendations on improving the current legislation in this area, taking into account the requirements of EU legislation on the adaptation of the national agricultural, food, environmental and other legislation regarding the production of agricultural products for baby food.

Knowledge and perception of secondary students on food labels and safe nutrition in Kwara state, Nigeria

ood labels and safe nutrition are important concepts in national food security. The knowledge and perception of these concepts is critical to building a sustainable food system and reducing prevailing hunger and malnutrition among students who depend largely on road side fast and junk foods. This study assessed the knowledge and perception of secondary students on food labels and safe nutrition in Kwara state. The study adopted a cross sectional primary data collected through the use of a well-structured questionnaire subjected to expert opinion for validity and test-retest for the reliability (r = 0.86) of the instrument. A multi stage random sampling technique was used to select 1080 secondary students. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as logit and multinomial logistic regression model with significance level at P<0.05 where relevant. The study found that parent education, school curriculum and access to basic amenities are important factors influencing theknowledge of food labels and safe nutrition among secondary school students. Hence, we recommend that effort should be geared toward the incorporation of issues on food safety and label in secondary school curriculum.

Food amyloid fibrils are safe nutrition ingredients based on in-vitro and in-vivo assessment

Food protein amyloid fibrils have superior technological, nutritional, sensorial, and physical properties compared to native monomers, but there is as yet insufficient understanding of their digestive fate and safety for wide consumption. By combining SDS-PAGE, ELISA, fluorescence, AFM, MALDI-MS, CD, microfluidics, and SAXS techniques for the characterization of β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme amyloid fibrils subjected to in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion, here we show that either no noticeable conformational differences exist between amyloid aggregates and their monomer counterparts after the gastrointestinal digestion process (as in β-lactoglobulin), or that amyloid fibrils are digested significantly better than monomers (as in lysozyme). Moreover, in-vitro exposure of human cell lines and in-vivo studies with C. elegans and mouse models, indicate that the digested fibrils present no observable cytotoxicity, physiological abnormalities in health-span, nor accumulation of fibril-induced plaques in brain nor other organs. These extensive in-vitro and in-vivo studies together suggest that the digested food amyloids are at least equally as safe as those obtained from the digestion of corresponding native monomers, pointing to food amyloid fibrils as potential ingredients for human nutrition.

The rehabilitation nurse's intervention in elderly people with dysphagia: systematic literature review

Context: Dysphagia in aging is associated with malnutrition and cognitive changes resulting from the natural decline of the body's homeostasis at the end of life. It is a permanent challenge for the rehabilitation nurse (RN) to ensure a safe nutrition of the elderly person by re-educating swallowing. Objective: To identify the current scientific evidence on the effectiveness of swallowing rehabilitation interventions in older people with dysphagia. Methodology: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) conducted according to the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, based on studies published between 2017 and 2022, in the databases: CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE Complete, Nursing & Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive Edition and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PubMed. Critical appraisal, data extraction and synthesis were performed by two independent reviewers. Results: Initially 647 articles were identified, however only 7 were included in this Review as they met the defined criteria. We found very disparate oropharyngeal rehabilitation plans, particularly regarding the type of exercises/techniques and the use of devices. As for the devices, we tested the Gentle Stim® for transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation (TENS); the IQoro® to stimulate sensory input and strengthen facial, oral, and pharyngeal muscles; the Tongue Pressure Strengthening (TPS) for tongue muscle exercise with resistance training. Conclusion: The elderly person can improve swallowing ability if subjected to a personalized oropharyngeal rehabilitation plan, minimizing the risk of complications. Further research by RN is recommended.

Treatment Approaches for Swallowing Disorders in Children.

A swallowing disorder or dysphagia is defined as a disorder in the sequence of swallowing, during the oral or pharyngeal phase, which compromises the safety and/or efficiency of transit of the food bolus to the esophagus. The evaluation of neurodevelopment, nutrition, and preventive medicine actions are as important as the clinical evaluation of dysphagia, so they must be included and systematized in all pediatric evaluations; This evaluation can be divided into different parts: bedside swallowing evaluation, instrumental swallowing evaluation, and additional studies. The management of swallowing disorders requires a multidisciplinary team approach, depending on the child's age, cognitive and physical abilities, and the specific swallowing and feeding disorder, ensuring adequate and safe nutrition and improving the patient's quality of life.

Assessment of some element content and potential health risks in infant formulas available in Turkish markets

Accurately determining the composition of essential and toxic elements in commercial infant formulas is critical to ensuring safe nutrition for infants. In this study, the concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Pb, Ni, Cd, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co) in infant formulas were determined using high-resolution continuum-source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS) and have been evaluated for health risk. The measured values for concentrations from lowest to highest were (in mg/kg): 36.38–77.45 (Zn), 6.28–12.88 (Al), 2.37–4.91 (Cu), 22.01–51.64 (Fe), and 0.55–2.06 (Mn). The highest concentrations of Ni and Cd were 0.18 and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively, while the lowest concentrations for these metals were below the detection limit. The Cr, Co and Pb levels were below the detection limits in all samples. According to the risk assessment conducted for infants aged 0–24 months, which involved calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI), the estimated weekly intake (EWI), the target hazard quotient (THQ), and the hazard index (HI), it was found that the THQ values range from 0.00 to 0.06 for Ni, from 0.00 to 0.69 for Cd, and from 0.17 to 0.22 for Al. However, since the HI for all age groups is less than 1, it can be concluded that there is no health concern for the elements Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Al, and Co.

Nutrition in modern socio-economic conditions of Ukraine as a health-forming factor (literature review)

A retrospective analysis of modern scientific literature was carried out. An analysis of modern features and trends in the state of the population's health and the influence of a complex of environmental factors on it, including nutrition, was carried out. The data on morbidity of the population of Ukraine according to the statistical collections for 2019–2022 were analyzed, and the health indicators of children of Ukraine were analyzed for the period (2019–2022). Nutrition is one of the environmental factors that directly affects the health of a person of any age. Rational and safe nutrition contributes to the normal growth and development of children, the prevention of diseases, the prolongation of people's lives, the increase in working capacity and provides conditions for their adaptation to the environment. Food is a multicomponent environmental factor containing more than 600 substances necessary for the normal functioning of the human body. Each of these substances occupies a certain place in the complex harmonious mechanism of biochemical processes and contributes to the proper physical development of a person. Unsatisfactory indicators of children's health are an urgent problem today. The steady decline in the number of practically healthy children, the ever-increasing flow of children suffering from chronic pathology and the disabled, is considered by many researchers today as a national tragedy. Analyzing the reasons for unsatisfactory indicators of the health of the population, it is possible to distinguish the influence of the following groups of factors: socio-economic (50%), environmental (20%), genetic (20%), state of medical care (10%). In the last decade, pediatricians, hygienists, and anthropologists have noted with great concern a particularly sharp deterioration in physical development and other criteria of health and motor fitness. Therefore, in our opinion, it is relevant to assess the health indicators of the child population as a prospect for the development of the future of the modern state. This study becomes especially relevant against the background of the incidence and prevalence of childhood diseases in recent years. Keywords: healthy lifestyle, hygienic assessment, diet, quality of life, morbidity, children.

When the first of the 5Fs for the welfare of dogs goes wrong. Who is responsible? - a review

The importance of nutrition for the welfare of dogs is highlighted in this review. Malnutrition can be the cause of many health disorders, including behavioural disorders. On the other hand, dietary interventions and modifications, and nutritional enrichment can be used for the treatment of certain health problems and improving welfare in dogs. The paper focuses on data collected from the literature on omissions in the diet of dogs for which owners, food producers, veterinarians and/or animal welfare societies are responsible. Manufacturers are responsible for the composition, quality and safety of commercially available dog food. They are also responsible for the clarity of the feeding guidelines that are provided on the labels. Owners are expected to know what type of food is most suitable for their dogs in terms of any particular allergies or intolerances they may have, as well the quality and quantity of food they should feed their dogs. It is especially important for owners to be aware of the risks of using raw food in dog nutrition. Due to the special social status that dogs have in their owners’ families, owners are increasingly interested in the quality and safe nutrition of their companions. This should be a challenge for veterinarians to master the necessary knowledge of pet nutrition, and to develop and provide advice and consulting services in this area within their practice. Owners’ interest in good quality and safe dog nutrition should also be a challenge for animal welfare societies to include information on nutrition in general dog ownership education.

Nutrition of modern children: problems and solutions

Analysis and generalization of data available in the literature on the actual nutrition of schoolchildren. The article outlines the problems of nutrition of children.Nutrition is one of the most important factors determining the health of the child population.Nutrients almost completely determine the physical and mental performance, contribute to the harmonious development of the child’s body. The start of school is a critical period for a child.Nutrition should cover not only the costs that occur in the process of life, but also ensure the proper growth and development of the child. Improving the organization of nutrition in organized children’s groups is singled out as one of the priority tasks of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition of the population. A necessary condition for maintaining and strengthening the health of the children’s population of the Rossoshsky District is favorable conditions for education and training in children’s institutions, where children spend a significant part of their lives.Proper nutrition plays an important role during intense mental stress.As a result of ongoing activities aimed at organizing a full-fledged, safe nutrition, at increasing the coverage of hot meals for schoolchildren, there has been a decrease in the incidence of the digestive system in children under 14 years of age, which is confirmed by socio-hygienic monitoring data. Nutrition of the child in an educational institution and in the family should be combined.

Can Food Safety Practices and Knowledge of Raw Fish Promote Perception of Infection Risk and Safe Consumption Behavior Intentions Related to the Zoonotic Parasite Anisakis?

The study of the zoonotic parasites of the genus Anisakis and human anisakiasis is an increasingly hot topic in evolutionary biology and epidemiological studies carried out on natural and accidental (human) hosts, given the risk of this parasite to human health. However, the assessment of social-psychological factors relevant to Anisakis’ risky consumption of human behavior is still an understudied topic. Given the centrality of the topic, highlighted by its presence in Goals 2 (subgoal 2.1, achieve food security and improve safe nutrition) and 3 (health and well-being) of the 2030 Agenda, it appears necessary to deepen our social-psychological knowledge regarding this specific topic. There is plenty of psychological research focused on antecedents of fish and seafood consumption; however, parasite risk is not often specifically examined. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of consumers’ seafood products by examining their psychological aspects, such as knowledge, perception, awareness, and concern about Anisakis. Past and future behavior intentions were also investigated. Analyses were carried out on a sample of 251 subjects, and a path analysis model was used to explain possible relations assumed among the variables. The results of the study showed that habits related to raw fish consumption and self-perceived health were, respectively, positively, and negatively correlated with a higher perceived risk of contracting anisakiasis. This perceived risk in turn correlates positively with a greater willingness to pay for Anisakis-free fish. Similarly, prior knowledge of the disease was found to be associated with prior avoidance of fish consumption, which in turn was found to be positively correlated with a greater willingness to pay for Anisakis-free fish.

Breast Milk Bank of Kyiv Perinatal Center – experience in 2022

In the conditions of rapid social and economic changes such society categories as pregnant women, women after labour and newborns are especially helpless. Lactation onset is extremely sensitive to stress. Instead, under the stressful conditions breastfeeding is the key to safe nutrition and protection from the emotional stress of the child and mother. One of the modern technologies for supporting breastfeeding is breast milk banks (BMB), the first of which in Ukraine is functioning on the basis of the Perinatal Center in Kyiv. This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the BMB’s work in the conditions of a full-scale war.The objective: to study the main indicators of BMB work in Kyiv Perinatal Center for 2022 and compare them with the indicators of the previous periods.Materials and methods. The reports on the activities of the BMB in Perinatal Kyiv Center for 2020, 2021 and 2022 were analysed.Results. During 2022, there was a tendency to increase the number of breast milk donors who delivered in other institutions, but the number of donors was similar (26.4 % in 2022 versus 5.7 % and 4.6 % in 2021 and 2020, respectively). In 2020, the recipients of breast milk were 400 newborns, in 2021 – 560 newborns, in 2022 – 2010. A decrease in the quantity of premature newborns in the structure of recipients of donor breast milk was also found – 12.7 % in 2022 versus 74 % and 82 % in previous years.An increase in the number of full-term newborns who received donor breast milk during the lactation is a significant result that corresponds to the social situation. The volume of harvested breast milk decreased from 990 litres in 2020, 980 litres in 2021 to 660 litres in 2022.Conclusions. The Breast Milk Bank (BMB) of the Kyiv Perinatal Center continues to play its role in preserving the life and health of Ukrainians and restoring our country. The volumes of breast milk received from donors in the hard year of 2022 were less than in previous years (660 l vs. 990 l), but an increased number of newborns who received it was found (2010 children in 2022 vs. 560 children in 2021), and the predominance of full-term recipients among them (87.3% of all recipients in 2022 versus 26% in 2021) was observed.Among breast milk donors, women who had premature births continue to dominate – 77 %. The main task of BMB is to involve women with term births to donation. This will allow both to increase the volume of donor breast milk and to improve its quality from the point of view of benefits for the growth of a newborn.

Balanced Nutrition and Healthy Menu Based Training Local Food during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Posyandu Cadres in Batu Merah Village

SARS-Cov-2 is a new virus that causes respiratory diseases that can cause health problems. Consuming foods with balanced and safe nutrition can boost the immune system and reduce the risk of disease.Community service through a community partnership program is carried out by implementing balanced nutrition training using booklets and balanced nutrition cards in Batu Merah Village. The training participants were 15 Dahlia Posyandu cadres in Batu Merah Village. Booklets as a communication medium for health education can increase the average knowledge and attitudes of mothers about choosing healthy and nutritious food. This activity adds insight into the participants' thinking that being healthy is not always expensive, but it can be realized by consuming a variety of foods that are cheap and easy to obtain practical and can be applied every day.

Factors influencing infant feeding for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families: a systematic review of qualitative evidence

BackgroundBreastfeeding provides all the necessary energy and nutrients for an infant and provides many benefits for mothers and babies. The effects of colonisation have contributed to reduced prevalence and duration of breastfeeding among Australian Aboriginal women and widespread use of infant formula as a substitute for breastmilk. This review aimed to synthesise qualitative evidence about the factors that influence breastfeeding and infant feeding practices of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families.MethodsMEDLINE, CINAHL, Informit and Google Scholar were systematically searched for qualitative studies that included the perspective of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families about the factors influencing infant feeding decisions. Included studies were appraised using an Indigenous quality assessment tool and were synthesised via inductive thematic analysis informed by an ecological framework.ResultsThe search identified 968 studies with 7 meeting the inclusion criteria. Key factors influencing breastfeeding and infant feeding practices of Aboriginal women included cultural practices, normalisation of bottle feeding, shame associated with breastfeeding in public, access to culturally safe nutrition education, support services and health professionals, family/partner support, knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, experiences with previous babies and concern that the baby was not getting enough milk.ConclusionThe perspectives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women must be considered when providing breastfeeding and infant feeding advice. This can be achieved through Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people designing, implementing, and leading the delivery of education and information regarding breastfeeding and health infant feeding practices that have been influenced by the priorities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Evaluacija nivoa znanja ugostiteljskog osoblja o glutenu u restoranima Novog Sada - osoblje kao ključan faktor

Including gluten-free options in restaurant menus and adhering to the highest standards in terms of training and food safety are becoming increasingly important factors for success in modern restaurateurs. Restaurants are increasingly recognizing the importance of providing gluten-free options to meet the needs of diners with special dietary requirements. A key factor in the preparation of gluten-free dishes is the staff who work in contact with the food and who have a very large responsibility for ensuring safe nutrition for guests with gluten intolerance. For this reason, the subject of this work is the familiarization of staff working in catering kitchens with the basic terms and rules related to handling and preparing gluten-free food, as well as the conditions and rules within the catering establishment related to handling gluten-free food. The main goal is to examine the extent to which employees in catering establishments are familiar with the rules for handling and preparing gluten-free food and whether these rules are applied in the establishment where they are employed.

Research of Physical and Chemical Properties and Toxic Elements in Locally Bred Oats for the Production of Cereal Drinks

One of the most important factors that has a significant impact on the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a violation of the diet due to insufficient consumption of full–fledged proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements and their irrational ratio. In Kazakhstan, grain crops are produced in large volumes, but there is no production of beverages based on vegetable raw materials, although the production of vegetable milk is already widespread throughout the world. The use of local vegetable raw materials from different regions of Kazakhstan in the production technology of grain milk drinks is an urgent and promising direction in the food industry. The article presents the results of a study of the quality of oats of breeding varieties "Duman", "Arman" and "Bityk". During the study, the physicochemical, technological properties and safety indicators of oat samples were evaluated. All the studied samples of oat grains in terms of safety meet the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On grain safety". The scientific data obtained during the implementation of the project will become the basis for the creation of new grain "milk" drinks enriched with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The result of the implementation of this research will be the expansion of the range of beverages for healthy and safe nutrition of the population.

Significance of the level of implementation of food legislation and the food safety management system in Ukraine for the dynamics of the spread of food poisoning (retro analysis)

Ensuring safe nutrition is one of the important tasks of each state for the proper state of public health. In developed countries such as the US and the EU, food safety is a public health priority and is ensured through the development of a regulatory framework, the establishment and implementation of effective food safety systems throughout the food chain. However, despite the existence of legislation and government oversight, official data show a high number of outbreaks of foodborne diseases in these countries. In this regard, WHO calls on states to constantly monitor the situation with the occurrence of food poisoning in order to improve the means of monitoring the safe nutrition of the population. In Ukraine, there is food legislation, which was formed much later than in the EU and the USA, and later the mechanism for ensuring safe food was introduced – the HACCP system (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control, English Point). The article presents retrospective analytical data related to the occurrence of food poisoning among the population of Ukraine in the pre-war period (2019−2020) and analyzes the problems that contributed to the emergence of these diseases. Comparison in dynamics allows to see not only the changes that have taken place, but also to understand the advantages and disadvantages that were applied in the previous period and develop measures based on the experience gained over the past years. The target issues of this article were the analysis of international and national food legislation as important tools for managing the level of food poisoning, a retro-analysis of the level of food poisoning in different regions of Ukraine and the establishment of factors that contributed to the occurrence of these diseases

Improving the instruments of state support for farms development as a component of rural areas social capital

The article considers measures taken to improve state support of farms as a component of rural areas social capital. It has been proved that farms have a weak position in the market environment due to the peculiarities of their economic nature which requires the use of effective instruments of state support. Instruments of state support for the development of farms in the leading countries aimed at supporting farmers’ income, risk insurance, sales promotion, etc. were systematized in the study. The need to develop regional programs to support small farms producing "niche" crops, which would provide compensation for material costs of its production in the amount of 50% of the cost standards. The procedure for providing such support has been developed and the possibilities of fnancial support on the principle of co-fnancing of the united territorial community and state bodies in the ratio of 50:50 have been determined. The expediency of state support for novice farmers through providing grants for a family livestock farm establishment of has been proved. The study systematizes the criteria that a novice farmer must meet to be admitted to the competition and the lists the basic documents to be submitted. The funds of local united territorial communities and the state budget in the ratio of 30:70 should make the fnancial basis of the program to support the farms development for the production of livestock products. It is determined that the maximum size of the grant for the development of a family livestock farm should make: for cattle and meat cattle breeding - under 60%, pigs and poultry - 50% of regulatory costs with the grant period of 24 months. It is argued that the development of farms social partnership with different stakeholders is one of the areas of formation of rural areas social capital. To this end, it is proposed to develop a school nutrition program in rural areas, which will provide quality and safe nutrition for school-age children, to create a new channel for the distribution of products grown by farmers and other positive aspects of rural development. Key words: farms, state support, regional support, grant support, social capital, rural area.

THE USE OF BUCKWHEAT AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE MILK

One of the most important factors that has a significant impact on the health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a violation of the diet due to insufficient consumption of full–fledged proteins, vitamins, macro- and microelements and their irrational ratio. In Kazakhstan, grain crops are produced in large volumes, but there is no production of beverages based on vegetable raw materials, although the production of vegetable milk is already widespread throughout the world. The use of local vegetable raw materials from different regions of Kazakhstan in the production technology of grain milk drinks is an urgent and promising direction in the food industry. The article presents the results of a study of the quality of buckwheat breeding varieties "Shortandinskaya", "Batyr" and "Saulyk". During the study, buckwheat samples were evaluated physico-chemical, technological properties and safety indicators. All the studied samples of buckwheat grains in terms of safety meet the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On grain safety". The scientific data obtained during the implementation of the project will become the basis for the creation of new grain "milk" drinks enriched with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The result of the implementation of this research will be the expansion of the range of beverages for healthy and safe nutrition of the population.

Ребенок с пищевой анафилаксией. Как обеспечить полноценное питание?

This article presents a modern approach to developing a balanced personalized diet for a child with polyvalent food allergy and history of severe life-threatening allergic reactions, based on the results of molecular allergy diagnostics. Providing an adequate and safe nutrition for children who have experienced episodes of food-induced anaphylaxis becomes a serious problem for their family. This article describes the continuation of observation of a five-year-old patient with polyvalent food allergy and recurrent episodes of food-induced anaphylaxis. According to the component-resolved allergy diagnostics, it was found that the child was sensitized to many food allergens: milk and egg proteins, wheat, beans, peanuts, nuts, fruits, and some other products that make up a healthy diet. Based on the findings, a safe and balanced personalized elimination diet was developed with a specialized amino acid-based formula, which is presented in this publication. Key words: food anaphylaxis, children, polyvalent allergy, recurrent anaphylaxis, nutrition