Safe Evacuation Routes Research Articles

Empowerment of Karang Taruna Jelakcatur Kalitengah Village, Lamongan Regency, Through an Integrated IoT Early Warning System in an Effort to Increase Independence in Flood Disaster Emergency Response

Jelakcatur Village is a village located in Kalitengah District, where the district has a basin contour or what is called Bonorowo and is included in the River Basin Area (DAS), which is prone to flooding, so that every year it is always affected by flood disasters. Based on the results of discussions with partners, the problems faced related to flooding are: Low knowledge of youth in Karang Taruna regarding flood mitigation has implications for low community preparedness for flood disasters; The unavailability of physical infrastructure for handling floods, namely EWS, which is able to provide up-to-date information about flood disasters; The unavailability of flood disaster hazard maps, safe zones, and evacuation routes. The purpose of this activity is to provide solutions in the form of: increasing the knowledge of youth in Karang Taruna regarding preparedness in facing flood disasters through counseling and education about floods to Karang Taruna in order to increase understanding, concern, and the role of youth in their environment; Making an IoT-integrated EWS so that it can provide early warning information for flood disasters to the Jelakcatur Village community in real time; Making disaster hazard maps in a participatory manner, namely safe zone maps and evacuation routes, to provide the community with an understanding of environmental conditions related to flood disasters. This participatory flood disaster evacuation route map-making training activity is a supplement to increase the capacity of Karang Taruna cadres in non-structural disaster mitigation carried out at the pre-disaster stage, as well as to improve the soft skills of Karang Taruna cadres so that they can increase their role in the local village.

Escape routes and safe points in natural hazards. A case study for soil

The scope of this work was to develop soil liquefaction and landslide hazard maps, by computing Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for a return period of 475 years, to outline safe points and escape routes designed for schools situated in the drainage basin of Xerias River at northeastern Peloponnese, Greece. The school locations were spatially correlated with each geohazard map to assess the potential hazards to schools within the study area. Web maps illustrating safe and unsafe areas for both geohazards were developed though the GIS online platform for the town of Corinth and four settlements of the study area, where schools exist. Safe points were identified, and routes for evacuation from schools to these locations were mapped using the shortest paths on the existing road network for each geohazard. All the data was integrated into the GIS application available to the public. The findings indicated that 75% of the schools in the study area are situated in areas susceptible to soil liquefaction and landslide hazards. The northern part of the town of Corinth, which includes 62% of the town's schools, is situated in unsafe areas to soil liquefaction. Unsafe areas for landslides are located in the central and northern section of the town, encompassing 35% of the schools. The school buildings in one settlement within the study area are situated in safe areas for both geohazards. The schools in the remaining settlements are sited in areas considered unsafe due to either liquefaction or landslides hazard. A total of 12 safe points were proposed for soil liquefaction hazard and 17 for landslide hazard across all the studied urban areas. The suggested escape routes for both geohazards range from 200 to 1094 m, distances that teachers and students can easily walk. The proposed method can rapidly and effectively identify safe locations and evacuation routes, facilitating authorities in planning for evacuations.

Evacuation scenario optimization in buildings with human anthropometric characteristics

Emergency evacuations are critical situations that threaten people's lives and safety, necessitating robust planning and prevention strategies. Anthropometric data, which are numerical expressions of human body measurements, play a vital role in architectural design by helping determine safe evacuation routes. This data is crucial for understanding the physical characteristics and mobility of building occupants, allowing for optimized evacuation routes that accommodate the needs of various groups, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with physical disabilities. The Social Forces Model (SFM) is an important tool used to understand the behavior and movement of crowds, modeling these aspects mathematically by considering social interactions and environmental factors. This study develops a system to enhance emergency evacuation scenarios in buildings using anthropometric data and SFM. This system analyzes the evacuation process and identifies optimal routes, contributing significantly to ensuring safety and minimizing damage during disasters. The research shows that using anthropometric data and SFM in architectural design is essential for effective emergency evacuation planning and management. Simulations that incorporate the diverse physical characteristics of people demonstrate notable improvements in evacuation times compared to those using fixed values, with up to 10.20 % improvement in single-exit scenarios and up to 13.45 % in two-exit scenarios. Furthermore, evacuation routes are optimized using SFM, and histograms are employed to identify the most preferred routes during panic situations. This data-driven approach informs the design of building and floor layouts, as well as the materials and decorations used, ensuring that evacuation routes remain clear and accessible. Removing obstacles and facilitating easy passage during emergencies significantly enhances the effectiveness of evacuations. Overall, the integration of anthropometric data and SFM in building design is shown to create faster and safer evacuation processes, ultimately improving emergency response and safety.

Perencanaan Peta Jalur Evakuasi Mitigasi Banjir

Flooding is a serious threat that often hits Libungo Village, Bone Bolango Regency. In order to improve flood risk preparedness and mitigation in this village, the purpose of this service is to plan a clear evacuation route map so as to provide the necessary guidance for villagers to be able to identify safe evacuation routes and carry out efficient evacuations when floods occur. The process of making evacuation route maps will involve collecting topographic, weather, and historical flood data. The data will be processed and analyzed and then enter the stage of the map-making process, namely field surveys to identify optimal evacuation routes. After making the map is complete, counseling is carried out to the community to provide an understanding of the use of evacuation route maps and actions to be taken when floods occur. The method used in this service is the PAR (Participatory Action Research) method, the result of this service is the level of public awareness of anticipating more severe floods. With conclusions Through mapping evacuation zones and planning clear evacuation route maps, people can better understand the steps that need to be taken in emergency situations.

GIS-based identification and analysis of suitable evacuation areas and routes in flood-prone zones of Nakhon Si Thammarat municipality

Floods are a significant issue across Southeast Asia, with Thailand, particularly the Nakhon Si Thammarat Municipality, being heavily affected due to its unique conditions such as heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization, and low-lying coastal position. This study utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the flood-prone areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat Municipality, assess its road networks, and identify optimal evacuation locations and routes. Various data layers such as slope angle, elevation, distance from roads, rainfall, TWI, NDVI, land use, soil texture, distance from rivers, stream density, and road density are integrated using the frequency ratio method. The findings reveal areas with very high flood susceptibility, which span 198.78 sq. km (56.74%) at the high frequency level, 299.43 sq. km (37.63%) at the low frequency level, and 284.62 sq. km (53.88%) at the moderate frequency level. During flood scenarios, travel times saw an average increase to 21.4 min, which is a fourfold surge compared to regular conditions, highlighting the impact of floods on evacuation strategies. Upon evaluating the road network under flood conditions and applying network analysis techniques, efficient and safe evacuation routes were determined. The results, which underscore a fourfold increase in travel time during flood scenarios, present valuable insights for emergency management authorities across Thailand and Southeast Asia to devise comprehensive evacuation plans, thereby enhancing regional resilience against future flood events. Furthermore, the methodologies and findings are adaptable and can be applied to other flood-prone regions within Southeast Asia, contributing to improved disaster preparedness and response.

A Route Search System to Avoid the Danger to Life in Dynamic Inundation

In recent years, the frequency of torrential rains has increased due to abnormal weather conditions. Torrential rains have caused extensive flooding damage in many areas. As delays in evacuation can pose a threat to life, a quick search for safe evacuation routes has become more important than ever before. In this study, we constructed a new system for searching evacuation routes that incorporates a function that varies the weight of each road in the route search depending on the distance from the flooded area D and the distance that the flood area extends in 10 min D′ (i.e., the flood’s inundation speed). We conducted multiple hypothetical flood simulations with different locations of levee breaches and shelters in the study site (Obihiro City, Japan). Then, we compared the results with the conventional system that does not include the proposed function. The results showed that the system proposed in this study increased the number of successful evacuees by up to 2.16 times compared to the conventional system. In our system, the weight function is set to the Cd power of D/D′; increasing the model parameter Cd selects a route that detours more of the flooded area. The model parameter Cd that maximizes the number of successful evacuees is roughly constant, regardless of the locations of the levee breaches or shelters in the study site.

The development of Firefly algorithm with fuzzy logic integration for priority search simulation of flood evacuation routes

Heavy rain in a particular area can cause flooding in both the primary area and the surrounding area. A flood is an event where water is inundated in an area due to increased water volume. Due to high level of water and other hazards arising from flooding, flood victims need to move to a location prepared for evacuation. To get to that location prepared, the victims must get through a safe route. Searching for safe evacuation routes is important to save flood victims and bring them to the evacuation centre safely. Search for evacuation routes related to obstacles on the road to get through. Slippery roads, high puddles of water on the roads, rivers that are located close to the roads that flood victims will have to get through, drainage of waterways and the vulnerability of victims are taken into consideration in choosing a route to get to the evacuation location. There are several problems in choosing a safe route: (1) how to take into account the obstacles on the road to be passed (2) how to choose the priority of the route to be passed with the obstacles encountered. The proposed solution to deal with the problems encountered are (1) to take into account road obstacles by giving the obstacle weights. Fuzzy logic is used to calculate the value of obstacle weights (2) the problem of selecting route priorities will be solved using the firefly algorithm. The firefly algorithm is an algorithm inspired by the social life of fireflies. The priority route for evacuation of flood victims is sought using the method proposed in this study which is the optimal route. The optimal route referred to in this study is the route that has the smallest obstacle weight value. The simulation results show that the fuzzy logic integrated into the firefly algorithm (FuFA) provides a safe route priority, indicated by the smallest obstacle weight value.

Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Evacuation Planning

Proper emergency evacuation planning is a key to ensuring the safety and efficiency of resources allocation in disaster events. An efficient evacuation plan can save human lives and avoid other effects of disasters. To develop effective evacuation plans, this study proposed a multi-objective optimization model that assigns individuals to emergency shelters through safe evacuation routes during the available periods. The main objective of the proposed model is to minimize the total travel distance of individuals leaving evacuation zones to shelters, minimize the risk on evacuation routes and minimize the overload of shelters. The experimental results show that the Discrete Multi-Objective Cuckoo Search (DMOCS) has better and consistent performance as compared to the standard Multi-Objective Cuckoo Search (MOCS) in most cases in terms of execution time; however, the performance of MOCS is still within acceptable ranges. Metrics and measures such as hypervolume indicator, convergence evaluation and parameter tuning have been applied to evaluate the quality of Pareto front and the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results showed that the DMOCS has better performance than the standard MOCS.

Evakuacija putnika iz aviona na zemlji

Introduction/Purpose: Aircraft present one of the safest and most frequently used means of transport. However, despite taking many security measures, accidents happen. No matter a damage level, if the aircraft somehow manages to land, the most important is to evacuate passengers from the aircraft, fast and safely. Evacuation of aircraft is very complex and depends on many different factors such as a damage degree, presence of fire, speed of passengers, presence of panic and fear, etc. So, it is important to, somehow, as much as possible, predict potential ways of evacuation and potential evacuation strategies and routes. Landed aircraft can be in different conditions so fast and safe evacuation of passengers is very important. The only way to predict safe evacuation routes, to determine proper evacuation strategies and to calculate potential evacuation times needed to leave the aircraft is to use some adequate simulation software. Methods: In this paper, for calculating needed evacuation times and potential evacuation routes, the simulation method was used. Simulations of evacuation scenarios and calculations of evacuation times were realized in Pathfinder software. The simulation model created in Pathfinder was a model of the A 321 aircraft related to its real dimensions. Results: The results of this paper, obtained on an appropriate simulation model of the aircraft with stairs and emergency slides, have shown the evacuation times for two different evacuation scenarios with different speeds of passengers/occupants. Conclusion: A proper evacuation strategy and the fastest evacuation of occupants are crucial for saving lives. Simulation software use in evacuation problems presents a very effective way in terms of safety, cost-effectiveness and prediction. This kind of software presents an obligatory engineering tool for more effective and more precise dealing with evacuation and similar problems. This paper was written to show how simulation software can be used for calculating evacuation times from an airplane on land.

Investigasi Tingkat Kerawanan Gedung Dalam Rangka Implementasi Mitigasi Gempa Bumi di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mataram

After the 2018 Lombok Earthquake, buildings at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram (FT Unram) were severely damaged and there was no comprehensive treatment. Facilities for earthquake mitigation are still minimal and if available they are not designed and placed properly. Some parts of the building have been renovated but appear unfinished, while there were new constructions that have not been investigated regarding their suitability with earthquake mitigation. Anticipating re-occurrence of a major earthquake in Lombok, it is very necessary to implement earthquake mitigation at FT Unram. In this paper, results of vulnerability investigation of each building will be presented including number, type, and level of damages as well as their locations and detailed documentation of each point of damages in form of pictures and photos/videos. Through this activity vulnerabilities of each building can be identified comprehensively, so that appropriate treatments can be carried out, and the safest evacuation route can be planned as well.

Real-Time Egress Model for Multiplex Buildings under Fire Based on Artificial Neural Network

When fire occurs in a large multiplex building, the direction of smoke and flames is often similar to that of the evacuation of building occupants. This causes evacuation bottlenecks in a specific compartment, especially when the occupant density is very high, which unfortunately often leads to many fatalities and injuries. Thus, the development of an egress model that can ensure the safe evacuation of occupants is required to minimize the number of casualties. In this study, the correlations between fire temperature with visibility and toxic gas concentration were investigated through a fire simulation on a multiplex building, from which databases for training of artificial neural networks (ANN) were created. Based on this, an ANN model that can predict the available safe egress time was developed, and it estimated the available safe egress time (ASET) very accurately. In addition, an egress model that can guide rapid and safe evacuation routes for occupants was proposed, and the rationality of the proposed model was verified in detail through an application example. The proposed model provided the optimal evacuation route with the longest margin of safety in consideration of both ASET and the movement time of occupants under fire.

Path Selection using Fuzzy Weight Aggregated Sum Product Assessment

The search for safe evacuation routes is an important issue to save flood victims so they can reach the evacuation centre. This research is a simulation of searching for safe and fast travel evacuation route that have 24 alternative routes. Every road that will be transverse has a limit with certain criteria. Calculate of the weight of the constraints using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, namely the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) andWeight Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) based on Fuzzy logic. The criteria of obstacle that qualitative for obscurity so that it makes sense fuzzy will provide supportive input for the MCDM problem. The Fuzzy AHP method is applied to calculate the weight of an application while the Fuzzy WASPAS (WASPAS-F)method is used to determine the safest alternative route. By using the Fuzzy AHP and WASPAS-F methods, a safe and fast pathway weights 0.662

Study on Safe Evacuation Routes Based on Crowd Density Map of Shopping Mall

When there are too many people in large shopping malls, crowd congestion accidents are likely to occur. To ensure the rapid and safe evacuation of indoor crowds, this paper uses crowd density maps to determine the location of crowded areas and uses an improved ant colony algorithm to optimize the evacuation route from this location to the exit. First, a crowd density map is generated from the collected image data by the improved multiscale convolutional neural network algorithm, and the location of the high-density crowd is determined as the initial location. Then, the pheromone volatility coefficient $\rho $ is measured through adaptive adjustment by using the exponential decline method and the introduction of elite ants to optimize and update the ant colony pheromone to improve the ant colony algorithm, and the optimal evacuation route from the location of the crowded area to the exit is obtained. The research in this paper uses Beijing Xidan Joy City as an example. The results show that the method in this paper can optimize evacuation routes and reduce the turning points of the evacuation route by 25% and reduce the route length by 10%. Therefore, it can be seen that the proposed method can achieve the optimal evacuation path with the shortest distance and the least turning points, which has feasibility and practicability.

Цифровая система индивидуализированного управления спасением людей в чрезвычайных ситуациях: правовые аспекты

The article presents the results of the interdisciplinary study of technical, economic and legal issues related to the introduction and the implementation of The Digital Personal Emergency Rescue System. The research methodology is rooted on aims of strategy for building the digital economy.The proposed concept of The Digital Personal Emergency Rescue System is based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The indicated technology allows transmitting evacuation control commands and safe evacuation routes to each cellular communication client. Evacuation orders are taken on the basis of an analysis of the signals of IoT sensors installed on things (physical objects).There is a general methodological problem of research -interdisciplinarity. The reader's attention is focused on particular scientific problems of The Digital Personal Emergency Rescue System: a psychological problem (the problem of human over-optimism), economic problems, political and legal problems. The international legal and constitutional aspects of ensuring the right to life and personal security of citizens in the context of the study are examined. The problems of administrative, civil and criminal law relatedto The Digital Personal Emergency Rescue System are emphasized.

Using ensemble Kalman filter to determine parameters for computational crowd dynamics simulations

PurposeIt is of paramount importance to ensure safe and fast evacuation routes in cities in case of natural disasters, environmental accidents or acts of terrorism. The same applies to large-scale events such as concerts, sport events and religious pilgrimages as airports and to traffic hubs such as airports and train stations. The prediction of pedestrian is notoriously difficult because it varies depending on circumstances (age group, cultural characteristics, etc.). In this study, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) data assimilation technique, which uses the updated observation data to improve the accuracy of the simulation, was applied to improve the accuracy of numerical simulations of pedestrian flow.Design/methodology/approachThe EnKF, one of the data assimilation techniques, was applied to the in-house numerical simulation code for pedestrian flow. Two cases were studied in this study. One was the simplified one-directional experimental pedestrian flow. The other was the real pedestrian flow at the Kaaba in Mecca. First, numerical simulations were conducted using the empirical input parameter sets. Then, using the observation data, the EnKF estimated the appropriate input parameter sets. Finally, the numerical simulations using the estimated parameter sets were conducted.FindingsThe EnKF worked on the numerical simulations of pedestrian flow very effectively. In both cases: simplified experiment and real pedestrian flow, the EnKF estimated the proper input parameter sets which greatly improved the accuracy of the numerical simulation. The authors believe that the technique such as EnKF could also be used effectively in other fields of computational engineering where simulations and data have to be merged.Practical implicationsThis technique can be used to improve both design and operational implementations of pedestrian and crowd dynamics predictions. It should be of high interest to command and control centers for large crowd events such as concerts, airports, train stations and pilgrimage centers.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, the data assimilation technique has not been applied to a numerical simulation of pedestrian flow, especially to the real pedestrian flow handling millions pedestrian such as the Mataf at the Kaaba. This study validated the capability and the usefulness of the data assimilation technique to numerical simulations for pedestrian flow.

Dynamic guidance tool for a safer earthquake pedestrian evacuation in urban systems

In earthquake disasters, the leading causes of death are directly related both to build collapses and fatalities during the following evacuation phase. Allowing people to autonomously gain safe areas and assembly points should be the basis for reducing human losses in urban systems. However, some important environmental and behavioural factors (e.g. vulnerability of buildings, compact urban fabric, cascade effects, presence of people unfamiliar with the urban layout, absence of information on evacuation paths) can hinder this ‘self-help’-based evacuation process. This issue is really important in historical centres where evacuees suffer a combination of unfavourable conditions to safely escape.This paper concerns a non-invasive solution for guiding people along probable safe evacuation routes in earthquake emergency. The proposed Seismic Pedestrians' Evacuation Dynamic Guidance Expert System (SpeedGuides) considers the influence of the main environmental and behavioural safety factors for evacuees (i.e. street vulnerability, street blockages probability, crowding conditions along paths, presence of mortal dangers, visibility conditions) and combines them in a safety index through the Multi-criteria techniques application. SpeedGuides dynamically collects safety factor data during the time and suggests the possible safest path to the nearest secure zone according to the Dijkstra's algorithm approach. SpeedGuides is an easy-to-use model proposed for application on personal devices (e.g. smartphone) that, taking advantage of different expert methods, allows evacuees to simple enhance their safety. A first effectiveness evaluation of SpeedGuides is provided through an earthquake pedestrians' evacuation simulator in a significant case study. The evacuee performances (with and without the proposed guidance tool) are compared and discussed. Results demonstrate how individuals' safety levels are increased when evacuees use SpeedGuides.

Safety Evaluation of Evacuation Routes in Central Tokyo Assuming a Large-Scale Evacuation in Case of Earthquake Disasters

The present study aims to conduct a quantitative evaluation of evacuation route safety using the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm for risk management in central Tokyo. Firstly, the similarity in safety was focused on while taking into consideration road blockage probability. Then, by classifying roads by means of the hierarchical cluster analysis, the congestion rates of evacuation routes using ACO simulations were estimated. Based on these results, the multiple evacuation routes extracted were visualized on digital maps by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and their safety was evaluated. Furthermore, the selection of safe evacuation routes between evacuation sites for cases when the possibility of large-scale evacuation after an earthquake disaster is high is made possible. As the evaluation method is based on public information, by obtaining the same geographic information as the present study, it is effective in other areas, regardless of whether the information is from the past or future. Therefore, in addition to spatial reproducibility, the evaluation method also has high temporal reproducibility. Because safety evaluations are conducted on evacuation routes based on quantified data, the selected highly safe evacuation routes have been quantitatively evaluated, and thus serve as an effective indicator when selecting evacuation routes.

YANAPAY : SISTEMA DE EVACUACIÓN BASADO EN TECNOLOGÍA RFID Y DISPOSITIVOS ANDROID

Estudios recientes sobre el uso de herramientas tecnológicas en situaciones de emergencia determinan que éstas contribuyen notoriamente al éxito de los planes de evacuación; por ello en los últimos años se han propuesto diferentes iniciativas, principalmente en cuanto a solventar la disponibilidad de información de rutas de escape y estados de alerta. YANAPAY es un sistema de evacuación desarrollado para dispositivos móviles Android que brinda asistencia personalizada en situaciones de emergencia. La aplicación móvil indica al usuario su ubicación dentro del edificio y<br />la ruta más corta y segura de evacuación. El usuario dispone de dos mecanismos de información, primero las rutas de evacuación calculadas se visualizan sobre planos 2D; y segundo, el sistema envía mensajes de alerta de sitios peligrosos. Los usuarios se monitorean usando tecnología RFID en pasillos, escaleras y salidas de emergencia y<br />acoplando un módulo de lectura RFID al dispositivo móvil. Periódicamente se actualizan las rutas a través de sensores en pasillos y oficinas, que se conectan a un servidor, por medio de un módulo de adquisición, para que éste, inalámbricamente, actualice los datos del dispositivo móvil. YANAPAY se validó a través de metodologías de pruebas internacionales para cada uno de sus componentes.

Spatially distributed flood forecasting in flash flood prone areas: Application to road network supervision in Southern France

Summary Accurate flood forecasts are critical to an efficient flood event management strategy. Until now, hydro-meteorological forecasts have mainly been used to establish early-warnings in France (meteorological and flood vigilance maps) or over the world (flash-flood guidances). These forecasts are typically limited either to the main streams covered by the flood forecasting services or to watersheds with specific assets like check dams, which in most cases are well gauged river sections, thus leaving aside large parts of the territory. This paper presents a distributed hydro-meteorological forecasting approach, which makes use of the high spatial and temporal resolution rainfall estimates that are now available, to provide information at ungauged sites. The proposed system intended to detect road inundation risks had initially been developed and tested in areas of limited size. This paper presents the extension of such a system to an entire region (i.e. the Gard region in Southern France), including over 2000 crossing points between rivers and roads and its validation with respect to a large data set of actual reported road inundations observed during recent flash flood events. These initial validation results appear to be most promising. The eventual proposed tool would provide the necessary information for flood event management services to identify the areas at risk and adopt appropriate safety and rescue measures: i.e. pre-positioning of rescue equipment, interruption of the traffic on the exposed roads and determination of safe access or evacuation routes. Moreover, beyond the specific application to the supervision of a road network, the research undertaken herein also provides results for the performance of hydro-meteorological forecasts on ungauged headwaters.

A Novel Emergency Rescue Urgent Communications for Sharing Evacuation Support Information in Panic-Type Disasters

Many people have suffered and died due to a lot of large-scale disasters such as earthquake, fire, and terrorism, etc. In disasters where most evacuators become panic, two things are necessary for their immediate evacuation. The first is to estimate the location of the disaster occurrence. The second is to construct an evacuation support system that searches for safe and efficient evacuation routes. In this paper, we propose Emergency Rescue Urgent Communication — Evacuation Support System (EUC-ESS) based on Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) composed of many mobile terminals. Using experiments and computer simulations, we show that this system would support evacuators in determining appropriate routes for survivors.