Hunting Research Articles

Eksploitasi Lingkungan dalam Cerpen Di Seine Meratapi Citarum melalui Pendekatan Ekokritik

Disasters, pollution, and animal hunting continue to occur unnoticed that humans are part of their lives. The purpose of this study is to explore the form of the study of the short story writer "On the Seine Lamenting Citarum" which has an environmental theme. and analyze the ecocritical elements reflected by the author through a short story, "On the Seine Lamenting Citarum". This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The approach used is the Garrard ecocritical approach. The data source consists of three short stories, namely, "On the Seine Lamenting Citarum" the author reflects on environmental phenomena which include water pollution. Exploitation of nature which brings casualties. The environmental phenomenon contained in the short story focuses on pollution, settlements, and the earth.

Wasur National Park Hall's Role In Raising The Local People's Income Wasur Village


 The welfare level of the population in Wasur Park village is still very low and most still hang its life by taking the result of the forest. This study aims to analyze the role of Wasur Park National Park in increasing local people's income. The method by which researchers use a qualitative approach, while the data collection techniques consist of library studies and field studies through observation, interviews. The process of data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and the conclusion of the empowerment of the National Park Wasur Park Hall is counseling to the local community in the framework of the Empowerment Program of local Kampung Wasur Park. In the empowerment, Wasur Park National Park is coordinating with local governments to see the development of local community data. The real evidence of Wasur Park National Park through empowerment is the establishment of a rural forestry Counseling Center (SPKP). The establishment of a rural forestry Counseling Center (SPKP) in Wasur Village, implemented after the implementation of education and training of village studies in participatory. Furthermore, Wasur Park National Park Hall conducts construction. The construction is a construction of small industry of eucalyptus oil refining, the manufacture of salted fish, medicinal plants, and the cultivation of commercial crops. Then the community in providing coaching through socialization by providing science about preserving the forest and protection and safeguarding the potential of Wasur National Park area. Then Wasur Park National Park Hall conducts supervision. Supervision conducted by the National Park Hall Wasur Park is monitoring against the hunting of many protected animals located in Wasur Park National Park area. In the Garden Hall program, Wasur Park is monitoring and evaluation of habitat and population. The Wasur Park National Park Hall conducts a regular patrol, preventing wild hunters from Wasur Park National Park. Then patrol is also done to prevent forest fires.

Can “Conservation Hunting” Be Ethically Justified?

Abstract This article discusses the approaches of utilitarianism and deontological ethics toward “conservation hunting.” Specifically, how each moral theory deals with issues regarding age and functionality, when ending the life of the individual. An example is studied. Utilitarianism does not provide a robust enough framework to deal with both facets of the question pertaining to the individual. However, Kantian deontological ethics, as developed by Korsgaard, posits that humans have direct duties to nonhuman animals. Thus, deontological ethics is the moral theory that supports the view that humans have a duty to do better than hunt animals when trying to conserve them.

Archaeological hunting patterns of Amazonian horticulturists: The Guarani example

AbstractWe analyse the hunting patterns based on faunal records of horticultural groups from the Atlantic Forest grouped in the Guarani archaeological unit, which are the material and behavioural expression of populations of Amazon origin who practiced slash‐and‐burn agriculture in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The analysed temporal block ranges from ca. 1373 to 1698 of the Common Era. The characteristics of the faunal assemblages are the high level of the taxa richness and the equitability, where no taxa predominate over the others. The capture decision was probably guided primarily by the weight of the potential prey (preferentially terrestrial mammals) considering thresholds above 10 kg per individual, which have provided the greatest biomass. Nevertheless, small preys are numerically important and taxonomically very diverse. Fish mostly comprise small individuals, with no taxonomic selectivity. The hunted animals were transported completely to the villages. Terrestrial prey and fish were preponderantly boiled in ceramic containers. All the best ranked preys locally available were hunted, so in the long term, there were no exceptions to consumption. The hunting strategies are concordant with historical and ethnographic observations that include a broad diet with low taxonomic selectivity, small foraging range, and garden hunting.

Elaphostrongylus and Dictyocaulus infections in Norwegian wild reindeer and red deer populations in relation to summer pasture altitude and climate.

Nematodes of the genera Elaphostrongylus and Dictyocaulus are associated with disease in semi-domesticated tundra reindeer and farmed red deer whereas less knowledge exists in the wild. Their first stage larvae (L1) develop to the infective third stage (L3) in the environment; Elaphostrongylus spp. within intermediate gastropod hosts and Dictyocaulus spp. as free-living larvae. Larval development of Elaphostrongylus is highly temperature dependent with a developmental minimum of 9–10 °C. Larval development of Dictyocaulus spp. may occur at low temperatures (5 °C) but the larvae are sensitive to desiccation. We examined the prevalence and intensity of Elaphostrongylus spp. and Dictyocaulus spp. infections in six wild reindeer and two wild red deer populations in relation to altitude, temperature and rainfall in their respective main summer pasture area over the 5 summers prior to sampling. The parasitological examination was based upon morphological identification of L1 in the faeces of hunted animals. Altitude was calculated from animal position data and temperature and precipitation by means of a nationwide gridded data set. Temperature decreased with increasing altitude, from 13.3 °C for the lowest located red deer population (300 m) to 6.1 °C for the highest located reindeer population (1400 m). No significant relationship between altitude and rainfall was identified. Elaphostrongylus spp. infection decreased in prevalence with increasing altitude, being identified in 89% of investigated samples from the lowest located population and in 3% of samples from the highest. The prevalence of Dictyocaulus spp. infection varied between 28 and 80% and no relationship with altitude was found. The intensity of Elaphostrongylus spp. infection was low in reindeer and moderate in red deer whereas the intensity of Dictyocaulus spp. infection was moderate in both species. Our results indicated that the climatic conditions in all areas studied were suitable for Dictyocaulus spp., whereas summer temperature was a restrictive factor for Elaphostrongylus sp. in reindeer.

The importance of localized hunting of diverse animals to early inhabitants of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau at the Neolithic site of Xiaoenda

Understanding of when and how human groups engaged with and settled different regions of the Tibetan Plateau has been greatly extended in the past decade. Research on the mid/late Holocene has focused on the roles of material cultural traditions and cropping systems in the process of long-term settlement. In this paper, we shift the focus to explore animal-based subsistence strategies used to adapt to life on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Dated to between 5000 and 4000 cal. BP, Xiaoenda represents one of the oldest Neolithic sites known in this region. New zooarchaeological data from Xiaoenda reveals that the site's inhabitants relied on a diverse array of wild animal taxa. This contrasts with previous assertions regarding the role of domestic animals in this region. Xiaoenda's location between highland and multiple lower elevation catchment zones allowed access to a range of wild prey species. Zooarchaeological data indicate that the inhabitants of Xiaoenda took advantage of this, practicing a diverse localized hunting strategy. Our findings demonstrate that people at Xiaoenda depended on wild rather than domestic animals and indicate a role for wild game in facilitating continuous occupation in the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the fifth millennium BP.

Features of accumulation of the technogenic radionuclides in meat of some hunting animals in the Trans-Urals

The degree of contamination of the organism of wild animals with radionuclides is of particular importance in the framework of environmental monitoring and assessment of its safety, both for humans and for animals. However, the majority of domestic scientific works on this subject concerns farm animals, and the information relating to hunting animals is much less. This fact determined the relevance of our work, the purpose of which was to study the features of the accumulation of global technogenic and natural radionuclides in the meat of some wild animals in the TRANS-Urals. Experimental data on the content of technogenic radionuclides in the meat of hunting animals were obtained in the autumn-winter periods of 2014 – 2018. Analysis of the average data showed, that the content in the meat of wild animals cesium-137, depending on the animal species, ranged from 4.1 to 49.2; lead-210 – 0,7 – 4,3; and strontium-90 – 0,1 – 1,7 Bq/kg. The total beta- activity of radionuclides in the meat of wild animals varied, depending on the species, from 71.2 to 104.3 Bq/kg. At the same time, all the studied samples of meat corresponded to the norms established by SanPiN-2010 for this type of food product. Some increased accumulation of radioactive cesium (49.2 Bq/kg) and other anthropogenic radionuclides was observed in wild reindeer meat, and in the southern regions of the TRANS-Urals – in bear and wild boar meat (21.1 and 17.4 Bq/kg, respectively). In the muscle tissue of the roe deer the content of this radionuclide was slightly higher than that of the elk (14.7 and 12.2 Bq/kg, respectively). The lowest concentration of cesium-137 (4.1 Bq/kg) and other nuclides was found in beaver meat. The content of strontium-90 in the meat of all tested animals was at a minimum level, and the specific activity of lead-210 was higher than strontium-90 by 2 - 10 times, depending on the species, which indicates the accumulation of this radionuclide in forest ecosystems due to anthropogenic pressure and expansion of the technogenic zone of cities. The results of studies have shown that differences in the accumulation of technogenic radionuclides in the meat of the hunting animals are largely related to the nature of feeding and composition of the diet of wild species, and are subject to significant fluctuations in accordance with the change in the volume and qualities of food resources in forest biotopes over the year.
 
 

Recruitment strategies of the banking industry in Nigeria: The head hunting panacea

The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of headhunting recruitment strategy on employee retention strategy in the Nigerian banking industry. The objective is to examine the effect of headhunting recruitment strategy on employee retention in the banking industry. The study makes use of primary data by administering structured questionnaire to employees of Zenith Bank Plc, a money deposits bank in Egor local government area, Oredo local government area, and Ikpoba Okha local government area in Benin City of Edo State of Nigeria and Stata 13.0 statistical tool is used for the analysis of data. The results show that headhunting recruitment strategy has a significant positive effect on employee retention strategy while selection practice has a significant positive effect on employee retention strategy. Keywords: Employee retention strategy, headhunting recruitment strategy, recruitment, selection practices.

“Hunting Is Our Heritage; We Commit No Offence”: Kainji National Park Wildlife Poachers, Kaiama, Kwara State Nigeria

ABSTRACT So far, studies on wildlife poaching in Nigeria have focused on its health implications, motivations, and rationalizations. The methods of operation employed by the poachers to thwart enforcement of anti-poaching laws have not been examined. It is in an attempt to bridge this gap that this study examined wildlife poaching at the Kainji National Park (KNP) Kwara State, from the poachers’ perspective and the various attendant schemes employed by the poachers to evade arrest and prosecution. This study interrogated how enforcement of laws against criminalized acts could be frustrated through adoption of schemes to evade arrest and prosecution, if a cultural group defines such criminalization as an incursion on their cultural heritage. It also examined forces propelling wildlife poaching at the Park. The study is of the firm believe that knowledge of these schemes would be useful to park rangers in adopting a more effective approach to tackle the crime. Knowledge of the cultural forces propelling poaching would also be useful to the government in initiating appropriate approaches to address them. The exploratory research design was employed for the study while the qualitative method was used to collect primary data. Narratives were generated through in-depth interviews with wildlife poachers at Kaiama community. Findings from the study showed that community rationalization and justification of hunting as their heritage, and perception of establishment of KNP as an incursion on their heritage was a major force propelling illegal hunting while the consequent tactics adopted by the poachers to evade arrest were: use of mystical powers, decimation of vultures, bribery, use of community residents as informants, prediction of park rangers’ movements, sale of hunted animals to only familiar customers and new customers introduced by old customers, and utilization of their mastery of the forest environment. Poachers remain persistent in the act due to availability of a variety of animals to poach, and corruption among the park rangers.

Wildlife population, structure and reproduction based on hunters’ returns to a bush meat market in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria

Assessment of the population structure and reproductive status based on hunters’ returns to bush meat market were carried out in Ogun state, Nigeria. Information on animal species was collected before they are dissected or processed; names of species, age class, sex, weight and sources. After dissection, its reproductive status viz number of foetus and stages of development were observed. The data collected covered a period of three months. The result from the study showed that nine hundred and eighty-nine animals were returned by hunters to the market within the period. The highest hunters’ returns occurred at week four while the highest returns were also during the first four weeks. Canerat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and Maxwell duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli) were animals with the highest frequency returned. The result shows that 342 fetuses were recorded from all the species. The highest of fetuses was from Cane rat and Maxwell duiker. Seven orders of mammals were discovered in the population and rodentia had the highest percentage followed by artiodactyla. In terms of sex structure of the wild animal returned, female had the highest population (558) than male which has 431 animals. Also, for the age class structure, the adult had the highest frequency and percent than the sub-adult and juvenile. The patterns of returns by hunters from various sources showed that the highest animal return was from Tibo (157) and the least from Oba (8). The highest mean weight of animals returned was 19.0±0.00kg and the least mean weight of animal was 0.46±0.22kg. It is therefore, recommended that wildlife resources should be treated as an asset to be conserved, managed and given emphasis in land management for the benefit of all humanity. Vigorous efforts towards checking indiscriminate hunting of animals of all sexes and reproductive conditions must be pursued.

Changes of ecological wisdom of Sundanese People on conservation of wild animals: A case study in Upper Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Permana S, Iskandar J, Parikesit, Husodo T, Megantara EN, Partasasmita R. 2019. Changes of ecological wisdom of Sundanese People on conservation of wild animals: A case study in Upper Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1284-1293. In the past Sundanese rural people had a very close relationship with the environment. They utilize natural resources based on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and is strongly influenced by their perception of nature. This article elucidates the mythology of Sundanese rural people on wild animals and the changes of rural people perceptions and their behavior to wild animals in the rural ecosystem based on a case study in Bojong Salam and Sukaresmi villages, Rongga district, West Bandung, the upper Cisokan watershed, West Java. Method used in this study was qualitative, while some techniques, including observation, participant observation, and semi-structured interview were applied. The result of study showed that in the past Sundanese the rural people of Upper Cisokan watershed, West Bandung, West Java owned myths on some wild animals that is inherited from their ancestor through oral and using mother language. The influence of these myths on wild animals caused the rural people had prohibited to kill these animals and important role for traditional conservation. Nowadays, however, some myths on wild animals of rural people have not eroded or not recognized by young generations. Consequently, some taboos in hunting and catching animal based on myths on wild animals have tended not been applied to conserve wild animals traditionally. Therefore, to develop appropriate nature conservation, the biophysical, the socio-economic and cultural aspects must be holistically considered.

Improved Hunting Search Algorithm for the Quadratic Assignment Problem

<p>Nowadays, the metaheuristics are the most studied methods used to solve the hard optimization problems. Hunting Search algorithm is a metaheuristic inspired by the method of group hunting of predatory animals like wolves. Created for solving continuous optimization problems, recently, it is adapted and evaluated to solve hard combinatorial optimization problems. This paper proposes an improved hunting search algorithm to solve the quadratic assignment problem. No local search method is used. To evaluate the performances of this work, the improved Hunting Search is checked on a set of 36 instances of QAPLib and it outperforms the results obtained by the well-known metaheuristics.</p>

Interactions of Care and Control: Human–animal Relationships in Hunter-gatherer Communities in Near-contemporary Eastern Siberia and the Mesolithic of Northwest Europe

This contribution explores modes of human–animal interactions in hunter-gatherer communities in near-contemporary eastern Siberia and the Mesolithic of northwest Europe. By discussing notions of care and control and drawing on syntheses of Russian-language ethnographic data from eastern Siberia, this paper explores the diversity and nuances of hunter-gatherers’ interactions with animals. While some contexts may reveal respectful yet diverse treatments of the hunted animals, others suggest that hunter-gatherers also might have interacted with animals kept as pets, captives or companions, thus implicating relations in which notions of care and control seem to be tightly bound.

Blood and bone lead levels in South Africa's Gyps vultures: Risk to nest-bound chicks and comparison with other avian taxa

Poisoning, including secondary lead poisoning, is cited as the single most important cause of vulture mortalities in Africa. To evaluate the prevalence of lead poisoning among South Africa's Gyps vultures compared to other, non-scavenging birds, we obtained blood and bone samples from Cape (Gyps coprotheres) and White-backed (G. africanus) vultures. We found that 66% of White-backed Vultures (n = 110, including 85 nest-bound chicks sampled at Dronfield Nature Reserve) and 80% of Cape Vultures (n = 15) had blood [Pb] in excess of 10 μg/dL, the upper limit of background exposure. Average blood [Pb] were 15.4 μg/dL and 29.7 μg/dL for White-backed and Cape vultures, respectively. Bone samples revealed that 12% of White-backed Vultures (n = 18) and 9% of Cape Vultures (n = 75) suffered from subclinical to severe clinical lead poisoning upon their deaths. By contrast, none of the 40 blood, bone or liver samples obtained from non-scavenging bird species were found to exceed background exposure levels. Our results suggest that, unlike non-scavenging birds, the scavenging lifestyle of Gyps vultures subjects them to lead poisoning on a regular basis. Had environmental sources of lead (e.g., dust) been the source of the lead poisoning at the White-backed Vulture breeding colony at Dronfield, all the chicks would have displayed similar blood lead concentrations. Instead the values ranged from barely detectable to very high, leading us to conclude that metallic lead fragments regurgitated by parents during feeding are responsible for the elevated lead levels in some of the chicks at this site. We conclude the likely source of these particles to be fragments of lead ammunition embedded in the carcasses of hunted animals. These results add to a growing body of evidence underscoring the threat posed by the use of lead ammunition and its potential role in the declines of vultures and other scavenging taxa.

Gathering and Hunting Farmers; Farming Gatherers and Hunters: So, What?

Gathering and Hunting Farmers; Farming Gatherers and Hunters: So, What?

Serum haptoglobin response in red deer naturally infected with tuberculosis

The analysis of haptoglobin (Hp) serum concentration is a very sensitive, but non-specific, indicator of inflammation or infection. Methods to accurately diagnose infection in vivo in wildlife are usually constrained by low sensitivity due to the effects of stress on individual immune response and the challenging logistics of performing tests in the wild. Firstly, we sought to determine serum Hp concentration in red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (TB). Secondly, we assessed the complementary diagnostic value of serum Hp levels in conjunction with the cervical comparative skin test (CCT) performed in a subsample (n = 33). Serum Hp concentrations were significantly higher in TB-infected individuals (based on the presence of macroscopic lesions confirmed by culture) compared to those uninfected. In addition, serum Hp significantly changed with the type of animal handling, with captured and handled animals showing higher levels of Hp than hunted animals. Four out of 6 TB positive individuals that tested negative to the CCT (false negatives) showed Hp levels higher than the 95th percentile of healthy animals. These findings indicate that an acute phase response develops in animals with TB. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that an acute phase protein can provide a complementary assessment for specific diagnosis tests in wild species.

Wild meat sharing among non-indigenous people in the southwestern Amazon

Food sharing is found in many traditional societies around the world. The uniqueness of pervasive sharing among humans, especially among non-related individuals, has been explained by a variety of social and ecological models. Here, we investigated whether the sharing of wild meat among hunters in an extractive reserve in a tropical forest is influenced by the kinship, social structure, and biomass of hunted species. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 59 households from 12 villages along the Liberdade River in the Amazon forest. The interviewees mentioned approximately 1.8 tons of hunted animals (25 species) during 177 incursions, and donated 890 kg of wild meat to other households. The meat-sharing was mainly mediated by the biomass hunted. The higher the biomass, the greater the sharing among households, either between related or non-related hunters. The inter-household sharing of wild meat was dominated by medium- and smaller-bodied species that are commonly hunted. When we look at hunters’ importance in the sharing network, the older hunters and those returning higher biomass were more prone to share in their villages. The overall meat-sharing pattern indicates that hunting activity is involved with social bonds, and it may ultimately favor food security in the studied villages. We found that Amazonian non-indigenous populations descended from rubber tapper colonists present an inter-household and within-village network of wild meat sharing that mostly depends on the biomass hunted by different households, rather than on the social structure, kinship, or prey species, which are relevant factors for food sharing in other indigenous or non-indigenous populations. In addition to hunted biomass, hunter age affects the importance of hunters’ contribution to the meat-sharing network within the villages. The sharing pattern, mainly driven by the hunted biomass, can collectively improve the cost-benefit balance of hunting and contributes to food security through social ties, strengthening the socio-ecological system of these non-indigenous populations in Amazonia.

CORRELATION OF CONCEPTS “HUNTING” AND “WILDLIFE”

CORRELATION OF CONCEPTS “HUNTING” AND “WILDLIFE”

Les anonymes de la conservation: Nature, contradiction et injustice dans l’Éthiopie contemporaine (Simien, 1963-2019)

In June 2016, in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, the Simien Mountains National Park guards have evicted the 2500 inhabitants of Gich, the most populated village of the park, and resettled them thirty kilometers further west, in the small town of Debark. For Ethiopian authorities, this operation seeks to put a stop to the degradation of nature, and by doing so to meet the recommendations formulated by the Unesco experts, who have been advocating for fifty years both this objective of safeguarding a degraded nature, and this mean of resettling its inhabitants. Then, while the resettled inhabitants end up socially uprooted and economically impoverished, those who still live within the borders of the national park continue to be sanctioned by fines or short terms of imprisonment for farming, grazing, inhabiting the land or hunting animals. This article is rooted in the African environmental history which analyses the institutional, ideal and scientific mechanisms of such an invention of a “pristine” nature. In order to contribute to further strengthening this sub-field of environmental history, special attention will be devoted to raise one question: why global conservation politics today seem doomed to produce social injustice, that is to make peoples that live within nature enduring political discrimination (being deprived of rights still available to Others) and moral domination (being deprived of these rights in the name of an ethic defined by Others)? A range of interviews with guards, farmers, former and present inhabitants, tour guides and visitors of Simien suggests, on the one hand, the crucial role of the experts from the international conservation institutions in promoting a neo-Malthusian view of African environments and their use by Africans. On the other hand, these testimonies highlight the social weight of an authoritarian Ethiopian State which is committed to bring external recognition to the Ethiopian nation, in order to forcefully assert his influence on the inside. Finally, at the crossroads of these two scales of action, the anonymous but daily actors of conservation suggest that at the very heart of the social injustice surrounding the global politics of nature lies the lasting image of an African nature at once pristine and degraded, that means a nature that cannot exist, and thus cannot be saved.

Modelling the ricochet of a projectile in the firing of rifles and smooth-bore weapons (experimental study)

The goal of the work is to study and analyze the main ballistic characteristics of a bullet and buckshot after a ricochet. A ballistic experiment on the formation of gunshot injuries when fired from a 12-gauge hunting gun with a subsequent ricochet of a bullet and buckshot was carried out. The distinctive features of the external ballistics of these projectiles were established and analyzed (including a comparison with the results of a previously conducted experimental study), and the possibility and conditions for the formation of a negative angle of deflection of the projectile were revealed. The methodological approaches to experimental modelling of a ricochet of a firearm projectile, depending on the type of weapon and ammunition, were optimized.