Sacrificial Behavior Research Articles

In situ investigation of sacrificial behaviour of hot dipped AlSi coating in sulphate and chloride solutions

The electrochemical behaviour of the cut-edge of hot-dipped aluminium–silicon-based alloy coated steel is studied in immersed conditions in sulphate and in chloride media. Preliminary studies performed on steel-pure Al bi-electrode demonstrate that a significant galvanic current can develop at short times (t<1000s) only in chloride solutions. In situ measurements of current density and pH distributions over cut-edge coated steels immersed in chloride solutions revealed a quasi-steady state current between the coating and the steel substrate, resulting from local (pitting like) dissolution of the aluminium–silicon-based alloy coating. In sulphate solutions, the coating is not at all sacrificial and remains passive.

Approach and avoidance motivation as predictors of pro-relationship behaviors

Pro-relationship behaviors, such as willingness to sacrifice, are assumed to be driven by both approach and avoidance motivation. However, this assumption has not been directly tested. In two studies, we examined how individual differences in approach and avoidance motivation predicted pro-relationship behavior. In Study 1, avoidance (but not approach) motivation uniquely predicted sacrificial behavior. In Study 2, sacrificing was uniquely predicted by avoidance motivation, whereas accommodation was uniquely predicted by approach motivation. These data suggest that although both sacrificing and accommodation are pro-relationship behaviors, they are driven by different motivational systems, which in turn may result in different long-term relational outcomes.

ALTRUISM IN SUICIDE TERROR ORGANIZATIONS

Abstract.In recent years, much has been learned about the strategic and organizational contexts of suicide attacks. However, motivations of the agents who commit them remain difficult to explain. In part this is because standard models of social learning as well as Durkheimian notions of sacrificial behavior are inadequate in the face of the actions of human bombers. In addition, the importance of organizational structures and practices in reinforcing commitment on the part of suicide recruits is an under‐explored factor in many analyses. This essay examines the potential applicability of evolutionary models of altruism to the understanding of commitment to suicide on the part of terrorist organizational recruits. Three evolutionary models of sacrificial behavior in nonhuman species and many categories of human behavior are explored cross‐organizationally: reciprocity, inclusive fitness theory, and induced altruism. Reciprocal altruism is unlikely to be a major motivator in suicide attacks because the costs exhibited by attackers are too high to be adequately compensated. However, the role of evolved self‐deception in perceptions of personal death, and thus of rewards in the afterlife, is potentially illuminating. Inclusive fitness theory can help explain the motivations of attackers because rewards to kin often are offered by organizations to suicide recruits. However, suicide bombers also often act out of revenge for the loss of or injury to relatives, and inclusive fitness theory generally, as well as more specific theoretical models of retaliatory aggression, may not adequately account for the bombers' actions. Predictions from induced altruism theory appear to be well supported because suicide terror organizations tend to be tightly structured around practices intended to maintain and reinforce commitment though the manipulation of kinship‐recognition cues.

Mechanical and corrosion properties of dc magnetron sputtered Al/Cr multilayers

Mechanical and corrosion properties of Al/Cr multilayer coatings deposited by dc magnetron sputtering are investigated and compared to pure Al and Cr coatings. The objective of this study is to increase the mechanical properties of sacrificial Al-based coatings. The results indicate that mechanical and corrosion properties depend on the architecture organisation. The reduction of the layer thickness allows an increase of the coating hardness. The nanolayer architecture leads to a “hard and tough” material compared to the other architectures. Moreover, the intrinsic corrosion resistance is enhanced, as the corrosion and the pitting corrosion potentials are progressively shifted towards positive values. The nanolayer coating presents the highest intrinsic corrosion resistance but multilayer and nanolayer Al/Cr coatings become nobler than the steel substrate. The corrosion resistance of the coated steel is then strongly dependent on the microscopic coating defects which act as preferential pathways for the corrosive solution. So the nanolayer architecture organisation improves the mechanical properties but does not permit to conserve the sacrificial behaviour of the aluminium based coating, which is harmful for the corrosion protection of coated steel.

Orientation dependence of secondary recrystallisation in silicon–iron

Experiments and analyses have been carried out to reach a better understanding of the mechanism of Goss texture formation during the secondary recrystallisation of silicon steel processed by the single cold reduction route. A new experimental approach demonstrated the effect of misorientation on the growth rates of secondary grains and it is shown that these rates are controlled by the proportion of matrix grains having Σ9 CSL relationships to growing secondary grains. It is considered that the Σ9 boundaries have lower energy than general grain boundaries and so are less strongly inhibited by Zener drag. The relative infrequency of Σ9 boundaries around the periphery of secondary grains is seen as evidence for their sacrificial behaviour. Other experiments involving growth of randomly oriented nuclei provide independent support for the important role of Σ9 boundaries during secondary recrystallisation in this steel.

Sacrificial Behavior in Relationship Marketing

ABSTRACT Buyer perception of sellers can be arrayed on a perception spectrum ranging from exploitive to sacrificial. Satisfied buyers see their supplier at the midpoint on this continuum-not the best place for a supplier to be because customer commitment will be absent. Delighted, loyal buyers sec their supplier on the sacrificial end of the spectrum. Accordingly, effective relationship marketing programs are designed to move buyer perception of seller behavior to the sacrificial end of the Bxploitivc-Sacrificial continuum. The core ingredient in a marketing program designed to engender customer perception of sacrificial supplier behavior is an iron-clad extraordinary guarantee.

Adsorption IV. An evaluation of polyethylene glycol as a sacrificial adsorbate towards ethoxylated sulfonates in chemical flooding

The feasibility of using polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate in surfactant flooding applying ethoxylated sulfonates in mixture with some of the corresponding ethoxylated alcohol, has been tested in different ways. Static adsorption of the surfactants has been performed using both quartz and kaolinite as adsorbents. Equilibrium times of 24 h showed decreased adsorption of the surfactants for both of the adsorbents. The sacrificial effect of PEG was greater for quartz than for kaolinite. PEG with an average molecular weight of 4000 was found to be most favorable. pH changes between 3.5 and 7.6 have small effects on the sacrificial behavior of PEG towards both of the adsorbents. Long-term dynamic adsorption studies in Berea cores were conducted by circulating the flooding solution through the cores. The addition of 0.3 wt% PEG, after the adsorption equilibrium of the surfactants had established, resulted in a fast desorption of the surfactant, about 30%. The desorption was only temporary, and a slow readsorption of the surfactant to the initial level occurred. A pressure build-up was also registered. PEG added to the surfactant solution from the beginning showed a very slow surfactant adsorption. Also in this case a pressure build-up over the core was observed. For a oil-containing reservoir core the sacrificial effect of PEG was negligible. The concentration of each of the adsorbates, i.e., the ethoxylated sulfonate and the ethoxylated alcohol, and the PEG was quantified, and the adsorption behavior of each of them is discussed. All the adsorption experiments were conducted using synthetic seawater at 80°C.