Sacrificial Behavior Research Articles

Gender Differences in the Mechanism of the Impact of Employee Family Sacrifice Behavior on Partner’s Career Aspirations

The literature lacks clarity about the influence of family sacrifice behavior, which is considered a pro-family activity, on the career aspirations of partners. The study employed interdependence theory and gender role theory to examine a sample of 248 double-working couples in China. The hypotheses were tested using a three-wave survey administered to both parties. The main aim is to investigate the gender differences in how employee family sacrifice behavior affects their partner’s career aspirations. Furthermore, the study investigates the moderating role of gender egalitarianism. Research findings suggest that when husbands engage in sacrificial behavior for their families, it has a notable detrimental effect on their own career aspirations. Individual family sacrifice behavior promotes an increase in the partner’s family-work enrichment, thereby enhancing the partner’s career aspirations. This mediating mechanism is conditional and displays differences in gender. When husbands engage in family sacrifice behavior, the mediating mechanism holds true regardless of their wives’ level of gender egalitarianism. However, when wives engage in family sacrifice behavior, the mediating mechanism only holds true when their husbands have a high level of gender egalitarianism. The research findings have profound theoretical implications and practical insights for improving employees’ career aspirations and advancing gender egalitarianism.

Recycled eggshell waste in zinc-rich epoxy coating for corrosion protection of mild steel in a controlled elevated temperature saline environment

Eggshell wastes have attracted interest in the fabrication of anticorrosion coatings due to chemical compositions (high calcite content) and widespread availability. This study presents the use of chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles as fillers in a zinc-rich epoxy matrix in corrosion protection of mild steel in sodium chloride solution at an elevated temperature. Three samples of zinc-rich coatings containing “as ball-milled” eggshell, chemically and thermally treated eggshell nanoparticles were fabricated to form zinc-rich eggshell nanoparticles epoxy (ZENE) coatings. The structural characterizations indicated that chemical and thermal treatment removed the protein materials from eggshell nanoparticles, leading to a 10-fold increase in electrical conductivities and prolonged the cathodic sacrificial behaviour of the ZENE coatings throughout the immersion period. The electrochemical impedance study of these coatings after immersion in an elevated-temperature corrosive environment showed that chemically-treated eggshells in comparison with thermally-treated ones could effectively remove protein materials from the eggshell nanoparticles. These nanoparticles as fillers in the zinc-epoxy matrix significantly enhanced the anticorrosion performance by improving the cathodic as well as barrier protection properties of the coating. A proposed corrosion protection mechanism of the ZENE coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the improved electrical conductivity of the treated eggshell nanoparticles enhanced the galvanic contact at the interstitial spaces between the zinc particles while prolonging the zinc cathodic sacrificial behaviour. Thus, this study demonstrated the sustainable use of eggshell wastes in enhancing the anticorrosion properties of zinc-rich epoxy coatings.

Polythioamide-g-C3N4 for highly efficient and selective gold recovery

Gold recovery from secondary sources is essential for sustainable supply. To develop a gold recovery approach with high efficiency and selectivity, polythioamide-functionalized carbon nitride (PTA-g-C3N4) was synthesized and applied to photo-induced gold extraction. PTA-g-C3N4 was synthesized by multicomponent polymerization of elemental sulfur, organic amines, acids and carbon nitrides. The maximum adsorption capacity of PTA-g-C3N4 reached 3668 mg·g−1, far exceeding other reported materials. Moreover, PTA-g-C3N4 enabled rapid (<3 min) and efficient gold recovery (>99%) from dilute solutions, and more importantly, the extraction for gold is highly selective in complicated wastewater and authentic e-waste leachates. High purity metallic gold with >95% content was obtained by incineration of the used material. Regeneration scheme and economic analysis further support the applicability. Mechanism studies revealed the formation of an efficient two-phase interface capable of selective adsorption and reduction of gold ions, where bifunctional PTA exhibited high affinity for AuCl4− and sacrificial behavior to accelerate photo-reduction.

(Digital Presentation) Corrosion Resistance of 55%Al-Zn Alloy Fabricated By Ball Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering

Hot-dip 55mass%Al-Zn coated steels show good corrosion resistance because the 55%Al-Zn alloy coating layer acts as a sacrificial anode and protects the steel substrate from atmospheric corrosion.1 The balance between sacrificial behavior and dissolution resistance is important for improving the corrosion protection ability of the Al-Zn coating. In this study, 55%Al-Zn alloy was fabricated by ball milling and spark plasma sintering, and the effect of microstructure on the dissolution behavior of the 55%Al-Zn alloy was investigated. The 55%Al-Zn alloy specimen was fabricated by ball milling of Al and Zn powders and subsequent spark plasma sintering. The coating layer on the hot-dip 55%Al-Zn coated steel was used to compare the dissolution behavior. The dissolution behavior of 55%Al-Zn alloys was analyzed by galvanic current measurements and polarization measurements in a diluted synthetic seawater. In the sintered 55%Al-Zn alloy, Zn-rich phases with diameter less than 500 nm were dispersed in the Al matrix. The galvanic current measurements between the sintered 55%Al-Zn alloy and the steel substrate showed that the sintered 55%Al-Zn alloy acted as a sacrificial anode. In the galvanostatic polarization measurements, the potential of the sintered 55%Al-Zn alloy remained lower than that of the hot-dip 55%Al-Zn coating layer.Reference: S. Tokuda, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, M. Takahashi, M. Matsumoto, and N. Hara, Corros. Sci., 129, 126–135 (2017).

Beyond reciprocity: Relational sacrifices in romantic partners

Reciprocity is often considered a precondition for sacrificial behaviors, with people being willing to make sacrifices in their relationships to better their collective interests and expecting their partners to do the same. However, whether relational sacrifices exist in a zero-sum game, wherein reciprocity cannot be established, remains unclear. Therefore, this study utilized the cold pressor task (CPT) to explore communal sacrificial behavior among romantic partners and to examine any possible gender differences in these behaviors in a laboratory setting. Seventy-two college students (36 men and 36 women, all currently in romantic relationships) were instructed to place their sub-dominant hand into cold water (2°C) as long as possible (baseline), for their romantic partners (romantic partner-beneficiary condition) or for their opposite-sex friends (friend-beneficiary condition; enduring it longer so that their friend/romantic partners may endure it for a shorter duration) in a counterbalanced order. Data on pain tolerance time were collected in the CPTs, with sacrificial behaviors indexed by how much longer participants endured pain for their romantic partners or friends than the baseline. The data indicated that participants demonstrated a longer pain tolerance time in partner-beneficiary condition than the baseline (and friend-beneficiary). No significant difference was found between friend-beneficiary condition and baseline. Moreover, a gender difference was noted, with male participants having a longer pain tolerance increment rate than female participants. These results provide a foundation for experimental research of relational sacrificial behaviors and suggest that relational sacrifices exist beyond reciprocity in romantic relationships, but not within opposite-sex friendships.

Suitability and Sustainability of Anti-Graffiti Treatments on Natural Stone Materials

Graffiti vandalism represents an aesthetic and structural phenomenon of degradation both for buildings and cultural heritage: the most used sprays and markers can permeate the stone materials exposing them to degradation. Hence, great attention is being currently devoted to new non-invasive chemical approaches to face this urgent problem. This work is aimed at deeply examining the effects of some of the most sustainable chemical protective methods on the physical properties of natural building materials (e.g., tuff and limestone) by testing two commercial anti-graffiti products. It was found that the nanotechnological product Ector (E) was more effective than Nord Resine (NR) in anti-graffiti applications even if its permanent character hinders its application to the cultural heritage. Conversely, the less performant NR could be used in this field due to its sacrificial behavior, according to the guidelines of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism. The findings highlight the importance of developing new sustainable methods for the preservation of cultural and building materials from vandal graffiti, which should combine the high hydrophobia, the ecological characteristics, and the effectiveness of E, with the sacrificial properties of NR.

Evolution of TSA/TSZ coatings: a review on recent advances on cold gas spraying for steel corrosion protection

Abstract For decades, zinc- and aluminum-based coatings have been considered the best material choice for steel corrosion protection since they may act as a protective barrier and show sacrificial behavior. These coatings are often prepared by galvanizing methods. However, their application by thermal spraying techniques (wire arc spraying, WAS and flame spraying, FS) has been proved as a cost-effective solution for the preparation of long-term corrosion-resistant coatings. This review selectively collects the most relevant information about the application and performance of these two techniques on Zn and Al coatings for corrosion protection. The report summarizes separately the Zn and Al data from the effect of the spraying parameters on coating properties on the one hand, and the results shown in long-term studies carried out in relevant and real exposure conditions, on the other. Finally, this review includes a description and comparison of the most recent advances found out with the novel and emerging spray technique, cold gas spray, for the deposition of Zn and Al coatings for corrosion protection purposes. Nevertheless, the use of this technique has not reached the stage of wide industrial application yet and therefore its long-term performance is unknown, which suggests that there is still room for further development.

Electrochemical Probing of H2O2 Using TiO2-ZrO2-HfO2 Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode: A Promoted Sacrificial Behavior of Hf4+ ions

Electrochemical Probing of H2O2 Using TiO2-ZrO2-HfO2 Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode: A Promoted Sacrificial Behavior of Hf4+ ions

Electrogalvanization using new generation coatings with carbonaceous additives: progress and challenges

AbstractZinc is an important coating material for corrosion protection of carbon steel because of its sacrificial behavior. Continuous efforts have therefore been made over the years to perform required microstructural engineering to further enhance the corrosion resistance behavior of Zn based coatings. This review is focused on a new class of recently developed coatings in which carbonaceous materials like graphene, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are incorporated into Zn metal matrix to significantly affects its electrochemical response. Impermeability of the graphene and graphene oxide and hydrophobicity of the CNTs are the principal reasons behind the adoption of these carbonaceous additives. Over the years, the researchers have, however, observed that the in addition to the above, noticeable microstructural and morphological alterations introduced in the coating matrix due to these carbonaceous additives also contribute significantly to the corrosion resistance behavior. An understanding of the microstructural evolution of the coatings as a function of the additive volume fraction is therefore required to design robust composite coatings with enhanced corrosion resistance performance.

Older peoples’ sacrifice during COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose This paper aims to reflect on the roles that are socially attributed to older people in the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A discourse analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for older people and news articles to explore their concepts about this population during COVID-19. Findings The author’s interpretation suggests that the WHO provides a restrictive model of action for older people in the pandemic. The history of these people is not valued, and their actions are limited to the maintenance of biological life. This restriction can lead to sacrificial behavior models depicted in the news, demanding a reconceptualization of the notion of older people. Originality/value The public model of older people is dangerous for this population during COVID19. The care for older people in this pandemic demands that we co-construct an active role with them for this crisis.

Relationship Between Passion and Courage among the Experienced Male Soccer Players.

BackgroundThe nature of the relationship between passion and courage and its influence on soccer performance has yet to be revealed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine passion attributes (i.e. harmonious and obsessive inclinations) among male soccer players in relation to the level of courageous characteristics (i.e. mastery, determination, assertiveness, venturesome and sacrificial behaviour), other demographic and player characteristics.MethodsData were collected from 278 male soccer players aged 13–38 years (mean [M] = 17.42 ± 4.36) with the number of competitive soccer experiences ranging from 1–28 years (M = 7.51 ± 4.23 years). Participants had at least a year of experience in the sport of soccer completed the validated passion scale, sports courage scale and demographic form.ResultsAnalyses revealed that soccer players with higher levels of total courage (P < 0.001), have more experience in soccer (P = 0.011), and their soccer level being professional (P < 0.001) had a significantly higher score in harmonious passion. There was no significant difference in obsessive passion among different level of total courage (P = 0.154). However, soccer players with more experience (P = 0.011) and higher soccer level being professional (P < 0.001) demonstrated a significant higher score in obsessive passion.ConclusionIn conclusion, soccer players with higher harmonious and obsessive passionate attributes had higher courage (except for mastery). In addition, the courageous and passionate traits of the soccer players played meaningful roles in indicating individual and performance variables.

Unexpected Roles of Triethanolamine in the Photochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate by Ruthenium Complexes.

A series of 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl ruthenium complexes with carbonyl ligands were prepared and studied using a combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic methods with infrared detection to provide structural information on reaction intermediates in the photochemical reduction of CO2 to formate in acetonitrile (CH3CN). An unsaturated 5-coordinate intermediate was characterized, and the hydride-transfer step to CO2 from a singly reduced metal-hydride complex was observed with kinetic resolution. While triethanolamine (TEOA) was expected to act as a proton acceptor to ensure the sacrificial behavior of 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole as an electron donor, time-resolved infrared measurements revealed that about 90% of the photogenerated one-electron reduced complexes undergo unproductive back electron transfer. Furthermore, TEOA showed the ability to capture CO2 from CH3CN solutions to form a zwitterionic alkylcarbonate adduct and was actively engaged in key catalytic steps such as metal-hydride formation, hydride transfer to CO2 to form the bound formate intermediate, and dissociation of formate ion product. Collectively, the data provide an overview of the transient intermediates of Ru(II) carbonyl complexes and emphasize the importance of considering the participation of TEOA when investigating and proposing catalytic pathways.

On Sin and Sacrifice: How Intrinsic Religiosity and Sexual-Guilt Create Support for Martyrdom

The affective, behavioral, and cognitive influence of sexual sin is investigated in this research. In Study 1, we demonstrated that religious people watching erotic (vs. neutral) images reported greater sexual guilt, which in turn increased their willingness to self-sacrifice for a cause. Extending these results, in Study 2 we demonstrated that when recalling a time when they had committed a sexual sin (vs. no sin), people with an intrinsic religious orientation believe in a more punishing view of God (akin to the Old Testament), which in turn predicts the extent to which they engaged in painful sacrificial behavior. Overall, these results suggest that sexual sins motivate self-sacrifice to repent, especially among those with an intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) religious orientation.

Recommendation of RILEM TC 243-SGM: functional requirements for surface repair mortars for historic buildings

Surface repair mortars are used for the compensation, or repair, of lost portions of surface materials in historic masonry buildings. It is recommended that their design and application should be performed in a wider context of conservation values related decision making, to prioritise preservation of original fabric, authenticity of approach and maintenance of integrity, and not just on technical principles alone. However, a technical context for their design does exist, that requires understanding of the properties of the substrate that they will be applied onto, and adherence to minimum aesthetic (colour and texture) requirements. The principles of physical, mechanical and chemical compatibility of repair apply and the attributes of the repair mortar should be carefully matched to the substrate alongside a sacrificial behaviour (not more durable than the material being replaced). Guidance is given on the design, application and the functional requirements that must be met when using surface repair mortars. © 2019, RILEM.

Психологическое содержание «жертвенности» и ее выраженность у солдат срочной службы

Предпринята попытка обоснования психологического статуса понятия «жертвенность». Показана его значимость для продуктивности деятельности военнослужащего. Рассмотрены особенности трансформации обыденной семантики «жертвенности», связанной с редукцией трансцендентных и усилением гуманистических коннотаций. Акцентировано суждение об отсутствии психологической рефлексии содержания качеств военнослужащего, требуемых уставными документами и обозначенных в научных работах как условие готовности к выполнению долга по защите Отечества. Проведен сравнительный анализ понятий «жертвенность» и «альтруизм», выявлена неполнота последнего для обозначения готовности к жертвенному поступку. Показана взаимосвязь жертвенности с уровнем смыслового развития личности. Приведены данные эмпирического исследования уровня смыслового развития солдат, проходящих службу по призыву, и их готовности к жертвенному поведению.&#x0D; Исследование выполнено в полипарадигмальной логике, с использованием положений культурно-исторического, экзистенциального и психосемиотического подходов; в нем приняли участие 45 солдат срочной службы. Для диагностики готовности к жертвенному поведению был составлен описанный в статье опросник, для определения уровня смыслового развития использованы диагностические показатели «объектоцентризм» и «смысл 2» методики психосемиотического анализа сочинений на свободную тему, а также индекс децентрации «Методики предельных смыслов». Представлен анализ выявленных корреляционных связей полученных значений диагностических показателей. Выявлена достоверная прямая взаимосвязь жертвенности с вероисповеданием, с бытовыми формами помогающего поведения, а также с уровнем смыслового развития испытуемых; обратная – с показателем самолюбия. Показана важность моделирования и реализации развивающих программ для солдат срочной службы, направленных на развитие системы личностных смыслов, что может компенсировать смысловую недостаточность современной развивающей среды и способствовать формированию готовности к исполнению воинского долга.

Structure and Corrosion Behavior of Arc-Sprayed Zn-Al Coatings on Ductile Iron Substrate

In this research, four coatings including pure zinc, pure aluminum, a double-layered coating of zinc and aluminum, and a coating produced by simultaneous deposition of zinc and aluminum were deposited on a cast iron substrate using electric arc-spraying technique. The coatings were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS map and spot analyses. Adhesion strength of the coatings was evaluated by three-point bending tests, where double-layered coating indicated the lowest bending angle among the specimens, with detection of cracks at the coating–substrate interface. Coatings produced by simultaneous deposition of zinc and aluminum possessed a relatively uniform distribution of both metals. In order to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the coatings, cyclic polarization and salt spray tests were conducted. Accordingly, pure aluminum coating showed susceptibility to pitting corrosion and other coatings underwent uniform corrosion. For double-layered coating, SEM micrographs revealed zinc corrosion products as flaky particles in the pores formed by pitting on the surface, an indication of penetration of corrosion products from the lower layer (zinc) to the top layer (aluminum). All coatings experienced higher negative corrosion potentials than the iron substrate, indicative of their sacrificial behavior.

Improvement of the sacrificial behavior of zinc in scratches of zinc-rich polymer coatings by incorporating clay nanosheets

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of clay nanosheets on the galvanic protection behavior of zinc in scribed areas of polymer zinc-rich coating. The scribed area is a simulation of damage in the coating in such a way that steel gets in contact with a corrosive solution and sacrificial behavior of zinc becomes important. Ultrasonic was applied to disperse nanosheets of clay in the epoxy resin. The clay content in the coating was varied from 0 to 3 wt.-%. The coatings were scratched for studying the galvanic behavior of zinc under damaged condition. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, open circuit potential measurements and surface techniques were chosen to investigate the corrosion protection performance of the coating and sacrificial properties of zinc. Transmission electron microscopy illustrated the separations of clay layers which interacted with epoxy resin. In addition, TEM images showed the dispersion of clay nanosheets between zinc particles in coating matrix. Open circ...

The Relationship between Perceived Individual-Couple Sacrificial Behavior and Quality of Marital Relationship in Married Employees

The Relationship between Perceived Individual-Couple Sacrificial Behavior and Quality of Marital Relationship in Married Employees

Anticorrosion properties of an epoxy zinc-rich composite coating reinforced with zinc, aluminum, and iron oxide pigments

The effects of lamellar aluminum (Al) and micaceous iron oxide (MIO) pigments on the anticorrosion properties of an epoxy zinc-rich coating were studied. To this end, the epoxy zinc-rich coatings containing 70% w/w spherical Zn particles, 60% w/w Zn + 10% w/w MIO, and 60% w/w Zn + 10% w/w Al were prepared. The electrochemical noise (ECN), potentiostatic polarization technique, and salt spray test were employed in order to investigate the anticorrosion performances of the zinc-rich coatings. The zinc-rich coatings morphologies were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after the salt spray test. The open-circuit potential values were also measured at different immersion times. Results showed that MIO particles could enhance the cathodic protection duration of the zinc-rich coating by enhancing its barrier properties and reducing the zinc particles oxidation rate. It was also shown that Al particles reduced zinc-rich coating sacrificial behavior at short immersion times and increased it at long immersion times. Unlike MIO particles, Al particles behaved both as barrier and sacrificial pigment.

Does executive control relate to sacrificial behavior during conflicts of interests?

AbstractWhy is it that some people are better able to sacrifice their own immediate interest for the sake of their partner than others? We conducted two studies to test whether an individual's level of executive control plays a role in answering this question. Study 1 demonstrated that executive control is related to the tendency to continue a frustrating task to benefit one's partner. Study 2 replicated this effect by using two different indicators of sacrifice: a behavioral sacrifice measure and a questionnaire on the intention to make major sacrifices for one's partner. Together, our findings suggest that higher levels of executive control facilitate prorelational behavior when facing various conflicts of interests in a romantic relationship.