Quality Of Sachet Water Research Articles

Effect of storage conditions on sachet water quality in Accra, Ghana

Effect of storage conditions on sachet water quality in Accra, Ghana

Examining the bacteriological quality of sachet water commonly sold in Oye-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Examining the bacteriological quality of sachet water commonly sold in Oye-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sachet Water Quality Vended Along Song-Gombi Route, Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria

People need safe drinking water to survive; hence, the quality of drinking water is crucial. Nigerians' ambition to consume sachet water has made it possible to analyse the quality of various sachet water brands, hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the physiochemical properties of sachet water quality vended along Song-Gombi Route, Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria using appropriate standard methods by collecting 10 brands of sachet water labeled 1-10. The pH readings of all 10 different brands of sachet water, which ranged from 6.75 to 7.91, were within the allowable limit. The allowed limit was met by the turbidity result, which ranged from 0.32 to 4.90 NTU, and the TDS, which ranged from 0.00 to54.00 mg/L. There was a range of 31-340C, 131-202µS/cm, and 23.99-71.98 mg/L for temperature, conductivity, and chloride, respectively. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) Buck Scientific VPG, 210 model was used to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Mn, Mg, and Cd. With the exception of Mn, which was found in two brands of sachet water, sample 8 (0.60 mg/L) and sample 10 (0.84 mg/L), the findings of the metal concentration tests were below the WHO/SON acceptable limit. None of the samples had any Pb. These findings indicate that high quality standards must be followed. Additionally, evaluating market samples at random will be an effective method for determining whether the quality meets the necessary requirements.

Assessment of quality of sachet water for human consumption in Villavicencio (Colombia)

En Colombia, las empresas de acueducto deben garantizar que el agua que suministran se pueda consumir directamente; sin embargo, la percepción de la población es que su calidad no es la adecuada para su ingesta directa. Esta situación es más notoria en algunas ciudades, como es el caso de Villavicencio, Meta, donde la mayoría de la población consume agua envasada en diferentes presentaciones, debido a la poca confianza en el agua que suministra la empresa de acueducto, por lo tanto, este producto se ha convertido en un artículo de primera necesidad en la canasta familiar de los hogares de Villavicencio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del agua envasada de diez empresas, por un periodo de 8 meses. La calidad se evaluó mediante el análisis de los siguientes parámetros fisicoquímicos: cloruro, dureza total, hierro, manganeso, nitrato, nitrito, pH, sodio, sólidos totales y turbiedad y los siguientes parámetros microbiológicos: bacterias coliformes totales, bacterias coliformes fecales y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos estuvieron dentro de los valores admisibles, de acuerdo con la norma de referencia; no obstante, se evidenció la presencia de microorganismos en el 33 % de las muestras analizadas, por lo que su consumo representa un riesgo para la salud humana.

Impacts of sunlight exposure on physicochemical parameters, potential toxic metals, and microbial characteristics of sachet drinking water sold in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria

Poor handling of potable water is a well-known route of contamination. Despite this, Nigeria’s most consumed packaged potable water called “sachet” or “pure water” is still poorly handled with long hours of exposure to sunlight which may affect its quality. This study examined the potential deterioration of the sachet water quality (potential toxic metals and bacteriological), and the health implication posed by long-time exposure to sunlight. Collected water samples were subjected to physiochemical analysis, metal analysis, risk assessment, and microbiological examination. Three sachet water brands (n = 4 bags per brand) exposed to sunlight daily for 14, 28, and 42 days were analysed for potentially toxic metals, and health risk assessments (Average daily dose-ADD, hazard quotient-HQ, hazard index-HI, and carcinogenic risk-CR). The physicochemical, and microbiological (total heterotrophic bacteria count-THBC, and total coliform count-TCC) parameters were equally analysed using the Kirby Bauer and pour plate technique. In all brands, the levels of physicochemical parameters (except pH), and potential toxic metals were comparatively higher than the control in an exposure time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, all the exposed samples failed to meet the safety limits of the WHO, and national standards (NAFDAC and NDSWQ) for drinking water. Among the metals, zinc was the most ingested metal in all the brands. The ADD, HQ, and HI evaluations revealed that consuming the exposed water could lead to higher accumulation of Cr, Cd, Pb, As, and Ni in the body following exposure. The CR of Cr, As, and Ni after exposure to sunlight were > than the safe value (10–4), implying the likelihood of cancer after over 60 years. Microbial counts increased with the length of exposure, and all the isolates showed pathogenicity and multidrug resistance. The potential health risk inherent in sachet water after exposure to sunlight has significant health implications for consumers.

Assessment of sachet water quality in Kumasi, Ghana

This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological quality of sachet drinking water samples in Kumasi, a major city in Ghana. Samples were collected from various sources within the city. Physicochemical properties, including pH, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions, were analyzed following established protocols. Additionally, fluoride concentration was determined. The assessment criteria for water quality were based on the World Health Organization’s and the Ghana Standards Authority’s recommended standards for drinking water. The samples were also subjected to microbial analysis to detect the presence of E. coli and coliforms, and to evaluate microbial quality. The findings indicated that most physicochemical properties of the samples met the World Health Organization’s standards for safe drinking water, except for the slightly acidic pH. Total dissolved solids and the concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, fluoride and magnesium ions were within acceptable ranges. Strong positive correlations were observed among various physicochemical parameters of sachet water. However, microbial analysis revealed that 67% of the samples were contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, including E. coli and coliforms, indicating poor microbiological quality. While sachet water samples generally meet physicochemical safety standards, addressing microbial quality is essential to ensure the safety of drinking water in Kumasi.

Physico-chemical analysis of the quality of sachet water and their source point sold in Bwari Area Council Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Monitoring of the physicochemical water quality parameters plays a vital role in assessing the water environment, and restoring water quality. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of four brand of sachet water, and their source points using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). The values for physical parameters which include temperature, colour, turbidity, total dissolved solid, and conductivity were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for both the source of water and sachet water. Chemical parameters include pH, chloride ion, electrical conductivity and alkalinity were also all within the WHO limit except total hardness which had a value of 222 mg/L for source of water (brand A) which was above the 200 mg/L limit of the WHO. The analysis of the heavy metals showed that iron and cadmium were not detected in all the samples analyzed, chromium was only found in brand A, with 0.10mg/mL for the source of water and 0.12 mg/L for the sachet water and this was above the WHO maximum contamination level of 0.05 mg/ml. Copper was found in all the samples ranging from 0.19 - 0.27 mg/ml for the source of water while a range of 0.15 - 0.24 mg/ml was recorded for the sachet water. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the values of heavy metals obtained. The values recorded for the source of water in this study was higher than the values for sachet water for most of the physicochemical parameters analyzed which could indicate that there is an effect of the treatment process on the sachet water.

Effects of Prolonged Storage Condition on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Sachet Water and Its Health Implications: A Case Study of Selected Water Brands Sold within Samaru Community, Northwest Nigeria

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of long-term storage conditions on the physicochemical and microbial quality of selected sachet water brands sold within the Samaru community and its health implication for consumers. Three brands of sachet water were subjected to different storage conditions and were analyzed for microbial and physicochemical parameters at intervals of 3 weeks for a period of 3 months, based on procedures and standard methods of APHA (2005). The highest pH means concentration was recorded in sachet water samples used for control (7.14 ± 0.24) while EC, TDS, BOD, and calcium (336.67 ± 73.69 µS/cm, 168.33 ± 34.89 mg/L, 1.87 ± 0.39 mg/L and 2.97 ± 0.19 mg/L) were recorded in the sachet water samples stored on the floor. A total number of 15 fungal species and 4 bacteria species were identified from the three selected brands of sachet water examined. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. have the highest species occurrence of 25% among the fungus identified while Proteus Sp. recorded the highest species occurrence (50%) among the bacteria isolated. Sachet water samples stored on the floor have the highest abundances of microbial species of five and six. All the physicochemical parameters were within the stipulated limits set by the World Health Organization and the Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality, but fail microbial tests due to the presence of pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida, Vibro, Yersinia, etc., that can cause a wide range of life-threatening system infections in a patient with mild immune-deficiency. Being under prolonged storage and the type of storage conditions can encourage the regrowth of microbial in packaged water under favorable environmental conditions, to levels that may be harmful to humans.

Assessment of sachet water quality in Ado-Ekiti and Environ

Assessment of sachet water quality in Ado-Ekiti and Environ

Assessment of sachet water quality in Ado-Ekiti and Environ

A comprehensive Laboratory assessment involving the physical and chemical analysis of nylon packed sachet water popularly known as pure water within the Ado-Ekiti metropolis in Ekiti state has been carried out. This is in view of the increasing number of the sachet water production factory due to growing population of the people within the metropolis and the need to generally investigate them to know the ones good and safe for domestic consumption. A total of fifteen (15) sachet water samples from different location within Ado-Ekiti, the area of study were collected and analyzed. The test was carried out using the pH comparator, turbidimeter, Lovibond comparator, and the caliform test for pH, turbidity, colour test respectively. The ionic concentration was also determined by adding some reagents and exposing it to the source of light. The result of the analysis shows that he sample has a pH value ranging from 5.11-7.52, Alkalinity 16-160, Electrical conductivity 29-417 ys/cm, Turbidity of the water sample ranges from 5.3-9.3, the total dissolve solid (TDS) ranges between 9.0 to 107mg/l/. The range of few ions like Iron (Fe), Sulphate (SO42-), Chloride (Cl) and Nitrate (NO3-) analyzed in mg/l ranges between 0.1-1.0, 182-256, 14.58-29.15 and 48-71 respectively. The result of the analysis falls within the permissible limit and conforms with the standard recommended by NAFDAC, WHO and UNICEF.

Assessment of the Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Sachet Water in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State North East, Nigeria

Drinking sachet water quality was investigated in Mubi metropolis, Adamawa state, Nigeria, to ensure the continuous supply of clean and safe drinking water for the public health protection. For that reason, detailed biological, physical and chemical analyses of drinking water samples were carried out in different companies that produce sachet water in Mubi metropolis, Adamawa state. A number of parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, and Sn were analyzed for each water sample collected period the period of five weeks. The obtained values of each parameter were compared with the standard values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and local standards such as National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). The values of each parameter were found to be within the safe limits set by the WHO and NDWQS. Overall, the water from all the locations was found to be unsafe as drinking water. NAFDAC should carry out regular and frequent surveys of sachet water quality analysis for proper monitoring and management of sachet water production and its quality, Sachet water producing companies should endeavor to carry out proper treatment of the water they produce to ensure it is free of pathogens. Due to the associated effect of excess nitrate in drinking water on infants, it is recommended that some of these sachet waters be avoided for infant’s consumption. This study recommends further studies to investigate the life of sachet water in the area beyond 5 weeks and to critically examine the biological quality of the sachet water produced in the area.

Sachet water quality and Vendors’ practices in Damongo, northern Ghana during the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 using multivariate statistics, water quality and pollution indices, and panel assessment

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 has affected several production services including the water production and delivery processes. This study considered sachet water quality during the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using multivariate statistics and Water Quality Index, Water Pollution Index and, hygienic and sanitation practices of sixty-two (62) sachet water vendors using a panel assessment approach. The findings showed that vendors did not adhere to proper hygienic practices as ninety-four (94%) of them did not have health clearance, ninety (90%) did not frequently wash their receptacles for selling daily, and most of them stored and sold in unhygienic environments. Majority of the producers violated Food and Drugs Authority Regulations. The Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis showed that total iron, Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Salmonella, Cl−, E. coli, and fecal and total coliforms were the controlling elements in the water. All the brands were below threshold limits based on the physical water assessment. However, enteric bacteria were observed in all the brands. Water Quality and Water Pollution Indices (WQI and WPI) described all the sachet water brands (vendors and production sites) as excellent for drinking. The WQI computations for samples from the production and vending sites respectively ranged from 0.12 to 0.36 and 0.27–0.42 whereas WPI presented 0.22–0.31 and 0.23–0.32. Comparatively, samples from vendors had elevated elemental concentrations and loads. This suggests that besides sachet water contamination during production and transportation, vendors significantly impacted the quality of sachet water. Sensitization on proper hygienic practices for sachet water production and vending and routine assessment of the quality of sachet water produced or sold is recommended.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sachet Water Quality in Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria

The proliferation and demand for sachet water is on the increase due to astronomical increase in human population and lifestyle choices. The study analyzed the knowledge of sachet water quality, attitude towards sachet water quality and practices towards improving sachet water quality. The study assessed using questionnaire the knowledge, attitude and practices of sachet water quality in Nnewi. The result showed that 35% of the respondents in Nnewi agreed that sachet water in the area is produced in a hygienically-sound environment while 35% of the respondents agreed that sachet water in the area is stored in hygienically-clean environment. The result showed that 91.67% of the respondents agreed that sachet water production and distribution should be improved through policy formulation while 91.67% of the respondents agreed that sachet water production and distribution should be improved through environmental education of the producers. Ninety percent of the respondents in Nnewi agreed that sachet water production and distribution in the area should be improved through environmental education and enlightenment of the consumers. The study recommended the enactment of relevant laws on drinking water quality since a number of the respondents disagreed that there are available laws on sachet water of good quality.

Sources of microbiological contamination in sachet water from Ghana

Abstract Sachet water is one of the primary sources of drinking water in rapidly growing countries. A study to assess the microbiological quality of sachet water in 21 different brands was conducted in Ghana. Culturable total coliform was positive in 87% of the samples collected, where Escherichia coli colonies were absent. The analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction results indicated the presence of E. coli genes in 44.6% of the samples, with the highest concentration up to 3,166 CCE/100 ml. Microbial source tracking analyses showed that the source of E. coli genes did not originate from sewage contamination because the human-associated HF183 marker was not detected. Of the 175 samples tested, 71% did not mention any water treatment before filling the packages. These results suggest non-human sources of contamination, such as biofilm formation in the pipelines used to fill these packages due to poor disinfection. Our study shows an urgent need for increased regulation and standardized manufacturing of sachet water to ensure safe drinking water.

Physicochemical and bacteriological quality of sachet water used by Ghanaian university students: implications for public health

Abstract This study analyses the quality of sachet water consumed by university students in Metropolitan Kumasi, Ghana. Thirty sachet water samples from ten different brands were tested for their physical and bacteriological quality using meters and titrimetric method and most probable number method, respectively. Overall, one half of the sachet water samples were highly contaminated with total and faecal coliform. While the mean total coliform/100 mL concentration of ANG, NOV, IM, PD and DKN were 9.15 × 105, 2.35 × 106, 9.15 × 105, 4.15 × 105 and 9.15 × 105 respectively, we recorded faecal coliform counts of 2.3 × 105, 4.15 × 105, 2.3 × 105, 2.3 × 105 and 2.3 × 105, respectively for ANG, NOV, IM, PD and DKN. Moreover, samples from DKN brand showed Escherichia coli count of 4.0 × 104. The conductivity ranged from 2.24 μS/cm to 43.60 μS/cm while the mean total alkalinity of all samples ranged from 33.33 mg/L to 120 mg/L. The coliform contamination levels of the water samples violated the guidelines and standards of WHO for drinking water quality. Ghanaian regulatory agencies should intensify the monitoring and surveillance activities to ensure compliance with strict hygienic measures by sachet water producers.

Sachet water quality and product registration: a cross-sectional study in Accra, Ghana.

The study's objectives were to assess the extent to which packaged water producers follow product registration procedures and to assess the relationship between product registration and drinking water quality in Accra, Ghana. Following preliminary analysis of a national water quality survey, 118 packaged sachet water samples were collected by sampling all brands sold by 66 vendors. A sample of vendors was selected from two high-income and two low-income areas of Accra, Ghana. Sachet packaging and labelling details were recorded and compared to a regulatory database to assess product registration. All samples were weighed and tested for faecal indicator bacteria and selected physico-chemical parameters. Product registration numbers and brand names could be matched to regulatory records for 77 of 118 sachets (65.2%). All samples tested were compliant with national water quality standards for faecal indicator bacteria and nitrate. Brand registration was not associated with any of the quality indicators considered. The results of this study suggest that while a substantial proportion of sachet water is sold without formal product registration, the microbial quality of the unlicensed water is consistently high in Accra, Ghana. Further examination of regulatory enforcement and monitoring will be needed to ensure sustained high water quality over time.

English

The objective of this study is to take an inventory of all the sachet water brands sold in Yaounde and to assess their sanitary quality. This study was carried out on 100 samples, representing 20 sachet water brands sold in the urban city of Yaounde, Cameroon. Selected physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of the sachet water were done. The results showed that their pH values and nitrate level were in line with the WHO guideline values. The chloride ion contents were significantly lower than the limit values for drinking water, Escherichia coli was absent in all brands and 75% of the samples contained intestinal enterococci. Sachet water brands can be grouped into 3 homogeneous classes based on streptococcal contamination, chloride and nitrate content, and the level of pH. Packaging material and storage conditions (exposure to sun) can aggravate this contamination. Sachet water can be contaminated and become undrinkable. Key words: Sachet water quality, potability, Yaounde, Cameroon, physico-chemical parameters, bacteriological analyses.

The Effects of Prolonged Storage on the Quality of Sachet Water Produced within the Paynesville Municipality of Liberia

The Effects of Prolonged Storage on the Quality of Sachet Water Produced within the Paynesville Municipality of Liberia

The effects of storage on the bacteriological quality of sachet water produced, sold and consumed within Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

The sale and consumption of sachet water is common in Owerri metropolis because the consumers believed it was safer than tap or borehole water.The aim of this study was to assess the effects of storage on the bacteriological quality of sachet water produced, sold and consumed within Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria. Fifteen sachet water brands were investigated for a period of four months. They were collected within 24 hours of production and stored at ambient temperature for four months. Samples were taken on monthly basis for enumeration of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and indicator organisms using APHA and WHO analytical methods. Bacteriological analysis showed that Clets brand had the highest Total heterotrophic bacterial count of 5.7X101cfu/ml, followed by Elevated and Crystal while Ricano had the least count of 3.2x101cfu/ml. Total heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform count decreased gradually in all brands throughout this period. Escherichia coli was isolated in three brands. Results from the research indicates that 60% of the brands analyzed met the WHO guideline limit for drinking when stored at ambient temperature within eight weeks period. However, storage beyond this period led to diminished potability of sachet water

Effect of Storage and Exposure to Sunlight on the Quality of Sachet Water Sold in Ibadan Metropolis

Inadequate pipe borne water supply has led to rapid proliferation of sachet water companies in Nigeria. Recently, another dimension added to public health concerns on water quality is the storage and handling of sachet water by distributors and vendors. This study assessed the effect of storage and exposure to sunlight on the quality of sachet water in Ibadan, Nigeria. An experimental design was adopted. Two hundred sachets of water from ten brands were collected upon production from various factories. Water samples were divided into two groups: storage indoor (room temperature) and storage with exposure to sunlight for four weeks. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out on the sachet water samples at baseline and after three days and weeks one to four of storage. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS (20.0). The bacteria isolated were E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia and P.vulgaris. Total bacterial counts decreased in the order: 0 to 1.5x104cfu/100 mL (day 3) > 0 to 9.5x 102 cfu/100 mL (day 7) upon exposure to sunlight, however, there was continuous increase of bacteria count from day seven. Bacteria counts of water stored indoor increased throughout the study period. E. coli was present in all water samples by day 21. There was a significant difference in nitrite concentration between the two storage conditions across study period. This study revealed that storage duration and exposure conditions affect the quality of sachet water for drinking. Quality improvement of sachet water through exposure to sunlight was most effective on third day of exposure, while the maximum time of effectiveness was one week, beyond which the quality deteriorates fast irrespective of the storage condition. Hence, prolonged water storage beyond one week before drinking is discouraged.