Saccharin Method Research Articles

CORRELATION BETWEEN NASAL MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE AND PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE IN YOUNG HEALTHY ADULTS

Background: There are fewer studies on correlation between NMC and PEFR in young healthy adults in Indian population, of age group 18-24 years. Objective:To correlate nasal mucociliary clearance and peak expiratory ow rate in young healthy adults, including both females and males. Method: In a cross-sectional study, NMC was assessed by Anderson's Saccharin method and PEFR was measured with standard Wright's peak ow meter in sixty young healthy adults of age 18-24 years. In the selection process of subjects, strict criteria of "normality" were applied and included history of medical illnesses, general examination and systemic examination. Diseases affecting NMC and PEFR were excluded. The correlation of NMC and PEFR was done by Pearson's equation. Results: The correlation between mean NMC and PEFR of young healthy adults (n=60) including both females and males, revealed a weak positive correlation (r = 0.1), which was insignicant (p 0.449). Conclusion: In young healthy adults, as the NMC increases, the PEFR also increases but the relationship between the two is not very strong. However, there is not much reported study on correlation of NMC and PEFR. Hence, it needs to be elucidated by further studies.

Qualitative Assessment of Different Face Masks using Povidone-Iodine in Comparison to Standard Saccharin Method

Introduction: The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that N95 masks should be used by healthcare workers and patients. Given the shortage, extended use and reuse of masks, it becomes imperative to test the filtration efficacy. Surgical masks and cloth covers should also be assessed for their protection factor, since their use is more prevalent among the general population, and these masks are not certified by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the authority for the standard testing and certification of Filtering Face Pieces (FFPs) in the USA; its equivalent in India is the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The BIS recently relaxed the certification guidelines for both N95 and Surgical Masks; thus, even certified masks may prove to be inefficient. Aim: To have an economical method for testing of masks in a hospital setting. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in western India, a novel, qualitative (and semiquantitative) function test using an aerosol of iodine solution and detector strips of starch-iodide paper was studied to prove for efficacy of masks by 15 volunteers and various masks of different types (surgical, N95, cloth) over three months. This method provides a rapid, simple and costeffective assessment of respirator efficacy. The test showed 100% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Results: Thirty five masks (N95, Surgical, Cloth and Silver nanoparticle) were tested, N95 – 90% pass the test. Conclusion: Povidone-iodine method is a qualitative assessment which is a crude indicator of mask function as the masks that fail both tests will provide some degree of protection from airborne particles, and concentrations of many respiratory organisms. The N95 masks along with the double masks (surgical and cloth) passed the tests proving their efficacy

Impairment of nasal mucociliary clearance time in wood industry workers.

The aim of this study is to investigate theeffect of wood dust on nasalmucociliaryclearance time in wood industry workers. Moreover, the correlation between duration of exposure to wood dust and nasalmucociliaryclearance time will be evaluated. A total of 50 male subjects were included in the study. All of the subjects were non-smokers. Nasal mucociliary clearance time of 25 wood industry workers was measured with saccharine method and compared with the results of 25 age-matched control group. Also, the correlation between nasal mucociliary clearance time and duration of exposure to wood dust in woodworkers was evaluated. The mean mucociliary clearance time in control group and wood industry workers was 12.28 ± 1.98 and 16.72 ± 2.71, respectively. The mean mucociliary clearance time in wood industry workers was significantly longer than control group (p < 0.0001). Also,there was positive correlation between duration of exposure to wood dust and nasal mucociliary clearance time in wood industry workers (r = 0.879, p < 0.0001). The clinicians must remember that mucociliary clearance time in wood industry workers is prolonged. So the wood industry workers must be followed up more closely for sinonasal infections and respiratory tract diseases.

Mucociliary Clearance in Bronchiectasis

ABSTRACT Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease, defined pathologically as irreversible dilatation of the bronchi. There is ineffective clearance of pulmonary secretions because of damage to the cilia. The nasal mucociliary clearance was studied using the saccharine method in 75 patients of bronchiectasis and the results were compared with those of 25 healthy controls. The nasal mucociliary clearance was significantly prolonged in patients with bronchiectasis. How to cite this article Yadav J, Ranga RK, Goel AK, Gupta KB. Mucociliary Clearance in Bronchiectasis. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):37-39.

Effect of N- Acetylcysteine on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Chronic Sinusitis

Abstract Chronic sinusitis is a common health problem that causes loss of productivity throughout the world, which is treated by variety of means. Aim: To evaluate the effect of N- acetylcysteine on nasal mucociliary clearance by Andersen, saccharine method. Materials and method: Study was conducted in thirty normal adult subjects and sixty patients in age group of 19- 55 years of chronic sinusitis diagnosed on the basis of major & minor criteria of sinusitis and substantiated by radiology. The nasal mucociliary clearance was evaluated before and after the treatment with N- acetylcysteine and levofloxacin with Andersen’s method, in which a saccharin particle of 1.5mm diameter was used. Result: Nasal mucociliary clearance time in 30 healthy controls was 8.37 ± 1.54, 30 chronic sinusitis patients before treatment 18.4 ± 2.73 minutes and 11.24 ± 2.51 minutes after treatment with levofloxacin & N- acetylcysteine respectively. In group C, it was 19.52 ± 2.26 minutes before treatment and 13.37 ± 2.58 minutes after treatment with levofloxacin. The difference in mean value of two samples after treatment was statistically significant. Conclusion: N – acetylcysteine mucolytic agent in combination of antibiotic is helpful for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, which not only helps in removal of stagnated mucus by improving nasal mucociliary clearance but also help the antibiotic to be more effective.

Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Allergic Rhinitis in Children

Abstract Allergic rhinitis in children is not an uncommon disease in India. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of allergic rhinitis on nasal mucociliary clearance. The nasal mucociliary clearance time (NMC) was studied using Andersen's saccharin method in fifty controls and fifty age and sex matched patients of allergic rhinitis. The nasal mucociliary clearance time in healthy controls was found to be 5.11 ± 1.51 minutes. A significant impairment (p &lt; 0.01) in nasal mucociliary clearance time of 12.46 ± 3.74 minutes was observed in children suffering with allergic rhinitis, signifying that allergic rhinitis may predispose to sinusitis and pulmonary diseases.

Relationship Between Rhinosinusitis Symptoms and Mucociliary Clearance Time

To determine the correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by the Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test-20 (SNOT-20) and mucociliary clearance as assessed by the saccharin method. This was a cross-sectional study of 50 adult volunteers. Subjects completed the SNOT-20, and mucociliary clearance was determined with the saccharine method. Correlation coefficients (Spearman's Rho) were calculated for the global SNOT-20 score. The SNOT-20 scores varied from 20 to 54 (mean 30.28) with a possible range of 20 to 100. Clearance times varied from 418 to 2865 seconds (mean 999). There was no significant correlation between global SNOT-20 score and clearance time (r = 0.196). There is no significant correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by SNOT-20 scores and mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is important for the health of the sinonasal cavities, but clearance time does not appear to be associated with symptom severity in the population studied. A-1b.

Errors Associated with Three Methods of Assessing Respirator Fit

Three fit test methods (Bitrex, saccharin, and TSI PortaCount Plus with the N95-Companion) were evaluated for their ability to identify wearers of respirators that do not provide adequate protection during a simulated workplace test. Thirty models of NIOSH-certified N95 half-facepiece respirators (15 filtering-facepiece models and 15 elastomeric models) were tested by a panel of 25 subjects using each of the three fit testing methods. Fit testing results were compared to 5th percentiles of simulated workplace protection factors. Alpha errors (the chance of failing a fit test in error) for all 30 respirators were 71% for the Bitrex method, 68% for the saccharin method, and 40% for the Companion method. Beta errors (the chance of passing a fit test in error) for all 30 respirator models combined were 8% for the Bitrex method, 8% for the saccharin method, and 9% for the Companion method. The three fit test methods had different error rates when assessed with filtering facepieces and when assessed with elastomeric respirators. For example, beta errors for the three fit test methods assessed with the 15 filtering facepiece respirators were ≤5% but ranged from 14% to 21% when assessed with the 15 elastomeric respirators. To predict what happens in a realistic fit testing program, the data were also used to estimate the alpha and beta errors for a simulated respiratory protection program in which a wearer is given up to three trials with one respirator model to pass a fit test before moving onto another model. A subject passing with any of the three methods was considered to have passed the fit test program. The alpha and beta errors for the fit testing in this simulated respiratory protection program were 29% and 19%, respectively. Thus, it is estimated, under the conditions of the simulation, that roughly one in three respirator wearers receiving the expected reduction in exposure (with a particular model) will fail to pass (with that particular model), and that roughly one in five wearers receiving less reduction in exposure than expected will pass the fit testing program in error.

Alterations of Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Association with HIV Infection and the Effect of Guaifenesin Therapy

To determine if human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a prolonged mucociliary clearance time (MCT) and to evaluate the effect of guaifenesin on MCT in HIV+ patients. A cross-sectional study comparing HIV+ and HIV- volunteers followed by a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of HIV+ patients before and after guaifenesin treatment. Twenty-five HIV+ patients and 29 HIV- controls were enrolled and MCT was measured using the saccharin method. A separate group of 20 HIV+ patients participated in the second arm of the study and underwent saccharin testing before and after a 3-week course of guaifenesin or placebo. All study participants completed a medical history questionnaire, a sinonasal symptom (SNOT-16) survey, and were examined with both anterior rhinoscopy and rigid nasal endoscopy. There was a significant difference (P < .002) in the MCT between the HIV+ group (13.3 +/- SD 7.5 minutes) and the HIV- controls (9.2 +/- SD 3.9 minutes). The difference in MCT between the guaifenesin and placebo groups did not reach statistical significance (P >.05). The HIV+ group had a higher SNOT-16 score compared to HIV- controls (21.1 vs. 7.4, P < .001). Guaifenesin therapy in HIV+ patients led to a significant improvement in the SNOT-16 score (P < .05). Compared to HIV- controls, HIV+ patients have a prolonged MCT and more sinonasal symptoms as indicated by a higher SNOT-16 score. Guaifenesin therapy was associated with improved SNOT-16 scores, although there was not a detectable improvement in MCT. Use of guaifenesin in HIV+ patients with sinonasal disease may lead to improved patient perception of quality of life.

The relationship between rhinosinusitis symptoms and mucociliary clearance time

Problem: To determine the correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by the SNOT-20 (SinoNasal Outcomes Test-20) survey and nasal mucociliary clearance time as assessed by the saccharin method. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of volunteers at a tertiary care academic medical center. Fifty adult volunteers completed a SNOT-20 questionnaire as well as a brief questionnaire about other lifestyle or medical factors that might affect nasal function. Mucociliary clearance time was then assessed with the saccharine method. Correlation coefficients (Spearman’s Rho) were calculated for the global SNOT-20 score and individual domains. Results: The global SNOT-20 scores varied from 20 to 54 (mean, 30.28) with a possible range of 20 to 100. Saccharine clearance times varied from 418 to 2,865 seconds (mean, 999.) There was no significant correlation between SNOT-20 score and saccharine clearance time. The SNOT-20/clearance time correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) was 0.196. There were no significant correlations between individual domain scores and mucociliary clearance time. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between rhinosinusitis symptoms as assessed by SNOT-20 scores and mucociliary clearance time as assessed by the saccharine method. Significance: The mucociliary clearance function is important for the general health of the sinonasal cavities, but mucociliary clearance time does not appear to be associated with symptom severity in the population studied. Support: none

Nasal mucociliary clearance in coal mine workers

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of coal dust particles on nasal mucociliary function in coal mine workers. Method Using the saccharin method , nasal mucociliary clearance was determined for 77 subjects, of which 39 who worked in a coal mine were actively exposed to coal dust whereas 38 were unexposed control subjects. The measurements were performed in the coal mine, at the level of 170 m below sea level. Results The average saccharin nasal transit time in coal mine workers, 12.61 (SD: 4.30) minutes, is longer than that of the control subjects, 10.97 (SD: 3.22). Conclusion Although the findings of this study demonstrate that the coal particles affect the nasal mucociliary clearance, the difference in saccharin nasal transit time between the two groups (exposed vs unexposed) is not statistically significant ( P = 0.063).

Nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy children in a tropical country

Introduction: Nasal mucociliary clearance is an important physiological function of nasal cavity that helps in protecting the lower respiratory tract from undesirable organic and inorganic matter including the micro organisms. The study was designed to establish normal mucociliary clearance time in healthy children in a tropical environment. Material and methods: The study was carried out in 100 randomly selected normal school children aged 4–15 years using saccharin method. The diseases that are known to affect the nasal mucociliary clearance were excluded. The study variables were age and sex. Results: Mean nasal mucociliary clearance time was 5.7±2.59 min with no significant difference between males and females. The clearance time was found to be impaired in groups A and B including children of 4–7 and 8–11 years of age respectively. Conclusion: Nasal mucociliary clearance is impaired in children of either sex between 4 and 11 years probably due to subclinical adenoiditis. However clearance returns to normal level at the time of puberty, which coincides with adenoids involution.

Nasal mucociliary transport in pregnancy.

Using the saccharin method, we performed tests of mucociliary function four times during pregnancy and once one month after delivery in 27 women. As the transport distance for saccharin varied from 37 to 65 mm, we used the transport speed for evaluation. Pregnancy rhinitis affects at least 20% of pregnancies. The mucociliary transport speed was higher in the group of women with pregnancy rhinitis, and was reduced during pregnancy in the group of women without that condition. We found no significant correlation between mucociliary transport speed and objectively registered nasal peak expiratory flow index. The pathophysiology of pregnancy rhinitis is not known, but is possibly multifactorial. The changes occurring in the nasal mucociliary transport system during normal pregnancy and in pregnancy rhinitis need further studies.

Evaluation of nasal mucociliary clearance with a modified saccharin test

To measure the complex nasal clearance we propose to perform our variation of the Andersen saccharin method as a saccharin liquid test (SLT). The application of 3 molar aqueous sodium saccharin solutions with a Wiretrol capillary on the concha nasalis inferior or media allows simple handling, exact dosage, minimal nasal irritation and an increase in reproducibility. Application of 1 microlitre is sufficient to carry out the test. In the present study 48 healthy volunteers without any nose disease or history of sinusitis showed a saccharin transport rate of 10.4 (SD 4.2) minutes.

Nasal mucociliary transport of chronic sinusitis in children.

Nasal mucociliary function is one of the most important and indispensable mechanisms of the respiratory tract, providing protection against the atmospheric environment. We previously found mucociliary dysfunction in the noses of adult patients suffering from chronic sinusitis. In this study, using the saccharin method, we determined nasal mucociliary function in normal children and in children with chronic sinusitis. The mean (+/- SD) value of saccharin transit time in the nose was 28.2 +/- 19.9 minutes in patients with chronic sinusitis, this being significantly slower than that in the control group of children. The incidence of abnormally slow nasal mucociliary transport time (> 30 minutes) in patients was significantly higher than in controls of the same age. Mucociliary dysfunction may initiate a vicious cycle of self-mediated inflammation and may be important in recovery from chronic respiratory inflammation.

The relationship between the nasal cycle and mucociliary clearance

Nasal airway resistances were measured bilaterally on subjects at 30-minute intervals over 6 hours using anterior rhinomanometry. The first 10 subjects found to exhibit alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal mucosa (i.e., the nasal cycle) were included in the study. Using the saccharin method, nasal mucociliary clearance was determined for each subject in both the congested and decongested phases of the cycle. The results were statistically significant at the P less than .09 level, highly suggestive of a difference in nasal mucociliary clearance between the two phases of the cycle, with the congested phase having the more rapid clearance. However, when compared to the mucociliary clearance times in disease states, the difference in transport times between the two phases is probably not clinically significant.

慢性副鼻腔炎に対する辛夷清肺湯の効果

This study was desiged to determine the effectiveness of Tsumura Shin'i-seihai-to (TJ-104), a Kampo medicine, in chronic sinusitis. The subjects of this study were 30 patients aged 19 to 80 years, who received TJ-104 7.5g p. o. per day for four weeks.The general effectiveness of TJ-104 On subjective symptoms and rhinoscopic observations was 69.0%.Nasal mucociliary clearance (ST) was determined by the saccharin method in 28 subjects before (week 0) and four weeks after the start of the administration (week 4). At week 0, ST was within the normal range in 15 patients, and was retarded in 13 patients. At week 4, ST was signiflcantly better than at week 0 in those patients whose ST was retarded before treatment (p<;0.001). No significant difference was observed in either the elasticity (G') or the viscosity (η') of nasal mucus between week 0 and week 4.It was concluded that 1) TJ-104 can improve reduced nasal mucociliary clearance, 2) TJ-104 has no effect on reducing the viscoelasticity of the nasal mucus, and 3) TJ-104 is considered to be a useful drug for the conservative treatment of chronic sinusitis.

小児副鼻腔炎の臨床統計的検討 とくに上顎洞洗浄療法について

The managements and the results of therapy for children with chronic sinusitis were reported. During the period of 1980 to 1988, 190 patients, aged 3 to 15, were examined at our outpatient clinic. The pathologic conditions of the maxillary sinus were examined by the contrast x-ray study (X-MFT). The mild, moderate and severe lesions in the maxillary sinus evaluated by X-MFT were 22%, 44; and 34%, respectively. Sixty-two per cent of ethmoid sinus was opacified in occipito-frontal view. The degree of patency of the maxillary ostium was evaluated by an application of the constant pressure to the maxillary sinus. Almost all maxillary ostia of these patients were patent. Nasal mucociliary clearance was reduced in 37% of the patients examined after the saccharin method. Antral lavages were performed once in a week for the therapy of 72% of children with chronic sinusitis. The efficacy of this modality was evaluated by the above mentioned items. The maxillary and ethmoid lesions, and nasal mucociliary transit time were significantly improved by the modality after 25 months in average. These results indicate that the antral lavage is an useful therapy for chronic sinusitis in children.

鼻粘液繊毛機能に対するＫｅｔｏｔｉｆｅｎ鼻内投与

Ketotifen nasal spray was administered into the nostrils in experimental animals (rabbits) and man in order to investigate the effects on mucus cilium function. Test preparations used were Ketotifen nasal spray (0.1 mg/puff), placebo nasal spray and saline.In rabbits, there were no significant differences among the three groups as to trans-portation speed or beating frequency of the mucus cilia at the end of 1 and 4 weeks of continuous administration. The Ketotifen group displayed no pathohistological differences from the other two groups at the end of 4 weeks. In man, the transportation time of the nasal mucus cilia was determined by the saccharin method; no significant differences were observed among the three groups.Ketotifen nasal spray does not seem to influence nasal mucus cilium function in man or in rabbits.

Ｌ‐システインの慢性副鼻腔炎に対する効果

We evaluated the effectiveness of 1-cysteine ethyl ester, a sulf hydryl-type oral mucolytic, in 24 adults patients with chronic sinusitis. The patients received 300mg of 1-cysteine ethyl ester p. o per day for 4 weeks. Neither antiinflammatory agents nor mucolytic agents were given.The effectiveness of 1-cysteine ethyl ester on subjective symptoms and rhinoscopic observations was 63%. X-ray opacity of the maxillary sinus was evaluated with a microdensitometer. The pre- and post- treatment data were compared in 10 patients (20 maxillary sinuses). The improvement of X-ray opacity following 1-cysteine ethyl ester treatment was noted in 45%. Nasal mucociliary clearance examined by the saccharin method (ST) was measured in 19 patients. Before the treatment, nasal ST was decelerates in 15 patients. After the treatment, their nasal ST had significantly improved. The general effectiveness of 1-cysteine ethyl ester on subjective symptoms, rhinoscopic observations and X-ray opacity was 60%.