Sac Volume Research Articles

Retracted: The Clinical Value of 3D Ultrasonic Measurement of the Ratio of Gestational Sac Volume to Embryo Volume in IoT-Based Prediction of Pregnancy Outcome.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/6421025.].

Comparison of two-dimensional measurement with three-dimensional volume rendering for the assessment of loss of domain in incisional hernia patients.

We aimed to compare simple two-dimensional (2D) measurement with comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering to determine loss of domain (LOD), a clinically important decision-making feature for incisional hernia repair. In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed the CT scans of a consecutive cohort of adult patients with a midline incisional hernia. The hernia sac- and abdominal cavity volumes were obtained by two different methods. The 2D method estimated the volumes using the corresponding height, width, and depth. The 3D method comprised of a volume rendering tool. For both methods, LOD was calculated according to the Sabbagh ratio (hernia sac volume / (hernia sac volume + abdominal cavity volume)). Taking the 3D method as the reference standard, the performance of the 2D method was expressed as positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for LOD of more than- and less than 20%. The agreement between both methods was expressed as Cohen's kappa coefficient (kappa). We analyzed 92 CT scans. Agreement between both methods was high (kappa = 0.854, p = 0.0001); all 67 measurements for which the 2D method assessed LOD to be less than 20% were correctly classified (NPV = 100%), and 20 of 25 measurements for which the 2D method assessed LOD to be more than 20% were correctly classified (PPV = 80%). The 2D method can exclude patients fromperioperative actions needed for a more complex hernia. Since this method is easy to use and less time-consuming, it seems useful for the routine radiological assessment of LOD in clinical practice.

A computational study of bio-chemo-mechanics of thrombus-laden aneurysms

The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development has been controversial for decades, yet the researchers and clinicians agree that thrombus is not an innocent bystander in disease progression. In an effort to increase our understanding of its role, in this work, we present a bio-chemo-mechanical mathematical model of thrombus-laden aneurysms. Unlike all previous finite element studies, where AAAs grow due to prescribed irreversible time-dependent elastin degradation, in this study, protein degradation depends on protease activity. Enzymes degrading collagen and elastin are believed to come from the luminal layer of intraluminal thrombus and the increasing area of chemotactic vasa vasorum in the wall. The geometrical and structural spatiotemporal changes in the aneurysmal wall at the apex and shoulder region of the thrombus-laden aneurysm are explained in detail. Furthermore, we show that later ILT formation is more perilous than its early deposition, despite lower peak protease activity and related extracellular matrix degradation. Interestingly, the radial growth rate is slightly slower for fully thrombosed AAAs compared to the partially thrombosed ones, however, their axial growth is much more pronounced. Additionally, we show that thrombus deposition greatly impacts the aneurysmal sac shape and volume.

Volumetric analysis of effectiveness of embolization for preventing type II endoleaks following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

ObjectiveThe presence of endoleak was associated with the failure of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) treatment. The key to eliminating type II endoleak has shifted from reintervention to prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of applying fibrin sealant to prevent type II endoleak in conjunction with EVAR. MethodsAll patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm who underwent EVAR from June 2019 to July 2021 were reviewed. Patients were grouped as Group A: standard EVAR with preemptive embolization and Group B: standard EVAR alone. The primary endpoint was the incidence of type II endoleak. The secondary endpoints were aneurysm sac regression, the inferior mesenteric artery patency, the numbers of patent lumbar arteries, and all-cause mortality. ResultsA total of 104 patients were included in Group A, and 116 were included in Group B. Technical success rate was 100%. The overall incidence of type II endoleak in Group A was significantly lower than that in Group B (4.8% vs 19.0%). The mean time of freedom from type II endoleak was 22.71 months for Group A (95% confidence interval, 21.59-23.83 months) and 19.89 months for Group B (95% confidence interval, 18.08-21.70 months). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of freedom from type II endoleak showed a significantly longer duration of freedom from type II endoleak in Group A (81.0% vs 95.2%). Group A showed a continuous sac regression tendency. In Group B, the sac volume decreased within 12 months but increased by 3.07 cm3 at 24 months. No complications were noted in both groups. ConclusionsNonselective preemptive embolization with porcine fibrin sealant during EVAR was safe and effective in preventing type II endoleak in the short and mid-term. Preemptive embolization can lead to a significantly higher sac regression rate. Larger patient populations and longer follow-ups with randomized control designed trials are expected to verify the long-term effectiveness and safety of preemptive embolization in preventing type II endoleak.

The influence of salinity on egg incubation and early larval development of the flameback angelfish Centropyge aurantonotus

Larval mortality constitutes the major bottleneck in Centropyge species aquaculture. Marine fish eggs and larvae are sensitive to abiotic conditions variations, as salinity. Captive natural spawning of Centropyge aurantonotus were used to evaluate effects of salinity on eggs and larvae up to 72 hours post hatch (hph). Eggs were transferred from 33‰ to 10‰, 15‰, 20‰, 25‰, 30‰, 35‰ and 40‰ salinity, 27 ± 0.2°C. Buoyancy, water column distribution, incubation period and hatching rate were evaluated in eggs. For larvae, swimming behaviour, water column distribution, survival rates, standard length, yolk sac and oil drop volume, conversion rate of yolk sac in growth, pigmentation, deformities, mouth size and eye diameter were examined. The buoyancy was positive at salinities >30‰, positive to neutral at 30‰ and negative at <30‰. Neutrally buoyant eggs and larvae showed greater water column distribution than positive and negatively buoyant ones. Swimming behaviour was active in positive and neutral buoyancy. Incubation period was inversely proportional to salinity increase. Hatching rate was higher at 30‰, when compared to 10‰ and 15‰. At 10‰–25‰, deformities and high mortality rates of larvae were observed. Between 30‰ and 40‰, larvae of 72 hph showed no deformities, active swimming behaviour, higher survival rate (~87%), greater mouth size (~129.81 μm) and eye diameter (~170.1 μm) than 10‰ and 15‰. Salinities between 30‰ and 40‰ were adequate for rearing C. aurantonotus eggs and larvae up to 72 hph, 30‰ salinity increased their water column distribution and optimized hatching rate and adverse effects occurs at 10‰–25‰.

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension after giant ventral hernia repair: a retrospective cohort study.

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a classical complication after giant ventral hernia surgery and may lead to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Assessment of risk factors and prevention of IAH/ACS are essential for hernia surgeons. We performed a retrospective study including 58 giant ventral hernia patients in our center between Jan 1, 2017, and Mar 1, 2022, we recorded age, gender, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypoproteinemia, body mass index (BMI), the ratio of hernia sac volume to abdominal cavity volume (HSV/ACV), defect width, tension reduction procedure (TRP), positive fluid balance (PFB) and IAH of these patients and analyzed the data using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to screen the risk factors for IAH after surgery. The multivariate analysis showed that HSV/ACV ≥ 25%, hypoproteinemia, and PFB were independent risk factors for the occurrence of IAH after giant ventral hernia repair (P = 0.025, 0.016, 0.017, respectively). We did not find any correlation between postoperative IAH and the patient's age, gender, COPD, CHD, hypertension, T2DM, BMI, defect width, TRP, and PFB. Identifying risk factors is of great significance for the early identification and prevention of IAH/ACS. We found that HSV/ACV ≥ 25%, hypoproteinemia, and PFB were independent risk factors for IAH after giant ventral hernia repair.

Investigation on the effect of ventilation on string cavitation patterns in diesel nozzles

Aiming at the complicated vortex problem that affects the flow stability of diesel engine nozzles, this paper focuses on the effect of ventilation on the string cavitation patterns in the nozzle hole with a self-built scale-up test bench. Hole-to-hole string cavitation is not stable without bubbles, and the ventilation can improve the situation. Relatively speaking, the position of hole-to-hole string cavitation in the SAC volume changes significantly with the bubble content. In contrast, the needle-originated string cavitation is stable in the vortex channel. Only if there are many bubbles, the cavitation pattern changes to hole-to-hole string cavitation or string cavitation originating from the upper wall of the hole inlet. At this point, the corresponding atomization morphology changes, and the spray angle decreases significantly. It is verified that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the cavitating pattern and the spray angle near the hole.

Computational studies of hydrogen post-injection in direct-injection natural gas engines

The impact of using a hydrogen (H2) post-injection on combustion emission characteristics in a glow plug (GP) assisted direct-injection natural gas (DING) engine was investigated in this paper. This study was conducted by using the KIVA-3V code integrated with a detailed kinetic chemical model and a modified phenomenological soot model. Previous studies have indicated two sources of unburned methane (CH4) and soot particles in such an engine, namely the injector sac volume and the glow plug shield. The emissions were reduced in previous work by improving the shield design. However, the contributions from the injector sac volume were not solved. In these simulations, a small amount of hydrogen was injected following the major injection of natural gas (NG), and the unburned CH4 was pushed out of the injector into the combustion chamber. The injected hydrogen then affects the chemical reactions to form more hydroxyl (OH) radical, and the unburned methane from the sac volume and that originally left in the combustion chamber were oxidized to reduce its final value, compared to the baseline NG only case. As well, the soot particles contributed from the glow plug shield and from the injector sac volume and thereby the total particle emissions were reduced, compared to the baseline case. The reduction is due to the additionally formed OH which reduces the soot precursor acetylene (C2H2) and enhances the soot oxidation. The hydrogen post-injection also highly affected the CO–CO2 reaction, leading to more carbon monoxide (CO) and less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the DING engine. In addition, more simulations were conducted by injecting different amounts of hydrogen fuels, and the emission values were generally changed as expected. The simulations also indicated that there is a minimum requirement for the hydrogen amount, below which the formed OH radical is not enough to oxidize the soot caused by the unburned CH4 from the injector sac volume, compared to the NG only case.

Aquatic midges take an acid trip

Many years ago in Copenhagen, future Nobel Prize winner August Krogh did what he did best: study a peculiar animal for a very particular reason. He focused on the gas-filled sacs of Chaoborus midges, which he found curiously reminiscent of fish swim bladders. Through a series of experiments, Krogh demonstrated that the midges used the sacs as ballasts, expanding them to float and contracting them to sink, but he couldn't figure out how they accomplished this feat and eventually moved on to other interests. Now published in Current Biology, graduate student Evan McKenzie of the University of British Columbia and colleagues solve Krogh's century old mystery, revealing that it all came down to a common insect protein used in a unique way.Chaoborus air sacs are unusual: they are completely cut off from the respiratory system and enclosed by a wall made of alternating bands of chitin, a hard polymer found in insect shells, and an unidentified protein. Curious about these mysterious bands and their potential role in regulating buoyancy, the authors examined the sacs under a microscope. Surprisingly, the sacs glowed bright blue under UV light. As zoologists well-versed in the idiosyncrasies of insects, they knew that this could only mean one thing: the unknown protein was resilin; a stretchy, biological rubber found in the elastic tendons of locusts, fleas and other arthropods. An unusual quirk of resilin is that it swells under certain conditions such as high pH. The scientists reasoned that reversible swelling or shrivelling of the resilin bands within the air sac wall could alter the sac's volume and, therefore, adjust the midge's buoyancy. They tested this idea by exposing freshly dissected air sacs to acidic or basic conditions, finding that the air sacs shrunk up to 20% in acid and expanded by 45% in base, confirming their hunch.The midges only have to change the pH around their air sacs to float or to sink. Like many organisms, insects control the pH of their guts, mitochondria and other compartments with specialized proteins called proton pumps that move hydrogen ions across cell membranes. The researchers tested if these ubiquitous proteins also controlled the pH of the air sac by exposing them to drugs that directly or indirectly interfered with proton pumps. When the team did so, the sacs expanded like they did in basic conditions, confirming that pH controlled the air sac volume and that a specific type of proton pump called vacuolar-type H+ ATPase controlled the pH.Other insect tissues turn this proton pumping ATPase on or off using cellular signalling pathways involving compounds like cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. To find out whether the midges use either of these pathways to regulate their buoyancy, the researchers exposed dissected air sacs to synthetic versions of AMP or GMP, each attuned to different branches of the signalling pathway, and observed which compounds caused the sacs to expand. This experiment revealed not only that cyclic AMP co-ordinated the expansion of the air sac, but also identified two more classes of proteins, protein kinase A and cyclic AMP-activated exchange proteins, which are involved in the pH-control signalling pathway, setting the foundation for deeper dives into the unusual physiology of these insects.Chaoborus midges are the only planktonic insects – in fact the only non-fish – that regulate their buoyancy using a gas bladder and they are the only organism to use resilin as a pH-activated means of motion. Unique on three counts, it is perhaps not surprising that they caught the attention of August Krogh or that it took scientists over 100 years to understand how their unique organ works.

The influence of aneurysm morphology on the volume of hemorrhage after rupture.

Factors determining the risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms have been extensively studied; however, little attention is paid to variables influencing the volume of bleeding after rupture. In this study the authors aimed to evaluate the impact of aneurysm morphological variables on the amount of hemorrhage. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively collected data set of 116 patients presenting at a single center with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture. A volumetric assessment of the total hemorrhage volume was performed from the initial noncontrast CT. Aneurysms were segmented and reproduced from the initial CT angiography study, and morphology indexes were calculated with a computer-assisted approach. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were included in the study. Factors influencing the volume of hemorrhage were explored with univariate correlations, multiple linear regression analysis, and graphical probabilistic modeling. The univariate analysis demonstrated that several of the morphological variables but only the patient's age from the clinical-demographic variables correlated (p < 0.05) with the volume of bleeding. Nine morphological variables correlated positively (absolute height, perpendicular height, maximum width, sac surface area, sac volume, size ratio, bottleneck factor, neck-to-vessel ratio, and width-to-vessel ratio) and two correlated negatively (parent vessel average diameter and the aneurysm angle). After multivariate analysis, only the aneurysm size ratio (p < 0.001) and the patient's age (p = 0.023) remained statistically significant. The graphical probabilistic model confirmed the size ratio and the patient's age as the variables most related to the total hemorrhage volume. A greater aneurysm size ratio and an older patient age are likely to entail a greater volume of bleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Positive association between calcium channel blocker treatment and persistent type II endoleak.

Type II endoleaks are the most common complication occurring after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). The aims of our study were to evaluate the impact of persistent type II endoleak on sac dynamics post-EVAR, and to study the association between non-anatomical factors including polymorphisms associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and persistent type II endoleak. The cohort comprises 210 patients undergoing EVAR between January 2010 and December 2018. A persistent type II endoleak was defined as any type II endoleak lasting longer than six months and included also a type II endoleak diagnosed after six months or more post-EVAR during the 36-month follow-up period confirmed with CT-angiography. Anteroposterior AAA maximum diameter and AAA volume were measured pre-EVAR and 36 months post-EVAR using CT-angiographic pictures. Sac progression was defined as at least 5 mm increase, sac regression as at least 5 mm decrease in the sac diameter in relation to the preprocedural diameter. Sociodemographic information, comorbidities, treatment, laboratory parameters, selected anatomical and genetic factors were all analyzed to determine their impact on persistent type II endoleak. The adjustments included age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sex, smoking in multivariate analyses. When postprocedural diameter and volume were evaluated, adjustments included also preprocedural diameter/volume. After exclusion, 178 patients with mean age 72.4±7.60 years remained for analysis. Persistent type II endoleak was found in 27.5% of patients (N.=49) and 2.94-times increased risk of sac progression in multivariate analysis (P=0.033). In multivariate analysis, AAA diameter in patients with persistent type II endoleak was 4.31 mm greater than in patients without (B=4.31; P=0.014); and its presence was also associated with 22.0 cm3 greater sac volume (B=22.0; P=0.034) compared to patients without persistent type II endoleak. Treatment with calcium channel blockers increased risk of persistent type II endoleak 2.11-times in multivariate analysis (OR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.05-4.25; P=0.037). No association between persistent type II endoleak and selected polymorphisms associated with AAA and other observed factors were found. Risk of persistent type II endoleak was more than doubled in patients taking calcium channel blockers. Patients with persistent type II endoleak had greater anteroposterior sac diameter and sac volume compared to patients without persistent type II endoleak.

Variability of bovine conceptus-related volumes in early pregnancy measured with transrectal 3-dimensional ultrasonography

Up until now, bovine fetometry has been entirely based on 2-dimensional ultrasonography. Fetal size is estimated by several linear measurements such as crown-rump length (CRL). However, the advent of 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) provides in vivo access to the volumes of the fetus and its amniotic sac. The objective of this preliminary observational study was to determine the variability of conceptus-related volumes using transrectal 3D-US in dairy cows and to identify factors affecting them. Furthermore, relationships between the gained measurements and calf birth weight were investigated. In total, 315 Simmental and Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were transrectally examined at d 42 after breeding using a portable ultrasound device (Voluson I, GE Healthcare). Gestational volumes including fetal volume (FV) and amniotic sac volume (ASV) were determined with the software tool VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis, GE Healthcare), whereas amniotic fluid volume (AFV) values were derived from the subtraction of FV from ASV. The CRL was determined by means of 3-dimensional data. The mean values and standard deviations for FV, ASV, AFV, and CRL were 1.47 ± 0.25 cm3, 5.86 ± 1.22 cm3, 4.38 ± 1.02 cm3, and 2.38 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. All gestational volumes and CRL values were affected by breed. In Simmental cattle, larger concepti were observed compared with pregnancies derived from Holstein-Friesian animals. Parity affected only ASV and AFV, with heifers showing greater values than lactating cows. The CRL was positively associated with milk protein content. It was not possible to predict calf weight at birth by using FV, ASV, or AFV; however, tendencies were found for ASV and AFV. The present study was the first to adopt 3D-US volumetry to assess early pregnancy development in dairy cattle. Our results showed that this method could be used successfully to identify minor variations in conceptus growth.

Effect of egg size on the growth rate and survival of wild walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus larvae

AbstractTo clarify the survival process of walleye pollock larvae of the Japan Pacific stock in relation to the individual egg size, we estimated the original relative egg diameter from the diameter of the hatch check formed on larval sagittal otoliths. Significant positive correlations were obtained between egg diameter and embryonic body length, yolk sac volume, and lapillar otolith diameter in 3‐year groups (2013–2015 year classes) collected with a plankton net in Funka Bay. Embryos before hatching were without a check; however, checks were observed on all larval otoliths just after hatching. The check diameters showed significant positive regressions to age at collection (days after hatching) in 2014 and 2015 year classes, however not in the 2013 year class. Diameters of eggs collected with a ring net in Funka Bay gradually increased from 2013 to 2015 year classes. During the 2013–2015 spawning seasons, the proportion of adult females of the 2007 and 2009 year classes, which had relatively high abundances, gradually increased to higher proportions with age (43%, 57%, and &lt;73%, respectively), indicating that the mechanism by which the eggs gradually became larger. The low water temperature experienced by the spawners ca. 2 months earlier, advancement in spawner age, and increase of repeat spawners (at least twice in their life time) would contribute to the increase in egg size and growth and survival rate of walleye pollock larvae.

The effect of acclimation temperature and optimal temperature gradient for egg and larvae of silver moony (Monodactylus argenteus) during the early ontogenesis.

The early life history of a fish species is regulated by temperature, the most critical environmental cue. Thus, identifying the gradient of temperature that optimises the early development of a species is a prerequisite for standardising hatchery technology. Silver moony, Monodactylus argenteus is a tropical brackishwater ornamental fish that holds scope for the Indian and Global ornamental fish industry. This study unravels the effect of water temperature increments (26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C) on embryonic development, hatching, and survival rate, as well as the growth profile and survival rate of larvae at 5days post-hatch (5 dph). Experiments were conducted to find out the optimal temperature gradient for egg incubation and early larval rearing. The experiment results revealed that the embryogenesis was accelerated at increasing temperatures, especially after the gastrula stage, and apparent differences were evident in each stage. However, the morphological development profile at each embryonic stage was similar throughout the temperature range. The incubation period differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the temperature gradients. The highest rates of hatching (90-100%) and survival after 12 hph were observed at 28 ºC and 30 ºC. Hatched-out larvae demonstrated the highest total length (1.92 ± 0.02µm) at 34°C, and the total length decreased at lower temperature levels. The yolk sac volume of larvae was shrunken with an increase in temperature, and a significant difference was observed between the studied temperatures. However, the oil globule diameter did not differ between the different temperatures. The total length and growth rate of 5 dph larvae were significantly different among the temperature treatments and increased with increasing temperature. In contrast, the survival rate of 5 dph larvae was highest at the range of 26 ºC and 30 ºC. The results indicated that the change in temperature from the spawning temperature (29 ± 1°C) negatively influenced embryogenesis and the early development of M. argenteus. Based on the experimental results, the growth and survival of embryo and larvae were found to be optimum at 28 to 30 ºC. This prediction is of great importance for the effective management in the hatchery production phase, and especially the temperature could be considered the critical environmental cue.

Preoperative botulinum A toxin as an adjunct for abdominal wall reconstruction: a single-center early experience at an Academic Center in New York.

the botulinum toxin A (BTA) has been used to achieve a chemical component separation, and it has been used with favorable outcomes for the repair of complex ventral hernia (CVH) with and without loss of domain (LD). The aim of this study is to describe our early experience with the chemical component separation in the United Sates. a retrospective observational study of all patients who underwent ventral hernia repair for CVH with or without LD between July 2018 and June 2020. Preoperative BTA was injected in all patients via sonographic guidance bilaterally, between the lateral muscles to achieve chemical denervation before the operation. Patient demographics, anatomical location of the hernia, perioperative data and postoperative data are described. 36 patients underwent this technique before their hernia repair between July 2018 to June 2020. Median age was 62 years (range 30-87). Median preoperative defect size was 12cm (range 6-25) and median intraoperative defect size was 13cm (range 5-27). Median preoperative hernia sac volume (HSV) was 1338cc (128-14040), median preoperative abdominal cavity volume (ACV) was 8784cc (5197-18289) and median volume ration (HSV/ACV) was 14%. The median OR time for BTA administration was 45 minutes (range 28-495). Seroma was the most common postoperative complication in 8 of the patients (22%). Median follow up was 43 days (range 0-580). preoperative chemical component separation with BTA is a safe and effective adjunct to hernia repair in CVH repairs where a challenging midline fascial approximation is anticipated.

New Sri Lankan Crown Rump Length Chart

Introduction Accurate pregnancy dating is important for many aspects of obstetric care at individual level as well as population level. Traditionally, pregnancy dating has done by adding 9 months and 7 days to the last menstrual period (LMP) using Naegele’s formula. Determination of gestational age by ultrasound is more precise. Most commonly used parameters are mean sac diameter, gestation sac volume, crown-rump length (CRL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL). After 24 weeks, gestational age cannot be accurately determined by ultrasound scans. The biological variability of CRL is small and growth is very rapid. There are many factors that can affect CRL such as measurement errors, differences in growth rates between individuals, fetal sex and maternal conditions such as diabetes mellitus. A correctly performed measurement of CRL is the most accurate way of estimating the gestational age in early pregnancy from 8 weeks to 13 weeks + 6 days. Objectives Our study aims were to prepare a new Crown Rump Length chart with Sri Lankan population data and to compare new CRL chart with existing intergrowth CRL chart. Method Prospective observational study with recruitment of subjects by Quota sampling technique was carried out from April 2015 to March 2016. Spontaneously conceived uncomplicated singleton pregnancies with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 were recruited at the time of registration to antenatal care. Consenting woman with known LMP with regular cycles in preceding 3 months were undergone ultrasound examination only once at gestational age (GA) ranging from 8 weeks to 13 weeks + 6 days. If ultrasound dating was different from LMP dating by more than 5 days in pregnancies with POA less than 9 weeks and dating differences more than 7 days in pregnancies between 9 weeks and 14 weeks were excluded. Pregnancies complicated with uncertain viability, congenital anomalies and spontaneous miscarriage were excluded from statistical analysis. Data collection done with pre-tested interviewer administered form and analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results A total of 653 subjects were recruited for the study and 557 turned up for ultrasound dating assessment. Dating discrepancy and multiple pregnancies excluded 31 subjects, uncertain viability and spontaneous miscarriage excluded 15 subjects resulting 511 subjects for final statistical analysis. The mean CRL increased with GA almost linearly from day 56 to 97. Conclusions We have produced new CRL chart based on Sri Lankan data and it can be used for clinical practice in Sri Lanka. There is no statistically significant difference between our CRL chart and intergrowth CRL chart.

Evaluation of the air sac volume of penguins with respiratory diseases using computed tomography.

Captive penguins with respiratory diseases exhibit advanced pathological conditions upon the appearance of clinical signs. Therefore, the successful treatment of respiratory diseases remains difficult after the onset of clinical signs, leading to high mortality rates. In this study, we measured air sac volume using computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the respiratory condition of penguins. In a regular quarterly health checkup, blood samples were collected from 45 penguins housed at an aquarium in Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 12 penguins with abnormal blood parameters underwent CT. The air sac volumes were calculated in three-dimensional CT, and the scatter plots of the air sac volumes and body weights were analyzed. No correlation was found between the air sac volume and body weight in both the gentoo and king penguins. Two gentoo penguins with infiltration and one king penguin with multiple nodules on CT were tentatively diagnosed with aspergillosis and treated with oral administration of itraconazole. Follow-up CT examination was performed until the outcome: healed or died. The mean air sac volumes of the two gentoo penguins, which recovered after treatment, increased from 273.9 and 329.0 cm3 before healing to 449.0 and 424.6 cm3 after healing, respectively. Meanwhile, the air sac volume of the king penguin, which subsequently died, decreased from 1,556.9 to 920.6 cm3 despite treatment. Changes of the air sac volume in the same individual could be useful for evaluating the respiratory condition of penguins.

Reproductive Parameters and Larval Growth of Bighead Catfish (Clarias microcephalus Günther, 1864) from Wild and Cultured Broodstock Strains

Bighead catfish, Clarias macrocephalus, is an important species for aquaculture. Nevertheless, information on population variation in their reproductive characteristics and larval growth is limited. This research aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance and larval growth of three bighead catfish broodstock strains collected in Ca Mau (CM) and Hau Giang (HG) provinces (wild strains), and Can Tho (CT, domesticated strain) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The three groups of fish were cultured under optimal maturation conditions in a recirculating system for three months. Then, 16-18 pairs from each broodstock source were artificially propagated. Relative fecundity differed among the sources, from 48,600 (CM) to 69,300 (CT) eggs/kg female (P&lt; 0.05). The three broodstock sources also differed in fertilization and hatching rates. In addition, wild breeders (CM and HG) had slightly larger eggs, and their offspring had larger sizes at hatching and larger yolk sac volumes than those of cultured (CT) breeders (P&lt; 0.05 for all tests, except for egg sizes). In the larval rearing experiment, 2 day-old larvae were stocked in 40 L-rectangle tanks (1,000 individuals/tank) in a recirculating water system. Larvae were fed with Moina combined with commercial feed. After 40 days, survival rates of the three fish groups ranged from 46.7% (CT) to 54.7% (HG). The final weights varied from 177 mg (CM) to 201 mg (HG) and 202 mg (CT). However, the effects of broodstock sources on the growth and survival rates of the offspring were not statistically significant (P&gt; 0.05).

Effects of two plant waxes as a coating material on internal attributes of chicken eggs stored under room temperature

Surface coatings of eggs are used to extend the shelf life and minimize economic loss. Edible mineral oil is used as a coating material but several problems associated with it and plant waxes are tested as alternatives. “Boomi” (Litsea glutinosa) and “dawul kurundu” (Neolitsea cassia) is found throughout Sri Lanka and barks of these trees are widely used in indigenous medicine due to their antibacterial properties. But, information on these waxes on egg quality attributes does not exist. Objective of this research was to check the effect of “boomi” and “dawul kurundu” waxes as an external coating material on shelf life and internal quality of chicken eggs stored under room temperature. Total of 372 freshly laid brown, medium sized (55–60 g), clean eggs were purchased from a layer farm. Eggs were individually weighed and coated with “boomi” wax (1.0:6.5), “dawul kurundu” wax (01:10) and mineral oil while non coated eggs were used as negative control. Weight loss, change in air sac volume, Haugh unit (HU), yolk color, albumen and yolk pH, yolk index and FTIR analysis were determined at weekly basis for 6 weeks. Albumen and yolk pH increased with storage. But it is significantly lower in mineral coated eggs (p &lt; 0.05). Whereas HU and yolk index decreased during storage in wax coated and non-coated eggs (p &lt; 0.05). Grades of non-coated, “boomi” wax coated and “dawul kurundu” wax coated eggs were changed from AA to B within 4 weeks whereas in mineral oil coated eggs (MO) remain in AA. Weight loss of wax coated eggs were significantly higher compared to MOs (p &lt; 0.05). FTIR analysis revels that the no chemical changes occur due to the wax. Increase of air sac was higher in noncoated eggs (5.39 ± 0.3 mm) after 42 days compared to “boomi” wax (4.59 ± 0.2 mm), “dawul kurundu” wax (3.27 ± 0.3 mm) and mineral oil (1.19 ± 0.3 mm) coated eggs. Thus, study showed that these two plant waxes had better qualities than non-coated eggs but less than the MOs.

P078 SURGICAL PLANNING WITH 3D TECHNOLOGY UN PATIENT WITH MORGAGNI HERNIA AND INGUINAL HERNIA

Abstract Aim The use of 3D technology is increasingly used for surgical planning in cases of complex surgery. In the case of the abdominal wall, its use is not very widespread. In this video we present the case of a patient with inguinal hernia and Morgagni hernia in which 3D planning provided us with multiple benefits Material and Methods 71-year-old patient awaiting intervention for right inguinal hernia, presenting progressive dyspnea, abdominal pain and vomiting. A thoraco-abdominal CT scan was performed, which reported a Morgagni hernia containing the transverse colon and omentum. Due to 3D planning, we were able to obtain the abdominal and hernial sac volumes, evaluate the hernial orifice and its relationship with the adjacent structures. Results Laparoscopic repair of the Morgagni hernia was performed by reducing the hernial content, placement of visceral contact mesh fixed with resorbable tackers. In the same surgical act, an inguinal hernioplasty was performed via TAPP. The postoperative period was correct, without complications, and the patient was discharged after 3 days. Two years after the intervention, the patient remains asymptomatic. Conclusions The use of 3D technology for surgical planning facilitates the repair of complex hernias, helping us to assess the surgical indication, hernial volumes and hernial content. Good surgical planning facilitates the performance of the intervention through minimally invasive surgery, in this case two hernias were repaired in the same surgical procedure and with the same incisions, which facilitated the recovery of the patient.