Sabon Gari Local Government Area Research Articles

Diagnosis of filariasis: A case report of a reemerging neglected tropical disease

Filariasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of humans caused by the helminthic filarial species Wuchereria (W.) bancrofti, Brugia (B.) timori, and B. malayi. Diverse species of mosquitoes transmit the microfilariae of these worms to cause filaria infection, with the disease presenting classical clinical manifestations such as lymphedema, adenolymphangitis, and hydrocele, which result in permanent disfigurement and psychosocial and economic stigmatization. These sequelae necessitate the need for proper identification and characterization of the etiological agent for therapy and prevention. In this study, we report a case of unilateral lymphedema in a 28-year-old gateman/farmer from the Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. Microscopy of the patient’s blood sample demonstrated the presence of microfilariae, leading to PCR characterization to be W. bancrofti. Upon diagnosis, the patient was treated with tablets of doxycycline 200 mg daily and albendazole 200 mg bid for six weeks, followed by a single dose of ivermectin 150 mg/kg (15 mg) at the 4th week of initiating treatment. This treatment regimen was complemented by a combination of bed rest, use of compression bandage, and limb elevation at night, resulting in remarkable improvement of the patient’s health after six weeks. In conclusion, lymphatic filariasis diagnosis was microscopically confirmed by the demonstration of microfilaria in the blood film obtained at night, leading to molecular characterization by PCR to be W. bancrofti. This is a workup for treating filarial infections in patients with unilateral leg swelling and a history of living in or traveling to endemic areas. This should also be a wake-up call to policymakers and practitioners regarding the possible recrudescence of filariasis in Nigeria.

Assessment of Intergovernmental Relations and Service Delivery in SabonGari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

The practice of Intergovernmental Relations provides certain conditions for two or more federating units to come together to provide services to the people. Local Government inability to function effectively is due, in part to corruption, financial and constitutional problems, due to continued strangulation of local government authorities by state government and also through the use of joint account financing. The objectives of the study generally, are to find out whether and how the Kaduna state government interferes with the autonomy of Sabon-Gari Local government in the latter’s quest to formulate and implement local policies for the provision of service delivery. The major finding of the study showed that the more accumulated financial resources of local government account, the more the state government takes out of it illegally, thereby resulting into less services provided by local government to its people. The study recommended, the need for the on-going national constitutional review to make emphasis on ensuring the power of autonomy of local government authorities should be given in full also the removal of joint account financing.

Effect of premenstrual syndrome on school absenteeism and academic performance amongst female secondary school students in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

The commencement of menstruation is the hallmark of female pubertal development and active reproductive life. It may be associated with somatic and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome which may affect school attendance and performance. This study was conducted to determine the effect of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on school absenteeism and academic performance among female secondary school students in Kaduna State, Nigeria. It was a nested case-controlled study conducted on 300 female students enrolled in secondary schools in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria in March 2021. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 with p < 0.05 considered as significant. Results generated indicate that the mean age of participants was 16.2 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 226 (75.3%). One hundred respondents (44.2%) were absent from school at any point of time as a result of the PMS. Generally, there was a significant association between the presence of PMS and school absenteeism (p = 0.001, OR = 3.346). Among the symptoms of PMS, there was a significant relationship between the presence of tension (p = 0.043) and mood swings (p = 0.048) and the occurrence of school absenteeism. Furthermore, PMS was perceived to affect reading, homework and test grades of respondents. The self-reported prevalence rate of PMS among respondents was 76.1%. This disorder was significantly associated with school absenteeism and low performance grades among affected respondents. There is need to make policies that will encourage school girls to attend schools during their menses.

Gender Disparity in the Management of Diabetes among Residents of Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Gender has been shown to play a major role in the level of management of diabetes mellitus (DM) especially in this part of the world. This study therefore looked into the possibility and level of difference in the management of the condition among patients resident in Sabon Gari Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The number of diabetic patients recruited for the study was 250 (aged 35 and above), comprising of 135 and 115 female and male patients respectively. A total of 5mL of blood was taken from the subjects after 10 hour fasting, out of which 3mL was centrifuged and the separated serum analysed for glucose. The remaining 2mL was analysed immediately for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Samples were collected over a period of eight months after which comparison of parameters between both genders was done in order to determine extent of diabetes management. There was a significant difference between the parameters of the female diabetic patients (Mean Fasting Blood Glucose, FBG = 189±82.30mg/dL; Mean HbA1C = 8.5±3.18%) and those of the male diabetic patients (FBG = 223±89.00mg/dL; Mean HbA1C = 9.8±3.39%). The glycaemic markers were significantly lower (though still within the diabetic range) among the female patients as compared with the male patients. Conclusively, the female patients had their diabetes better managed and controlled than their male counterparts.

PERCEIVED IMPACTS OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN (2020) ON CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG COMMUNITIES IN SABON GARI, KADUNA STATE – NIGERIA

The study, carried out in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State examined the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the change in lifestyles and behaviour of adult males, adult females and youths. A Multi stage sampling technique was used to select 375 respondents for the study. Primary data were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire while data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics and logit regressions analysis. The hypothesis was tested with t-test statistics. Result shows that those who had tertiary education among the adult males adult females (and youths were 56%, 46% and 42% respectively attained tertiary education. Also, the use of social media was more among youths (78%), than the adult males (67%) and adult females (60%) while WhatsApp was the prevalent social media application used by youths (52%), adult females (48%) and adult males (38%). Change in lifestyles and behaviour show that there was increase in sleep during the day among the youths (97%), increase in the use of social media among youths (90%), increase in domestic violence as perceived by adult female (98%) and increase in the use of drugs among youths (80%). Result further revealed that change in lifestyle was influenced by level of income, participation in social group, access to social media and the type of social media application used. It was concluded that the lockdown order impacted on the lifestyles and behaviour of the respondents. The study recommended that government and other relevant authorities, should make provision through the use of appropriate technology and applications to ensure that people could order for food, household items and other necessary needs through online with designated agents who are vaccinated, trained and certified free from the pandemic to deliver the ordered items to their door steps.

Gender Disparity in the Management of Diabetes Among Residents of Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State

Gender has been shown to play a major role in the level of management of diabetes mellitus (DM) especially in this part of the world. This study therefore looked into the possibility and level of difference in the management of the condition among patients resident in Sabon Gari Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The number of diabetic patients recruited for the study was 250 (aged 35 and above), comprising of 135 and 115 female and male patients respectively. A total of 5mL of blood was taken from the subjects after 10 hour fasting, out of which 3mL was centrifuged and the separated serum analysed for glucose. The remaining 2mL was analysed immediately for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C).

Assesment of Cholera Preventive Practices Among Residents of Samaru Community, Sabon-Gari, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Throughout the years, cholera outbreaks have plagued many different countries. Cholera is not only a problem from the past; it's still a big public health issue today. This study assessed the cholera prevention practices among residents of Samaru Community, Sabon-gari, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was used. A sample size of three hundred and seventy-six (376) respondents was conveniently drawn from a population of 18,039 residents of Samaru Community, Sabongari, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A researcher-developed close-ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from the participants. Descriptive statistics of frequency, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to answer the research question and inferential statistic of one-sampled t-test was used to test the stipulated hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the cholera prevention practice is significant (t=5.652; p= 0.000). Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that residents of Samaru Community, Sabongari, Kaduna State practice cholera prevention strategies. The study recommended the need for awareness campaigns through health talks to assist sustain the already existing cholera preventive practices among the population of Samaru community, Sabongari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Prevalence of Haemoparasites in Chickens Slaughtered at a Live Bird ‎Market in Samaru Zaria, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of haemoparasites in chickens (Gallus gallusdomesticus) slaughtered at the Samaru Live Bird market of Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from male and female chickensat the point of slaughter. The samples were collected in heparinized sample bottles and transported to the Veterinary Protozoology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria for analysis. Out of the 100 chickens sampled, 51% were males while the remaining 49% were females. Microscopic examination of the Giemsa-stained thin blood smear revealed an overall prevalence of haemoparasites to be 81%. Forty-nine (49%) percent of these were plasmodium species, while 27%, 21% and 3% of the haemoparasites detected were Aegyptianella, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoonspecies respectively. With respect to sex, the prevalence was higher in cocks (55%) than in hens (45%).More studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence of haemoparasites of chickens in different seasons of the year with the view of providing information that will enhance productivity in the poultry industry.
 Microscopic examination of the Giemsa-stained thin blood smear revealed an overall prevalence of haemoparasites to be 81%. Forty nine (49%) percent of this was plasmodium, while 27%, 21% and 3% of the haemoparasites detected were Aegyptianella, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon species respectively. With respect to sex, prevalence was higher in cocks (55%) than in hens (45%).
 More studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence of haemoparasites of chickens in different seasons of the year with a view to providing information that will enhance a better productivity in the poultry industry.

Nutritional and Health Benefits of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea)-based Therapeutic Foods as Well as its Effects on Child Health Services Delivery in North-West Nigeria

Hunger and malnutrition are some of the pressing challenges facing the health systems in the developing world today, and more innovative interventions are needed as a solution to these challenges. The aim of this study is to identify the nutritional and health benefits of peanut-based therapeutic foods in children suffering from malnutrition and assess the effects of this specific therapeutic food on the outcomes of child health services delivery in North-West Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure multiple factors and identify the nutritional and health benefits of peanut-based therapeutic foods and assess its acceptability among individuals and families of malnourished children in North-West Nigeria. The effects of PBTF on the delivery of child health services in Sabon Gari Local Government Area in Kaduna state, North-West Nigeria. A total of 396 (97.5%) of mothers and caregivers believe that PBTF is making their child better. Up to 305 (75.1%) reported that the general health of their child has improved and 77 (19%) said their child gained weight, 13 (3.2%) reported that their child’s appetite has increased while 8 (2%) had noticed an increase in the activity of the child. Most respondents (96.5%) believe eating peanuts alone or with food is beneficial to their health. In conclusion, Peanut-Based Therapeutic Foods have valuable nutritional and health benefits and PBTF drives the performance of child health services delivery in North-West Nigeria. Keywords: Child health Services Delivery, Malnutrition, Peanut-based therapeutic food, Ready-to-use therapeutic foods.

Impact of Entrepreneurship Development on Employment Generation in SabonGari Local Government, Kaduna State

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurship development on job creation with primary data inputs drawn from Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State Nigeria.
 Methodology: Two forms of entrepreneurship- innovative and replicative are considered with a view to contributing to the debate through the lens of binary logit regression analysis. A sample of 331 entrepreneurs were selected using simple random sampling technique and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logit regression.
 Findings: Despite the role of entrepreneurship towards job creation in a developing country like Nigeria, youth unemployment remains high as at 55.4% in the third quarter of 2018. The literature on the entrepreneurship-employment nexus is scanty primarily due to data limitations and lack of appropriate quantifiable measures of entrepreneurship. The result showed that about 79.7% of the sampled entrepreneurs have employed one or more persons; suggesting that entrepreneurship development has led to a reduction in unemployment. The result also shows that innovation, education and start-up capital exert a positive and significant impact on enterprise development.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The results highlight the need for sustained efforts by government and non-government institutions towards developing entrepreneurship programs in order to create jobs and attain inclusive growth.

Standardization of Aneilema lanceolatum as a potential medicinal plant

Aneilema lanceolatum is a weed plant commonly found in farm lands and bushes around tropical African countries. The plant is utilized as livestock feeds and in traditional medicine in northern Nigeria for the treatment and management of pains, infectious diseases and as sexual stimulant. The present study was aimed at establishing microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical constituents of the plant. The aerial parts of the plant was collected in May, 2021 from Kubanni, Sabon-gari local government area of Kaduna state and were identified and authenticated at the Herbarium unit of the Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria and a voucher number ABU0533 was assigned. The physicochemical parameters, microscopic evaluation and qualitative and quantitative screening of the plant were carried out using standard procedures. The stomatal index of the upper epidermis (18.60±1.91) is lower than the lower epidermis (22.10±2.03) with palisade ratio of 10.07±0.90. The microscopic of the stem and leaf revealed presence of epidermis, xylem and phloem. Moisture content of the powdered plants was 1.23±0.05% with water and alcohol extractives values of 20.40±0.03% and 12.40±0.05% respectively. The total ash, water-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values are 5.52±0.02, 2.05±0.02% and 2.62±0.01% respectively. The microscopic characters revealed presence of wavy and polygonal shapes of epidermal cells with anomocytic type of stomata and unicellular non-glandular trichomes. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies revealed presence of saponins (10.61%), alkaloids (0.98%), terpenoids (0.10%) and flavonoids (4.08%). The pharmacognostic parameters of the aerial parts of A. lanceolatum were established.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF PREMIER HYBRID SEED AMONG MAIZE FARMERS IN SABON-GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated the factors affecting adoption of premier hybrid seed among maize farmers in Sabon-Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 54 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire administered to (54) maize farmers in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive and logistic statistics (frequencies, percentages and logit regression model). The results of the socio economic characteristic of the maize farmers revealed that the mean age of the maize farmers was 35 years and average years of farming experience was 21 years. The average household size of the maize farmers was 8 persons per household. The result of the socio economic factors influencing adoption show that level of Awareness, Age, level of education, extension contact, household size, and output were positive and significant at different levels while farming experience was negative but significant at 10 percent. Major constraints affecting the adoption of premier hybrid maize seed were inadequate input, high cost of the hybrid maize seed, insufficient capital to boost their farming activity and high labour cost. It is therefore recommended that farmers should pull their resources together through cooperative or farmers association to be able to raise funds for the purchase of farm inputs at lower cost.

Measurement of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentrations in Drinking Water from Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

The gross alpha and beta activity concentrations of eighteen water samples, consisting of boreholes and Hand-dug wells from Sabon Gari Local government area of Kaduna StateNigeria have been analyzed using, the potable single channel gas free MPC-2000B-DP detector. The results show that alpha and beta activity concentrations range from 0.96 × 10-2 Bq/L to 47.00 ×10-2 Bq/L and from 0.309 × 10-2 Bq/L to 310.40 × 10-2 Bq/L, for gross alpha and gross beta respectively. It is observed that in the overall samples, the gross alpha activity concentrations were below the 0.5 Bq/L maximum allowable limits for drinking water as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). However, for the gross beta activity concentration, eleven (11) percent of the samples, have their activity concentrations greater than the 1.0 Bq/L maximum allowable limits for drinking water as recommended by the WHO. This high beta activity concentration in these areas might be due to the waste generated from industries and hospitals or as a result of the nature of farming activities occurring in the areas. Largely, results obtained are seen to be in agreement with reports from other authors within and outside Nigeria.

Survey and Geospatial Analysis of Endoparasites of Feral Cats (Felis Catus) in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Survey and Geospatial Analysis of Endoparasites of Feral Cats (Felis Catus) in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O, East African Topotype 3 (EA-3) in a pastoral herd in Kaduna state, Nigeria

A case of foot and mouth disease involving an uncommon serotype of the Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV) is reported in a 6-year-old Bunaji bull from a pastoralist herd in Tohu, Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Clinical examination revealed erosions in the inter-digital spaces, dorsum and ventrum of the tongue and raised hair coat. The epithelial lining of the lesions on the foot and mouth were gently peeled off and used as samples for diagnosis. A confirmatory diagnosis of FMDV serotype O strain was done by virus isolation using Bovine thyroid gland primary cell line, antigen ELISA for FMD virus, while a phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences revealed East African topotype 3 (EA-3). Presenting lesions in the interdigital space were cleaned with cotton wool soaked in a solution of 5% chlorhexidine and then sprayed with Oxyspray® after which Tetranor® long acting antibiotic was administered through deep intramuscular route at 20mg/kg body weight. The diagnosis of relatively alien topotype of FMDV in Nigeria calls for a holistic epidemiological survey of all the serotypes and topotypes present in the country in order to plan for effective control measures. Keywords: Bunaji bull, FMD, Nigeria, Serotype O, Topotype EA-3

A case of gastric ulcers and intussusception due to Ascariasis in a 4-months old American Hampshire boar in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

A Four months old American Hampshire boar weighing about 35kg from a back-yard piggery in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State was presented with the chief complains of restlessness, shivering and pasty perineum. There was no medical history. Physical examination revealed, pale ocular mucus membrane, restlessness, shivering and pasty perineum. The vital parameters were above normal ranges. Faecal sample from the rectum was taken to the helminthology laboratory of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, for helminth egg detection and identification. Based on the tentative diagnosis of Ascariasis and enteritis, 35mg of a 17% piperazine adipate solution and 700mg of a 20% oxytetracyline long acting were administered orally and deep intramuscularly, respectively as single doses. The boar died 2 hours after therapy. Post-mortem examination revealed; distended ingesta-filled stomach, ulceration of the stomach mucosal wall with tarry (blackish) haemorrhages, Ascaris suum in the stomach and small intestine, intussusception of the small intestine and empty distal portion of the intussuscepted small intest ne. The helminthology laboratory result indicated eggs of Ascaris suum. Based on the helminthology laboratory result and the post mortem examination findings, it was concluded that the b ar died of gastric ulcer and small intestine intussusception due to Ascariasis. Routine deworming and deworming record keeping in order to know when the next deworming is due were advocated to the farmer.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward Lassa fever prevention and control among health care providers in Sabon Gari local government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background: Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease of public health concern causing recurrent outbreaks that often involve healthcare providers. Effective hospital infection control limits the impact of this disease. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care providers toward Lassa fever prevention and control in Sabon Gari local government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which data were collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Associations between practice and other variables were tested using chi-square at P

Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the crude extracts of the aerial parts of Daucus carota L. in laboratory rats

Background: Daucus carota L. belongs to the family Apiaceae and it is commonly known as carrot. The aerial part is used in some Northern parts of Nigeria as a livestock feed without scientific evidence of its safety to animal and man.Aim: The study assessed the safety margins of the D. carota aerial parts.Setting: The aerial part of D. carota were sourced from cultivated farmland at the outskirts of Samaru, Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State and authenticated at Herbarium Unit of the Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. The aerial parts were air-dried under shade, pulverised and stored properly for analysis.Methods: According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) method, the acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were carried on the crude extracts of the aerial parts to evaluate the safety of the healthy Wistar rats.Results: The findings from the oral acute toxicity study showed that there was no sign of toxicity and mortality at 5000 mg/kg in the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. The sub-acute toxicity graded doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg of these extracts revealed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) on body weight, haematological parameters, liver and kidney function parameters. The histopathological effects of the extracts revealed different morphological alterations in the liver and kidney when compared with the control group.Conclusion: The study concluded that the aerial parts of D. carota might not be safe for livestock and its consumption could be capable of causing liver, kidney, tissue injury and other related diseases to animal and man.

Attitude towards Access and Utilization of Maternal Health Services by Women at Sabon-Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna, Nigeria

Objective: Maternal deaths are alarmingly high globally due to relatively non-availability and non-use of maternal health services by a sizeable proportion of women in rural communities. Women in North-western Nigeria are presently experiencing the worst survival due to key components of maternal health services not being provided at Primary Health Centres (PHCs). The study, therefore, explores the attitude of women toward access and utilization of Maternal Health Services (MHS) provided by PHCs at Sabon-Gari Local Government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional survey. Methods: A total of 392 women of reproductive ages (15-49 years) were administered questionnaires, out of which 389 were retrieved but only 385 correctly filled and were analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative method of data analysis was used to present the results. Results: It was observed that the mean age of the respondents was 29-35 years. The mean score of mothers access to maternal health services was 4.2 while the mean point for none acceptance for use of modern health services at PHCs was 2.6. Conclusion: Findings revealed that community encouraged women to access maternal health services available at primary health centres though most community members still do not fully accept the use of modern health services at primary health centres and this has posed a lot of problem to the health sector. Effective community enlightenment programmes should be put in place in the rural areas by government and non-governmental organizations to improve access and utilization of Maternal Health Services provided by Primary Health Centres.

Personal hygiene of street-food vendors in Sabon-Gari local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background and Aims: Street-food vendors play an important role in the aetiology of food borne disease outbreaks. Food borne disease pathogens may be transferred by street-food vendors to food either directly or by cross contamination. This study assessed the personal hygiene among street-food vendors in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted among 109 adult street-food vendors who sell cooked food or food items by the road side or open spaces in Sabon Gari LGA. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected using observation checklist and pretested interviewer administered structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The data obtained was analysed using IBM SPSS statistics 20. Results: Most of the street-food vendors were within age group 35-44 years (40.4%). Most (49.5%) of the people who patronized street-food vendors were passers-by and more than half of the street-food vendors operate under a shade (50.5%). All the street-food vendors did not receive training on personal hygiene. More than half of the street-food vendors 55 (50.4%) had poor personal hygiene. Also 103 (94.5%) and 100 (91.7%) of the food vending sites has chairs/benches where customers could sit to eat and cooking spot separated from the serving area, respectively. Conclusion: Most of the street-food vendors had poor personal hygiene, however majority had a fairly good environmental sanitation status around their vending sites. Formal training on personal hygiene should be conducted among all street-food vendors in the LGA in order to improve on their personal hygiene practice for the vending of safe food to their consumers.