Sabdariffa Calyces Research Articles

Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) supplementation increases butyrate synthesis and reduces inflammatory cells, attenuating the formation of aberrant crypt foci in BALB/c mice induced to pre-neoplastic lesions.

The development of colorectal cancer involves some morphological changes, and in the initial stage, pre-neoplastic lesions called aberrant crypt foci (ACF) appear. Thus, an intervention with sources of bioactive compounds such as Hibiscus sabdariffa L., rich in phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, could attenuate the risk of developing these lesions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5% and 10% supplementation of dehydrated H. sabdariffa calyces (DHSC) during the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced preneoplastic lesions in male BALB/c mice. The characterization of DHSC was carried out. The in vivo experiment lasted 12 weeks, and the animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: the control group (CON) and the supplemented groups with 5% DHSC and 10% DHSC. The activities of liver enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were determined. In addition, ACF, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), presence of inflammatory infiltrates, goblet cells and leukocytes in the colonic mucosa were quantified. There was a significant reduction in ACF and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the colon of animals in groups 5DHSC and 10DHSC. In addition, the 10DHSC group showed an increase in the activity of the catalse enzyme, in the production of butyrate and in the presence of NK cells in the colon, in addition to more hypertrophied goblet cells. Based on these findings, it is suggested that DHSC supplementation may be recommended to attenuate cellular responses in the early stage of preneoplastic lesions.

Socio-Demographic Distribution of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Sources and their Comparative Control with White and Red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Calyces

Background: Increasing resistance of bacterial infections to current treatment threatens to derail progress made to reduce the global burden of diseases. However, there is insufficient research on effective ways to target information or provision of alternative method of mitigating multidrug resistance that could increase public knowledge toward improvement of antibiotics stewardship. Identification, antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and antimicrobial activity was determine using standard microbiological method.Results: Among the 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical samples, 38% and 62% were recovered from male and female patients respectively. largest proportions were from age-group 21-30 years (47.5%). Urine had the Highest number of occurrence of S. aureus 16 (32%). The isolates showed high resistance to Cefoxiitin (FOX), Ceftazidime (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Cefolaxime (100%), Cloxacillin (100%), gentamicin (12%) and erythromycin (36.8%). White and red calyces contain the same type of phytochemicals except Tannin which was absent in the red calyces. the Red calyces (73.45) contain higher phenol than White calyces (38.60). White calyces (163.05) contain higher amount of Flavonoids than in Red calyces (98.30). DDPH% Inhibition observed in red calyces (76.50) was higher than white calyces (45.33). NO% Inhibition has higher value in the white calyces (162.13) than red calyces (148.35). Both white and red calyces conatin equal Tbars (0.136). % Iron chelation observed in white calyces (125.49) was higher than in the red calyces (110.43). Red calyces contain higher amount of Vitamin-C than in the white calyces. Red Hibiscus sabdariffa extract shows greater inhibitory property against isolates than the white Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts. Although, they showed less inhibitory potential on the studied isolates in comparison with commercial antibiotics.Conclusions: To prevent further emergence and spread of MDR Staphylococcus aureus, rational use of antibiotics and regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns are made easily through social demographic investigation of the affected population.

Gastroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Background: Gastric ulcer is the most common gastrointestinal disorder associated with high morbidity and significant mortality and has been described as the plaque of the 19th and 20th centuries. The most conventional antiulcer drugs are largely ineffective and associated with disease recurrence, thus identifying natural products with potential antiulcer properties is essential. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (AEHSC) against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats weighing 170–230 g were randomized into five groups as: ulcerated control group (distilled water, n = 6), experimental extract groups 1, 2, and 3 (AEHSC 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, n = 6 each), and positive control group (ranitidine 20 mg/kg, n = 6); ulcer was induced using oral indomethacin 40 mg/kg, 30 min after all interventions. Rats were sacrificed 5 h after ulcer induction. Blood samples were taken for serum hydroxyproline determination; gastric tissues were also visualized (ulcer index (UI) and percentage of ulcer protection), and later stained and viewed under a microscope. Results: There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in UI in treated rats compared with control. The percentage of ulcer protection was also significantly increased (P < 0.05). Histological slides also indicated increased epithelial mucus secretion in stomach tissues of rat treated with AEHSC. Conclusions: AEHSC may be potentially beneficial in protection against the development of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.

EVALUATION OF BIOMOLECULAR INDICES OF STRESS IN CADMIUM AND HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA CALYX EXTRACT-EXPOSED AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)

Stress inducing abilities of cadmium (Cd) and possibly too of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueos extract (HSCE) in the African catfish have been examined based on the levels of three biomolecules in the blood, brain and heart. The bimolecules used as stress indices are total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Forty catfishes divided into four experimental groups of not less than six fishes each were used for this study. Fishes in group A, the control, were Cd and HSCE-free. Group B, no Cd but exposed to HSCE (0.25% v/v). Group C, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) but no HSCE. Group D, exposed to Cd (0.3 mg/l) and HSCE (0.25% v/v). The treatments were carried out for 14 days. When compared to the control, Cd alone, caused significant (p0.05) increases in serum MDA, TC and TAG levels; increase in brain MDA as well as increases in heart MDA and TAG. Relative to the Cd only group catfishes exposed to Cd and HSCE had significantly (p<0.5) reduced serum MDA, TC and TAG; brain MDA, as well as heart MDA and TC. Catalase activities were significantly (p0.05) increased in sera of HSCE only and Cd +HSCE groups relative to the control. SOD activities in the serum were significantly (p0.05) decreased in all three groups relative to the control. Catalase activities in the heart followed the same pattern found in the serum but its SOD activities were significantly (p0.05) reduced in HSCE only and Cd + HSCE groups compared to the control. These findings indicate that Cd can cause general physiological stress (evidenced by increaseD serum, brain and heart TC and TAG) and oxidative stress (evidenced by increased serum, brain and heart MDA) in the African catfish and that HSCE counteracts the Cd-induced stress

Relationship between drying and grinding parameters and physicochemical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx powders

To set up a stabilization process preserving the beneficial properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes, known as coupled drying and grinding, an option for powdering is proposed. The impacts of these unitary operations on powder physicochemical properties and flowability were studied. Calyxes were sun-dried and/or oven-dried for 1 or 2 h then ground at 10,000, 12,000, or 14,000 rpm. Upon increase in drying duration and/or grinding frequency, more heterogeneous and irregularly shaped particles of smaller-sized, low fiber powder was obtained which in turn affected the flow properties. Powders are less cohesive, therefore, they are less sensitive to compression and shear. This results in a good flowability. The red color intensity of powder solutions related to the anthocyanin content was raised when decreasing the drying duration and increasing the grinding frequency. However, to improve the solubility of these powder solutions, high drying duration and grinding frequency was required. High drying duration and grinding frequency may be ideal to achieve an easy-flowing powder, a long shelf life, and an appealing red-colored product for consumers.

Process integration for food colorant production from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx: A case of multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) model and techno-economics

This work presents an integrated heat-assisted extraction process for the production of crude anthocyanins powder (CAnysP) from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx using SuperPro Designer. The influence of process scale-up (0.04 -1000L) and variables (temperature, time and ethanol proportion in solvent) were investigated by adopting a circumscribed central composite design on techno-economic parameters such as annual production rate (APR) and unit production cost (UPC) CAnysP. The individual runs in the CCCD were taken as different process scenario and simulated independently. Multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) was further used to develop robust predictive models. The robustness of the model and sensitivity analysis were ascertained using the Monte Carlo simulation. The process scenario at 30 min, 30 °C, 50% and 1000 L possessed the highest CAnysP APR and lowest UPC. MGGP- models predicted R2 = 0.9984 for CAnysP APR and R2 = 0.9643 for UPC and certainty (99.98% for CAnysP APR and 98.47% for UPC).

Extraction and characterization of polyphenolic compounds and potassium hydroxycitrate from Hibiscus sabdariffa

Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces were used to extract the polyphenolic compounds with three different solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol). The augmentation of temperature from 23 °C to 90 °C caused an adverse effect to polyphenols through thermal degradation and reduced antioxidant activity. Methanol and ethanol were more effective solvents than water for extracting polyphenolic compounds. The storage stability study at -30 °C for ten weeks showed that the antioxidant activity of extracts significantly decreased after 6 weeks; however, total phenolic content did not change significantly. Delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside chloride and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside chloride were found to be the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in all three extracts. Potassium hydroxycitrate (180.14 µg/mg) was extracted from H. sabdariffa calyces, which is the highest reported value so far. Therefore, H. sabdariffa serves as a potential source for extracting potassium hydroxycitrate and phenolic compounds which are important for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Assessing the effect of cadmium and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract on the organ gravimetry and lipid profile of the liver and serum of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Toxicity of cadmium to all lives especially the aquatic life cannot be quantified due to their deleterious effect usually caused as a result of their incessant and uncontrollable discharged into the aquatic environment. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of cadmium and Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyx Extract on the Organ Gravimetry and Lipid Profile of the Liver and Serum of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Forty juvenile catfish were divided into four groups containing ten fish with average weight 170 ± 2kg per group [Group A, Control (–HSCE – Cd), Group B (+HSCE), Group C (+Cd) and Group D (+HSCE + Cd)]. Group B and D were administered a daily dose of 40ml/kg body weight of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts (HSCE) (0.25%v/v) for 14 days while groups C and D were exposed to the same dose containing 0.3 mg of Cd/L daily for 14 days. The result shows that there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the liver total- and LDL- cholesterol of fish exposed to HSCE and HSCE + Cd treated groups when compared to control and cadmium treated group. The triglycerides concentration of liver and serum was significantly increased (p<0.05) in fish exposed to cadmium when compared to the control and HSCE + Cd treated group respectively. SOD activity was significantly increase (p<0.05) in the serum of catfish exposed to Cd when compared to control. However, the liver-body weight ratio was significantly decreased in Cd and Cd + HSCE treated groups relative to the control. It is evident from the result obtained in this study that HSCE has protective effect against cadmium intoxicated fish (Clarias gariepinus).

Characterization of Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) calyces wine using date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) fruit extracts as a substitute for granulated sugar

This study examined the physicochemical, color and sensory attributes of wines produced from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces while substituting granulated sugar with Phoenix dactylifera fruit extracts in the ratio 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The sample mixture was subjected to fermentation at 28 ± 2℃ for 8 days to produce the fermented must which was divided into two portions, with one portion clarified to age for a period of 6 weeks while the other remained un-clarified. Result showed that both clarification and inclusion rate of date fruit extract led to significant differences (p < .05) in the physicochemical, color and sensory characteristics of aged wines. However, panelists affirmed that clarified aged wine from 75% Roselle calyces and 25% date palm fruit extracts were the most preferred. Thus, date fruit extracts could serve as a substitute for granulated sugar for the production of good quality Roselle wine in the food industry. Practical applications There is strong interest in the food industry to produce good quality wines from tropical fruits and vegetables like Roselle calyces. Recent development has established that addition of date fruit extracts to Roselle calyces as a substitute to granulated sugar would enhance commercial production of low alcoholic wine with good quality characteristics that possesses several highly health promoting factors such as antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-hyperlidimic activity and hepatoprotective activity.

Antimicrobial Effects of Aqueous Extract from Calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa in CD-1 Mice Infected with Multidrug-Resistant Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium

To determinate the antimicrobial effect of chloramphenicol and aqueous extract against multidrug-resistant enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in CD-1 mice. Aqueous extract was isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chloramphenicol and aqueous extract were determined for EHEC and S. Typhimurium. Nine groups of six mice each were formed. Three groups were inoculated orally with 1 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU) of S. Typhimurium, three groups were inoculated with 1 × 104 CFU of EHEC and the remaining three groups were not inoculated. Six hours postinoculation, the mice of some groups were orally administered solutions of aqueous extract (50 mg/mL), chloramphenicol (82 μg/mL), or isotonic saline. The EHEC and S. Typhimurium concentration in all mice feces was determined. For both pathogens, the MIC and MBC values of aqueous extract were 20 y 50 mg/mL, respectively; for chloramphenicol, they were between 17.5 and 82 μg/mL. EHEC and S. Typhimurium were not detected in the feces of mice that were administered aqueous extract on the 2nd and 3rd days posttreatment. Furthermore, these mice recovered from the infection. In contrast, in mice not treated, or treated with chloramphenicol alone, pathogens were isolated from their feces throughout the study, and some mice died. The H. sabdariffa calyx extracts could be an alternative to control multidrug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and Stevia rebaudiana Leaf

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased tremendously in developing countries of tropical regions. The need for an effective and safe alternative is of importance as oral hypoglycaemic drugs have reported to cause side effects on prolonged use. In the present study two tropical plants, Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and Stevia rebaudiana leaves were assessed for their in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Total phenol and flavonoids of ethanolic extracts were quantified. Bioactive compounds were screened by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Antidiabetic ability was evaluated by inhibition of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells was also assessed. Ethanolic extract of Stevia leaf (EtSL) had a higher percentage of phenol and flavonoids. The GCMS analysis showed the presence of phytochemicals like Phenol-2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) in Roselle calyx and 6-methoxyflavone in Stevia leaves. The antioxidant assessment showed that EtSL significantly inhibited superoxide radical (IC50=45.81±1.21 μg/mL). The antidiabetic assessment revealed that Ethanolic extract of Roselle calyx (EtRC) showed strong inhibition of alpha amylase (IC50=27.95±0.32 μg/mL) and alpha glucosidase (IC50=6.21±0.18 μg/mL). Glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells demonstrated that both plants had significant insulin sensitizing ability. It was also revealed that the phenol and flavonoid content strongly correlated with IC50 values of antioxidant and antidiabetic assays. Results of this study show that both plants are a potential source of bioactive phytochemicals and can be used as a plant-based antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.

Immunomodulatory and Mechanistic Considerations of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) in Dysfunctional Immune Responses: A Systematic Review.

Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HS) water decoction extract is a commonly consumed beverage with various pharmacological properties. This systematic review examines the possible effect of HS intake on immune mediators. The Scopus and PUBMED databases were searched for all human and animal studies that investigated the effect of HS administration on immune related biomarkers. For each of the immune biomarkers, the mean, standard deviation and number of subjects were extracted for both the HS treated and untreated group. These values were used in the computation of standardized mean difference (SMD). Statistical analysis and forest plot were done with R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Twenty seven (27) studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty two (22) of the studies were used for the meta-analysis which included a total of 1211 subjects. The meta-analysis showed that HS administration significantly lowered the levels of TNF-α (n=10; pooled SMD: -1.55; 95% CI: -2.43, -0.67; P < 0.01), IL-6 (n=11; pooled SMD:-1.09; 95% CI: -1.77, -0.40; P < 0.01), IL-1β (n=7; pooled SMD:-0.62; 95% CI: -1.25, 0.00; P = 0.05), Edema formation (n=4; pooled SMD: -2.29; 95% CI: -4.47, -0.11; P = 0.04), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 (n=4; pooled SMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -1.78, -0.57; P < 0.01) and Angiotensin converting enzyme cascade (n=6; pooled SMD: -0.91; 95% CI: -1.57, -0.25; P < 0.01). The levels of IL-10 (n=4; pooled SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -1.67, 0.91; P = 0.56), Interleukin 8 (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.12; 95% CI: -0.76, 0.51; P = 0.71), iNOS (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.69; 95% CI: -1.60, 0.23 P = 0.14) and C- Reactive Protein (n=4; pooled SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.26, 0.36; P = 0.75), were not significantly changed by HS administration. Some of the results had high statistical heterogeneity. HS may be promising in the management of disorders involving hyperactive immune system or chronic inflammation.

Anti-proliferative Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyx Flavonoid Extracts on Cervical Cancer Cells using Flow Cytometry

Background: Impairment of the normal progression of the cell cycle affects the growth and development of the daughter cells, which may result in cancer cell proliferation. Herein, we investigate the effect of flavonoid fractions of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx on cell cycle progression in cervical cancer cells. Methods: Flavonoids (bound and free), lipids and aqueous fractions were extracted from a methanolic extract of H. sabdariffa calyx using ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and petroleum ether. Each of these fractions were used to treat HeLa cervical cancer cells and monitored using a flow cytometer. Results: The cells exposed to the extract and its fractions had higher percentages of inactive cells (no cell division) at the quiescent (G0) and gap one phases (G1) of the cell cycle in comparison to control cells. The highest values were obtained from cells treated with the bound and free flavonoid fractions. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation is significantly inhibited by H. sabdariffa flavonoid fractions. Daily consumption of beverages consisting of H. sabdariffa may therefore prevent the early stages of cervical cancer and inhibit the progression of the disease once it is established.

H. SABDARIFFA CALYCES ASH: ANTIANXIETY AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY EVALUATION AND PREPARATION OF ITS TABLETS

Objective: Ash and its preparations have been used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various ailments since 7th century AD. Numerous studies suggest that the elements present in ash have significant role in affective disorders. Thus, the present study aimed at evaluating the antianxiety and antidepressant activity of total ash of H. sabdariffa calyces, and also of the tablets of total ash.&#x0D; Methods: Powdered calyces were taken in tared silica crucible, and were incinerated at a temperature not exceeding 450 °C. The resultant ash was cooled and weighed. This was evaluated for antianxiety and antidepressant activity using an elevated plus maze and Porsolt’s swim test, respectively. Further, the ash samples were analysed through ICP-MS to know their composition. The ash was formulated into tablets using the wet granulation technique, using only organic excipients.&#x0D; Results: Results indicated that the total ash of H. sabdariffa calyces exhibited significant (p&lt;0.001) antianxiety and antidepressant activity at 50 and 100 mg/kg, po, respectively. The activities were comparable to the standard drugs. ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and calcium as major elements. Tablets of H. sabdariffa total ash were as effective (p&lt;0.001) as the total ash.&#x0D; Conclusion: Magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and calcium have been reported to play a significant role in affective disorders, explaining, thereby, as to why ash of H. sabdariffa calyces exhibited anti-anxiety and antidepressant activity.

Bioconversion of polyphenols and organic acids by gut microbiota of predigested Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces and Agave (A. tequilana Weber) fructans assessed in a dynamic in vitro model (TIM-2) of the human colon

The present work aimed at understanding gut microbiota bioconversion of phenolic compounds (PC) and organic acids in predigested Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hb) calyces and the mixture of Hb and Agave (Agave tequilana Weber) fructans (AF). With this purpose, dried Hb and Hb/AF were predigested with enzymatic treatment, and then fermented in a dynamic in vitro model of the human colon (TIM-2). After HPLC-ESI-QToF-MS analysis of samples taken at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h of fermentation, it was observed that hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanins were mainly transformed into derivatives of hydroxyphenylpropionic, hydroxyphenylacetic and hydroxybenzoic acids. Moreover, organic acids, such as hydroxycitric and hibiscus acids, were formed along with unidentified lactones and reduced compounds. Interestingly, no differences were observed between microbial-derived metabolites formed after the fermentation of Hb and Hb/AF. In conclusion, colonic fermentation of polyphenol-rich Hb yields a wide range of microbial phenolic metabolites with potential effects on health.

Biopreservation and Quality Enhancement of Fish Surimi Using Colorant Plant Extracts

The biopreservation, flavoring, and coloration of foodstuffs, e.g., seafoods, with natural plant derivatives are major demands for consumers and overseers. Different colored plant parts, i.e., Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, Curcuma longa rhizomes, and Rhus coriaria fruits, were extracted and evaluated as biopreservatives, antimicrobial and colorant agents for fish surimi from Oreochromis niloticus. All colorant plant extracts (CPEs) exhibited strong antibacterial activities against screened pathogens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. H. sabdariffa extract (HCE) was the most effectual antimicrobial CPEs. S. aureus was the most sensitive strain to CPEs, whereas S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant strains. The exterior coloration of tilapia surimi with CPEs resulted in great bacterial count reduction in colored products; stored CPEs-colored surimi had enhanced sensorial attributes. HCE-exposed S. aureus indicated bacterial cell lyses in time-dependent manner. CPEs application as colorants and antibacterial and quality enhancing agents is recommended for seafoods’ biopreservation.

POTENSI STREPTOMYCES ENDOFIT RIMPANG KENCUR DAN DAUN SIRIH MERAH SEBAGAI ANTITUBERKULOSIS PADA MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS GALUR SENSITIF

The objective of this research was to obtain Endophitic Streptomyces from some medical plants which have antituberculosis effect and also to test its antitubercullosis activity againts sensitive stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Medicinal plants used in this study were Kaemferia galanga, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Piper cronatum. Streptomyces was isolated using two different media namely Humic Acid Vitamin (HV) agar and HV with plant extract, and purified on Yeast Malt Agar (YMA) medium. Morphological characterization of Streptomyces obtained was observed including aerial mycelium and substrate mycelium, pigmentation, and colony surface. A total of 5 endophitic Streptomyces genus were obtained from medicinal plant. Isolates K.J3A, K.J3B, K.J4 and K.J11 from Kaemferia galanga radix, S.MJ1 from Piper cronatum folium. Streptomyces was not found from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx. Each isolate had variety of characteristics which could be seen in aerial mass color, substrate mass color, and pigmentation. Antitubercullosis activity showed that total of 5 endophitic Streptomyces were not capable to inhibit the growth sensitive stain of M. tubercullosis.Keywods: Antituberculosis, endophitic actinomycetes, Kaemferia galanga, Hibiscus sabdariffa

Techno-economic and uncertainty analyses of heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction technologies for the production of crude anthocyanins powder from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx

This study designed, techno-economically analyzed and compared the heat-assisted extraction (HAE)- and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)-technology-based processes (HAE-tBP and UAE-tBP) for the production of crude anthocyanins powder (CAnysP) from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HSC) with the assistance of SuperPro Designer software. Both the base cases and industrial setups of 600 L extractor capacities for HAE- and UAE-tBPs were analyzed and compared. When building the process flowsheets, peculiarities of the technicalities of both HAE and UAE extractors were taken into consideration. Materials and energy demands, production costs and unit production cost (UPC) of CAnysP were the parameters used for process analysis. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were conducted for the process with least CAnysP UPC using Monte Carlo simulations in Oracle Crystal Ball software. The HAE-tBP recorded the highest number of batches of 5278 per annum. HSC of 15.551 kg was required to produce 7.433 and 10.022 kg/batch CAnysP by 600 L extractor setup of HAE- and UAE-tBPs, respectively. The UAE-tBP achieved lower CAnysP UPC (164.28 US$/kg) compared with HAE-tBP (176.31 US$/kg) with 80.08% certainty. Out of the variables considered for sensitivity analysis of UAE-tBP UPC, ultrasound treatment time contributed the highest (+62%), while anthocyanins recovery contributed the least (+0.2%) to the variance in UPC.

Staining Potentials of Indigenous Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx, Lawsonia inermis Leaves and Vitex Doniana Stem Barks on Liver and Kidney Tissues

Tissues acquired from the bodies of human or animals are transpicuous after tissue processing. Without tissue staining, the individual components of these tissues cannot be seen and appreciated. Haematoxylin extracted from the heartwood of a small tree, Haematoxylin campechlanum (Logwood) alongside synthetic eosin, constitutes the most commonly used Hematoxylin and Eosin staining method in histopathology laboratories. In view of the hazards associated with the use of synthetic stains and the escalating cost of foreign dyes, it has become essential to seek for natural, economic, easy to use, biodegradable, safe (to both human and environmental health) and more eco-friendly alternatives or supplements to the routine Haematoxylin and eosin stains. Thus, the present study is aimed at evaluating the staining potentials of indigenous Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Lawsonia inermis leaves and Vitec doniana stem barks on liver and kidney tissue slides. Ethanolic, aqueous, mordant and non mordant sohext extracts of the plant products were substituted for haematoxylin (as primary stains) in the modified haematoxylin and eosin methods. Results revealed that the three plant products imparted various intensities of pink or pale pink colouration on the cytoplasm of the constituent cells without any form of nuclear staining at a concentration of 100mg/ml.Observed acidic nature of all the three plant extracts was probably responsible for their failure to stain the nucleus in keeping with the general staining principle that only basic stains do clour the acidic nucleus. It is recommended that more studies be carried out to provide methods for increasing the pH of the extracts to the alkaline (basic) side of neutrality for effective nuclear staining.

The Pancreatic Histological Changes of Morizella® Juice

Background Morizella juice is a nutritional supplement juice prepared from Moringa oleifera leaves and Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces. The juice is believed to have stabilizing effect on blood pressure (BP), anxiety, and to control glucose levels in some cases of diabetes. However, it is not recommended for consumption by infants and people with low blood pressure. Broad objective The aim of the current study was to evaluate the pancreatic histological changes in rats fed with Morizella juice. Materials and Methods A total of 18 healthy male and female Wistar rats, weighting between 183 and 224mg of 2-3 months old were used. The experiments were divided into short-term, mid-term and long-term test of six animals per group. Animals were sacrificed, the pancreatic tissues were harvested and histologically processed. Sections were examined and photographed using light microscope with in-built camera, and the number of Islet cells were measured in 40 high-power fields. Results Microscopic investigation of the pancreatic tissue in both treated groups revealed morphological changes in hormone-secreting endocrine tissues as evidenced by putative proliferation of Islets of Langerhans when compared with the control group. The number of Islet cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all treated groups at the dosages of 175 and 350 mg/kg body weight. It is important to note that our results also showed the increase in number of intra-islets capillaries in all treated rats. Conclusions The beneficial effect of Morizella juice was observed in rats in all doses studied herein. It was found to increase the number of pancreatic endocrine cells as evidenced by pancreatic tissue proliferation with significant increase in intra-islet vascularization. Recommendations Further research aiming at the evaluation of histological changes of Morizella juice by using special stains for detection of the proliferation of islet cells and to recognize the ?-cells of islets is recommended. Keywords: Morizella juice, Moringa oleifera, Proliferation, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Tanzania.