S1 Line Research Articles

Expression of human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland of transgenic mice

Owing to its inherent antimicrobial effect and positive charge, the expression of human lysozyme in bovine milk could be beneficial by altering the overall microbial level and the functional and physical properties of the milk. We have used transgenic mice as model systems to evaluate the expression of human lysozyme containing fusion gene constructs in the mammary gland. Expression of human lysozyme was targeted to the mammary gland by using the 5' promoter elements of either the bovine beta (line B mice) or alpha s1 (line H mice) casein genes coupled to the cDNA for human lysozyme. Expression of human lysozyme mRNA was not found in mammary tissue from any of line B mice. Tissues were analysed from six lines of H mice and two, H6 and H5, were found to express human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland at 42% and 116%, respectively, of the levels of the endogenous mouse whey acidic protein gene. At peak lactation, female mice homozygous for the H5 and H6 transgene have approximately twice the amount of mRNA encoding human lysozyme as hemizygous animals. Expression levels of human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland at time points representing late pregnancy, early, peak and late lactation corresponded to the profile of casein gene expression. Human lysozyme mRNA expression was not observed in transgenic males, virgin females or in the kidney, liver, spleen or brain of lactating females. A very low level of expression of human lysozyme mRNA was observed in the salivary gland of line H5.

Comparisons of the five analytic reference lines of the horizontal lip position: Their consistency and sensitivity

One-hundred ten lateral facial profiles were judged to be attractive and were selected from 1000 Taiwanese pupils by a panel of four men and three women from different educational backgrounds. The 110 in the attractive group were analyzed by using five analytic reference lines: Ricketts E line, Holdaway's H line, Steiner's S1 line, Burstone's B line, and Sushner's S2 line. Comparisons of the "consistency" (the smaller coefficient of variation the better the consistency) and the "sensitivity" (the power to differentiate the attractive lateral facial profiles from the unattractive ones) of the five analytic lines were performed. The B line was found to be best in terms of both consistency and sensitivity. From the point of view of convenience, the E line is of great value because its anterior location makes it convenient for the clinician to use. However, the B line appears best from the perspective of the value of reference. This study found that those analytic reference lines that do not transverse an anatomic landmark of the nose most likely have poor consistency and sensitivity. This finding is consistent with the idea that the nose should be taken into consideration when a line is to be used as a reference for beauty on the lateral facial profile.

Gene Complementation in Biological Crosses for Humoral Immune Response to Glutamic Acid-Alanine-Tyrosine

Level of humoral immune response to GAT has been associated with the MHC of chickens. Matings between two unrelated lines of chickens with low antibody response to GAT (G-B1 and S1 Line B19L) resulted in progeny that were higher responders to GAT challenge (P < .05) than either of the parental lines. Progeny of matings between two related sublines that are low responders to GAT (S1 Lines B19L and B1L) had antibody responses to GAT that were not higher than the parental lines. Progeny of the between-line cross were backcrossed to S1 B19L and G-B1 (B13) parental lines, as well as mated inter se. These matings produced F2 progeny whose GAT response was significantly associated (P < .05) with their MHC (Ea-B) type. The progeny were of three MHC types (B19B19, B19B13, and B13B13) that bound 66.6, 71.9, and 4.6%, respectively, of the GAT in a radioimmunoassay. The results from these matings suggest that MHC or MHC-linked genes, as well as genes not linked to the MHC, contribute to control of humoral immune response to GAT in the lines of chicken tested.

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis in Highly Inbred Chicken Lines and Lines Selected for Major Histocompatibility Complex and Immunoglobulin Production

Selected chicken populations were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with a chicken MHC Class I (B-F) cDNA probe. The 13 highly inbred chicken lines differed in genetic origin and in MHC (B) haplotype, as distinguished by using hemagglutination with antisera against B-G and B-F antigens. The S1 sublines differed for B haplotype and antibody response to a synthetic polypeptide, GAT. In the highly inbred lines, band-sharing between lines from different origins was less than that between lines from same origin, showing the influence of the genetic background on chicken MHC Class I gene RFLP. In the S1 line, use of three restriction endonucleases (BglII, PvuII, and TaqI) produced MHC Class I RFLP that were associated with B haplotype, but not with immune response to GAT (IrGAT). A previous study in the authors' laboratory also demonstrated an association of MHC Class IIβ RFLP patterns with B haplotype, but not IrGAT, in the same line, suggesting that IrGAT is not controlled by MHC Class I or Class IIβ genes.

Recurrent Selfed Progeny Selection for Yield in Soybean Using Genetic Male Sterility

The value of recurrent S1 line selection using genetic male sterility to achieve intercrosses has been questioned because of reduced seed set on male‐sterile S1 progenies, which can affect the precision of yield measurements. Recurrent S1 progeny selection for yield was practiced in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] populations (designated II and III) that segregate for genetic male sterility. Recombination of selected lines was accomplished through insect pollination, and yield evaluations of S1 families disregarded the occurrence of male‐sterile plants in the plots. This study determined (i) rates of progress from four cycles of selection on seed yield in both populations and (ii) effects of selection for yield on other agronomic traits. Yield of Population II increased 76.6 ± 23.8 kg ha‒1 cycle‒1 (b ± SE), for a 2.1% yr‒1 increase; plant height increased 5.9% and lodging decreased 8.9% over the four cycles. Selection in Population III did not produce a significant (P &gt; 0.05) linear increase in seed yield (only 37.7 ± 55.7 kg ha‒1 cycle‒1) and there were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) changes in other traits. The success of selection for yield in Population II but not in Population III was most likely due to differences in genetic variability and heritability between the two. Because yield improvement was significant in Population II, it was concluded that segregation of male sterility in the S1 families was not a serious impediment to the evaluation of their relative yield potentials. Thus, genetic male sterility proved to be a useful tool for recurrent yield selection because of the ease with which selected lines are intermated.

Functional heterogeneity among CD4+ encephalitogenic T cells in recruitment of CD8+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Inoculation of Lewis rats with live or attenuated (irradiated or paraformaldehyde-fixed) CD4+ encephalitogenic T cells (S1 line) protects the recipients from transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (tEAE) induced by S1 cells. A CD8+ T lymphocyte population specifically activated against the EAE-inducing S1 cells can be readily isolated from the lymphoid organs of pretreated animals. We show, in the present study, that encephalitogenic T cell lines derived from Lewis rats differ in their ability to induce resistance against tEAE in vivo and to stimulate CD8+ cell proliferation in vitro. We also demonstrate that the S19 line of encephalitogenic T cells, in combination with myelin basic protein (MBP), can stimulate CD8+ cell proliferation in vitro. The CD8+ cells generated in this way strongly suppress MBP-specific T cell proliferation in vitro. This combined effect of T cells and MBP was also evident in vivo. Neither S19 cells nor MBP alone induced resistance against S19-mediated tEAE, rather coinjection of these cells and MBP was required. Our results suggest that resistance to EAE is mediated by distinct populations of encephalitogenic T cells that activate Ts cells through different mechanisms. In some instances, both autoreactive T cells and their relevant autoantigen(s) may be needed to activate Ts cells in vivo.

Analysis of B-G and Immune Response Genes in the Iowa State University S1 Chicken Line by Hybridization of Sperm Deoxyribonucleic Acid with a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Probe

Sperm DNA was isolated from chickens of the Iowa State University S1 line. Birds were from sublines selected for B-G antigen, humoral immune response to glutamic acid-alanine-tyrosine (IrGAT), and response to Rous sarcoma virus-induced (RSV) tumors. The DNA was digested with restriction enzymes and subjected to Southern blot analysis with a DNA probe specific for a class II gene of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC).Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) associated with B-G antigen type were found after digestion of DNA with three enzymes, PvuII, BglII, or Sau3A, out of a total of 15 tested. No RFLP were shown to be associated with IrGAT or RSV type. This study shows that RFLP analysis of DNA may be a useful addition to or alternative to serological evaluation of MHC haplotype in the chicken.

BRACKETT GAMMA AND H2 EMISSION FROM A ''BLOB'' IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD HII REGION N159

ABSTRACT We used the CTIO 8-channel IR grating spectrometer with a resolution of 290 km s-1^ to study a highly excited compact "blob" in the Large Magellanic Cloud N159. The Br γ and H2_ v = 1-0 S1 lines were detected. Combining the flux of the v = 1-0 S1 line with the published value of the v = 1-0 Q-branch, we find that the observed ratio of the Q-branch to the v = 1-0 S1 line intensity is more consistent with the model of shock excitation than that of UV pumping, although we cannot rule out the UV pumping. The Brγ line appears to be broader than the H2_ S1 line and must consist of multiple velocity components, one of which has a radial velocity larger than 400 km s-1^, which is near the highest velocity observed in 30 Dor.

Suppression of experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis by cytolytic T-T cell interactions.

Down-regulatory phenomena have been described in several experimental models of tissue-specific, T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. For example, resistance to active induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced by pretreating animals with non-pathogenic inocula of autoantigen or effector cells. Moreover, animals that have recovered from one EAE episode are resistant to subsequent induction of EAE. In some models, resistance to EAE has been transferred with immune cells to naive recipients. These experiments, which were based on transfers of unseparated immune cell populations, are difficult to interpret. Immune suppression circuits are known to be complex and involve various distinct cellular subsets. To further complicate the issue, resistance to EAE can be transferred not only by suppressor cells, but also by encephalitogenic effector cells injected in 'subclinical' doses. We describe now the isolation of homogeneous T lymphocyte lines from the spleens of Lewis rats that had recovered from T-cell-mediated EAE (tEAE) caused by the MBP-specific T cell line S1. These spleen-derived T line cells express the CD8 phenotype and specifically respond to determinants on the inducing S1 line, but not to the autoantigen MBP. Furthermore, the anti-S1 cells selectively lyse the encephalitogenic S1 T line in vitro and efficiently neutralize their encephalitogenic capacity in vivo.

Comparison of Two Recurrent Selection Procedures For Yield in Two Pickling Cucumber Populations

Abstract A “gynoecious synthetic” (GS) population, developed by random mating of 50 adapted Cucumis sativus L. cultivars and breeding lines, and a “hardwickii semi-exotic” (HSE) population, developed by open-pollinating an F2 population derived from a cross between a Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. accession LJ 90430 and a gynoecious inbred line GY 14, were subjected simultaneously to S1 line (S1 and reciprocal full-sib (RFS) recurrent selection. S1 selection resulted in increased fruit number per plant in the GS and HSE populations, and in the GS × HSE population hybrid. In contrast, RFS selection did not result in increased fruit number per plant in the GS and HSE populations or their hybrid. The contrasting responses to S1 compared to RFS selection suggests that additive gene effects were more important than nonadditive effects in the expression of fruit number per plant. Correlated responses to selection resulted in increased number of days to harvest in the GS population, and in reduced percentages of gynoecious plants and pistillate flowers in the HSE population. No change in fruit firmness, and a reduction in length : diameter ratio of fruit only in the GS × HSE population hybrid developed through S1 selection, suggests that selection for increased fruit number per plant should not adversely affect these fruit quality characteristics in either the GS or HSE populations.

Fluorescent molecular hydrogen emission from the reflection nebula NGC 2023

view Abstract Citations (138) References (30) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Fluorescent Molecular Hydrogen Emission from the Reflection Nebula NGC 2023 Gatley, Ian ; Hasegawa, Tetsuo ; Suzuki, Hiroko ; Garden, Ron ; Brand, Peter ; Lightfoot, John ; Glencross, William ; Okuda, Haruyuki ; Nagata, Tetsuya Abstract Observations of NGC 2023, obtained at 1.4-2.5 microns using the circular variable filter and a Fabry-Perot interferometer on the 3.8-m UKIRT during August 1984 and December 1985, are reported. Maps in the v = (1-0) S1 line of H2, in the J = (1-0) line of (C-12)O, and at 1.65 and 2.2 microns are presented and characterized in detail. UV-pumped H2 fluorescence is found to come from a circumstellar thin shell of radius 0.3 pc, which appears broken, clumpy, and nonspherical due to internal density variations and which lies just outside the nebula of 1-nm-radius grains proposed by Sellgren (1984) on the basis of continuum observations. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: July 1987 DOI: 10.1086/184940 Bibcode: 1987ApJ...318L..73G Keywords: Fluorescence; Hydrogen; Molecular Clouds; Reflection Nebulae; Continuous Radiation; Interstellar Matter; Near Infrared Radiation; Stellar Envelopes; Astrophysics; INTERSTELLAR: MOLECULES; MOLECULAR PROCESSES; NEBULAE: REFLECTION full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (2)

Genetic resistance to fowl cholera is linked to the major histocompatibility complex.

Chickens of the Iowa State S1 line have been selected for ability to regress Rous sarcoma virus-induced (RSV) tumors, humoral immune response to GAT (Ir-GAT), and erythrocyte antigen B. Sublines homozygous at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as well as F1 heterozygotes and F2 segregants, were tested for resistance to fowl cholera by challenge with Pasteurella multocida strain X73. Control of the response at high doses was associated in a preliminary study with Ir-GAT and response to RSV tumors. Genetic control of resistance to low doses of P. multocida was demonstrated via sublines and F2 segregants to be linked with genes of the B-G region. Thus, genetic control of resistance to fowl cholera in chickens after exposure to Pasteurella multocida was shown to be linked to the major histocompatibility B complex, in this first demonstration of MHC-linked resistance to bacterial disease challenge.

Distributions for European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Resistance Ratings of S1 Lines from ‘BS9’ Corn

A corn (Zea mays L.) cultivar, ‘BS9’, was evaluated to determine effectiveness of four cycles of S1 recurrent selection to improve S1 line performance for resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). One hundred S1 lines from the base population (C0) and the population from the fourth cycle of selection (C4) were evaluated for first-generation resistance, second-generation resistance, an thesis date, and stalk rind puncture. On a scale from 1, highly resistant, to 9, highly susceptible, mean first-generation damage ratings decreased significantly from 4.3 in the C0 to 3.0 in the C4, and mean second-generation damage ratings decreased significantly from 5.8 in the C0 to 3.9 in the C4. Significant differences were also detected for an thesis date and stalk rind puncture. Genetic variance, entry mean heritability estimates, and frequency distributions indicated that further selection for first-generation resistance is not necessary, but further progress would be desirable for second-generation resistance in ‘BS9’. No significant correlations were found in either S1 population between first-generation and second-generation resistance or stalk rind puncture with first-generation or second-generation resistance.

Genetic Variation and Selection Response for Oil Composition in Corn1

Our objectives were to study genetic variation and realized response to selection for oil quantity and quality. Information on genetic variation in broad based corn (Zeam mays L.) population is needed for decisions about breeding methods to be used for oil enhancement in such populations. Quality measures are important for determining correlated responses to selection for high oil. Previous estimates have generally been based on generation means of narrow based populations. Genetic parameters of oil quantity and composition were estimated by analysis of 89 interpopulation full‐sib families and their S1 line parents from ‘Nebraska B’ and ‘Nebraska Krugp’ populations. Percent oil was determined using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Fatty acid proportions were determined using gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. Results revealed that significant genetic variation exists for both fatty acid composition and percent oil. Negative genetic correlation(r = −0.96) was found between oleic and linoleic acids, as expected. Percent oil was positively correlated with oleic (r = 0.51) but negatively correlated with linoleic (r = −0.48), suggesting a potential correlated response from selection of lowered quality with increased quantity of oil. A cycle of selection was completed and response to selection measured for three separate selection criteria (linoleic acid, total unsaturated fatty acids, and percent oil). Response to selection indicated that significant increases were obtained for each criterion. Both S1 line per se and reciprocal full‐sib selection were effective, however linoleic acid was increased significantly more by the S1 per se method. Our data indicate that oil quantity and quality can be changed by recurrent selection. It also appears that by careful monitoring of fatty acid proportions, oil quantity can be increased without lowering oil quality, at least for a few cycles.

Sampling bias in estimating Design II variance components with S1 families

The use of several S1 individuals to represent an S0 individual permits the use of a Design II mating scheme for plants with only one pistillate flower per plant. Estimates of additive (V A ) and dominance (V D ) variance from this mating scheme will be biased upwards, when a small number (10) of individuals of each S1 line are used. This bias can be computed, and the additive and dominance estimates can be corrected. Of particular interest is the observation that the additive genetic variance contributes to bias in estimates of V D . When S0 plants are non inbred and their selfedprogeny (S1 lines) are used to represent them in developing families for use in the Design II, [Formula: see text] where m1 is the number of individuals used to represent an S1 line in developing half sib-families and m2 is the number of individuals used to represent the S1 line in making up full sib-families. For example, in a 3×3 Design II, with about 10 individuals used to represent each S1 line in each cross, m2 = 10 and m1 = 30. When m1 = m2 = 1, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

Evaluation of Physical Grain Quality in the BS17 and BSI (HS)CI Synthetics of Maize1

The objective of this study was to determine the potential for selection of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes that produce grain resistant to physical injury and to study relationships among physical grain traits during inbreeding. Materials evaluated were S1 and S2 lines derived from BS17 and BSI(HS)C1. Eight traits (kernel shear strength, visual endosperm rating, date of anthesis, grain harvest moisture, grain‐breakage susceptibility, weight per 300 kernels, volume per 300 kernels, and kernel density) of BS 17 S1 and S2 lines were evaluated in 1979 and 1980, respectively, and of BSI(HS)CI S1 and S2 lines in 1980 and 1981, respectively. All materials were grown at two locations. The analyses of variance combined over environments revealed that significant genetic variability among genotypes existed for all traits. Genotype ✕ environment interactions were generally significant for all traits except shear strength and kernel density. Estimated genotype ✕ environment interaction variance components were 0 to 66% as large as estimated genotypic variance components. Variance component heritability estimates (entry‐mean basis) for grain breakage ranged from 0.48 to 0.73. The optimum harvest moisture range for preservation of physical grain quality was 19 to 26%. Deviations from this optfimum grain moisture range resulted in increased grain breakage susceptibility. Grain resistant to breakage tended to be smaller, denser, and higher in shear strength. Correlations between traits indicated that entry means of S1 line traits would have predictive value for the same traits of the S2 lines. The data indicated that selection of S2 lines for breakage‐resistant grain would cesult in earlier‐flowering S2 lines with smaller kernels.

Near band-gap photoluminescence from sulfur-doped silicon samples

Photoluminescence measurements in sulfur-doped silicon samples reveal new luminescence lines at 1.1439 eV (S1), 1.1150 eV (S2), and 1.0858 eV (S1TO). [S1TO is the transverse optical (TO) phonon replica of the S1 line.] The sharp luminescence lines result from the recombination of excitons bound to two different centers. The S1 line was found to have a thermal ionization energy of 12.0 meV, which corresponds directly to the spectroscopically determined binding energy of the bound exciton. A correlation of the binding centers with the sulfur donor levels is suggested.

Relationships among Seedling and Mature Root System Traits of Maize1

Maize (Zea mays L.) breeders often have resorted to various techniques, which measure root strength or type, in an effort to select for decreased root lodging. Seedling root traits of S1 lines selected for high and low mature root‐pulling resistance in the field from C0 and C8 cycles of Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic [BSSS(R)] and Iowa Corn Borer Synthetic #1 [BSCB1(R)] were studied in a preliminary experiment. Also, we used 90 S1 lines from each of the C0 and C8 cycles of BSCB1(R) to estimate genetic parameters for seedling root‐pulling resistance.Estimates of heritability for seedling pulling resistance were 0.56 ± 0.15 and 0.42 ± 0.16 for 90 random S1 lines from each of the C0 and C8 cycles of BSCB1(R). Predicted genetic advance was 0.7 kg/plant for BSCB1(R)C0 and 0.6 kg/plant for BSCB1(R)C8. Estimates of S1 line × environment interactions for seedling pulling resistance of selected, low and high lines from C0 and C8 cycles of BSCB1(R) were not significant when measured in two greenhouse environments. Rank and genotypic correlation coefficients, however, between seedling root‐pulling resistance and mature rootpulling resistance measured at two dates and between seedling pull and lodging were small (all r‐values were lower than 0.33). Selection differentials for root pulling resistance at any stage suggested that selection would be more effective in discarding lodging‐susceptible lines than in identifying those with superior lodging resistance. We have concluded that selection for high seedling root pulling resistance has limited utility in improving mature root strength of these populations.

Role of the immune-response region of the B complex in the control of the graft-vs-host reaction in chickens.

The relative importance of the B and IR regions of the chicken B complex were compared as to their role in the graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction. Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) on 19-day-old embryos, inoculated 5 days earlier with immune competent leukocytes, served as the test for the GVH reaction. The B blood group locus was the marker of the “B” region, and the Ir-GAT gene was the marker of the immune response (Ir) region of the B complex, the major histocompatibility system (MHS) of chickens. The test stocks consisted of B1B1 GAT-Low (1-Low) and B19B19 Gat-High (19-High) birds of our S1 Leghorn line plus the recombinant genotypes B1B1 Gat-High (1-High) and B19B19 GAT-low (19-Low). A dosage of 0.1 ml of donor white blood cells was injected into each of 191 recipient embryos on day 14, and the spleens were removed and weighed on day 19. Of 16 combinations of (donor blood)-(host embryos), arranged with respect to the four genotypes listed above, four were compatible, e. g., (1-Low)-(1-Low). There were four incompatible combinations at the B locus, four at the GAT locus, and four at both the B and GAT loci. All 16 combinations were replicated. Results were expressed as a splenomegaly index (SI), that is, the ratio of incompatible to compatible spleen weights corrected for differences in embryo weight. If (SI-1) is greater than 0, the GVH reaction is considered positive within sampling errors. The mean (SI-1) indexes obtained were: incompatible at GAT-0.5±0.07; incompatible at B-1.34±0.10. Thus, both GAT and B contributed to the GVH reaction, but the B region was much stronger than the IR region. The results were strongly asymmetrical: maximal stimulation occurred when the host embryo was B19B19 GAT-high and donor leukocytes were B1B1 GAT-Low. The parental donor-host paired combinations gave stronger GVH reactions than did the recombinant pairs. Effects of incompatibilities at the two regions proved additive when compared with two-locus differences of parental genotypes. In general, the results proved that the IR region, as specifically defined by recombinants obtained in our S1 line of Leghorns, plays a significant, but minor, role in the GVH reaction compared with the region of the B complex identified with the B blood-group locus.

A search for the H2 /3, 0/ S1 line in the spectrum of Titan

Results are reported for measurements of the quadrupole S1 line of the (3, 0) absorption band of H2 in spectra of Titan, which were performed at an effective resolution of 0.09 A by scanning with a PEPSIOS spectrometer over a range of 0.85 A centered at the expected position of the investigated line and sampling in 80 contiguous channels. No statistically significant H2 (3, 0) S1 feature is found in the spectra, but a three-sigma upper limit of 3 mA is set for the equivalent width of the S1 line that might be present in a co-added spectrum. It is concluded that these measurements do not provide any evidence for the presence of H2 in the atmosphere of Titan.