S-MAC Protocol Research Articles

Design criteria for enhanced energy constraint MAC protocol for WSN

There are many different ways to describe a network. There are many tiny, light-weight wireless sensor nodes scattered throughout the environment to monitor and manage the environment. A sensor network's most fundamental component is the sensor node. Sensors, CPUs, a transceiver, memory, and a power supply are all on board. There are several devices in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The most important WSN criteria are network longevity, data collection, and security. " Wireless sensors' low cost and ease of deployment make them ideal for a wide range of real-time applications. Many MAC-layer protocols have been devised and are now being tested in an effort to limit the number of depletion methods. S-MAC protocol is the primary focus of our endeavour to implement the suggested model that supports the unique characteristics of optimization of synchronisation cycle. For example, Backoff Exponent is one of the strategies that are used to prevent collisions. Deriving the advantages of a successful communication system is made possible by our approach to node-to-node coordination. All nodes within the carrier sensing range are considered in our suggested scheme's random deployment topology.

An enhanced adaptive duty cycle scheme for energy efficiency and QoS awareness in wireless sensor networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a small device that has batteries and radios to connect to the internet. The main problem with WSNs is a limited energy source, energy studies needed to ensure that these sensor nodes can last longer, especially since a lot of energy is wasted during idle listening, overhearing, and data collision that occurs at the medium access control (MAC) layer. The common mechanism used for saving energy in WSN, specifically at the MAC layer is the duty cycle schedule. Duty cycling coordinates sleep-wake time sensor nodes to maximize network lifetime while achieving specific application goals such as high throughput or low latency. Duty cycling of every node should be adjusted separately at any runtime depending on the network conditions to achieve desired delay guarantees and energy efficiency. Recently, a few adaptive duty cycle schemes were introduced, these schemes have reduced energy consumption by some degree, this leaves an open end to the degradation of the quality of service. In this study, adaptive duty cycles enhanced with a priority queue where packet size is the parameter to adjust the duty cycle in order to get efficient energy consumption. A variant of packet size tested to ensure optimum quality of services (QoS). These factors determine the duration of a node’s listen period for various packet transmission scenarios and requirements. As the result, the proposed Enhanced S-MAC (ESMAC) shows an improvement in the energy consumption and QoS compared to the default MAC protocol and S-MAC protocol. The success of this project will contribute to the performance improvement of sensing devices.

Modeling the impact of jamming attacks in the internet of things

Security is a key requirement in the context of the Internet of Things. The IoT is connecting many objects together via wireless and wired connections with the goal of allowing ubiquitous interaction, where all components may communicate with others without constraints. The wireless sensor network is one of the most essential elements of IoT concepts. Because of their unattended and radio-shared nature for communication, security is becoming an important issue. Wireless sensor nodes are susceptible to different types of attacks. Such attacks can be carried out in several various ways. One of the most commonly utilized methods is Jamming. However, there are also some other attack types that we need to be aware of, such as Tampering, Wormhole, etc. In this paper, we have provided an analysis of the layered IoT architecture. A detailed study of different types of Jamming attacks, in a wireless sensor network, is presented. The packet loss rate, energy consumption, etc. are calculated, and the performance analysis of the WSN system is achieved. The protocol chosen to evaluate the performance of the WSN is the S-MAC protocol. Different simulations are realized to evaluate the performance of a network attacked by the different types of Jamming attacks.

Wireless Music Playing Buzzer Sensor-Assisted Music Tone Adaptive Control

Aiming at the problem of adaptive change of auxiliary music tones, this paper proposes a MAC protocol with a common music tone listening/sleeping type based on a wireless music buzzer sensor. First of all, the new MAC protocol adopts network-wide synchronization, and all sensor nodes in the entire network use the same scheduling table, so that the entire network nodes enter the music tone listening period and the sleep period at the same time. Secondly, the node adaptively adjusts the duty cycle of the node according to the number of data packets in the sending queue, increases the node’s music tone listening time, reduces the end-to-end delay of data packets, and improves the throughput of the network. Then, the experiment adopts a new backoff strategy to adjust the contention window according to the backoff times and collision times of data packets sent by nodes in the last five working cycles, increase the backoff time of sending data packets under high network load, and reduce the appearance of data packets. We build four simulation experiments on the NS2 simulation platform: unassisted music tone adaptive network, single auxiliary music tone adaptive network, auxiliary music tone adaptive convergence network, and random deployment network, which will be based on the auxiliary music tone adaptive MAC protocol, and IEEE802.11 protocol and SMAC protocol are run in four simulation experiments, respectively, and the performance of the three protocols is analyzed according to the tracking files in the simulation experiment. The analysis results show that the simulation wireless sounding buzzer sensor network is adaptive to different auxiliary music tones and different topologies.

Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks Under Dynamic Spectrum Access Using Adaptive Listening

The efficient use of energy consumption in WSNETs is one of the most promising areas for researchers. In such networks, a considerable amount of bandwidth and energy is wasted for sensing the communication over the common channels. To recognise these complications, WSNETs offers dynamic allocation of the spectrum to optimise the bandwidth utilization. The S-MAC protocol which is based upon Time Division Multiple Access technique has already been proven as a better protocol for the efficient use of energy at MAC Layer. We revised all the patents related to the energy issues in Wireless Sensor Networks. The Hidden terminal problem is a well-known issue in wireless networks due to which the performance of the single-channel medium access protocols is affected. An adaptive listening technique at the MAC Layer was exploited under Dynamic Spectrum Access to address the issue. Adaptive listening proposes a dynamic sleep/idle period based on the data transmission pattern. Thus, the S-MAC protocol further improves the performance in terms of energy consumption and bandwidth utilization at the MAC Layer. The performance of this proposed model is compared with other protocols like IEEE 802.11 and SMAC with periodic sleep. The proposed model offers better network throughput and better energy consumption as seen in these simulation results under various parameters.

VTA-SMAC: Variable Traffic-Adaptive Duty Cycled Sensor MAC Protocol to Enhance Overall QoS of S-MAC Protocol

Sensing and monitoring the physical conditions are basic purposes of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Sensor nodes are the building blocks of WSN and they are battery operated. Battery charging or changing is impossible in harsh areas of deployment, so battery life needs to be maximized by improving the MAC protocol. If the Duty Cycle is selected wisely, it may reduce energy utilizations of a wireless sensor network, but it may impact other factors of WSN as well. Optimum duty cycle for a specific data traffic may not be optimal for other levels of data traffic and it may negatively affect the performance of a wireless sensor network. An adaptive duty cycle algorithm, VTA-SMAC (Variable Traffic-Adaptive Duty Cycle Sensor MAC) is proposed to reduce the problem of idle listening or collisions and to reduce energy consumption of traditional S-MAC protocol. VTA-SMAC algorithm was simulated in Network Simulator NS-2 and simulation results were evaluated to assess the impact of duty cycle variation on performance of S-MAC, particularly energy conservation with condition of varying data traffic. Impact of duty cycle variation in accordance with data traffic were also evaluated on various factors like latency, throughput, collisions, delay, jitter, and packet delivery ratio etc. Trade-off between energy consumption and latency was also studied. Simulation results show that VTA-SMAC improves energy conservation by 19.9 %, 14.4 % and 20.2 % at low, medium, and high traffic, respectively. Latency is also decreased by 10.2 %, 7.5 % and 18.9 % at low, medium, and high traffic, respectively.

The energy-efficient MDA-SMAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Nodes in original S-MAC protocol just can visit the channel in the scheduling and listening stage. The working schema may result in data latency and high conflict. To solve those above problems, we split scheduling duty into multiple micro-duties. By using different micro-dispersed contention channel, the sensor nodes reduce the collision probability of the data. Aiming at detecting the fixed duty cycle in S-MAC protocol, on the basis of the micro-duty and buffer queue length, this paper presents an adaptive duty cycle and back-off algorithm. While using different back-off algorithm with different duty cycles, sensor node Fast-Binary Exponential Backoff and Conflict-Avoid-Binary exponential Backoff algorithm separated are applied to reduce data latency further reduce the conflict probability. Combining both of the improvements, we propose a modified S-MAC protocol. Comparing the performance of S-MAC protocol and Division-Multiple Access-Media Access Control (MDA-SMAC) protocol on the NS-2 simulation platform, the results show that MDA-SMAC protocol performs better in terms of energy consumption, latency, and effective throughput than S-MAC protocol

Energy Efficient Quality Assurance MAC Protocols in WSN

The key aim of the proposed research is to perform an analysis of various QoS aware MAC protocols for WSN based on simulation and literature both. The proposed work represents the designs and methodologies of different MAC protocols. And also classify the various MAC protocols based on media access and allocation of schedule for communication among the sensor nodes. The proposed work performs the analysis by designing, developing and analyzing various quality aware MAC protocols for Wireless sensor network. This paper describes the detailed analysis of different channel access methods of a network. It also depicts detail algorithms of SMAC and describes the procedure of data communication in TMAC, BMAC, and ZMAC. Also, simulate the SMAC and TMAC protocols to analyze energy efficiency as a QoS parameter. The simulation of SMAC and TMAC data transmission is done in network simulator 3 by using various network parameters. In this research the QoS parameters like Energy, Throughput, delay and, latency are analyzed by simulation and literature respectively. A new research always starts with analysis of existing one. So, Analysis of different MAC is useful for the WSN research community to propose and develop a QoS aware MAC protocol.

A New Wireless Sensor Network MAC Protocol: NSMAC

How to reduce energy consumption and improve the life cycle is one of the hot spot issues in current wireless sensor network research. Media Access Control (MAC) has an important impact on sensor network life cycle and performance. This paper proposes a new MAC protocol--NSMAC protocol. This protocol dynamically changes the length of the contention window and the size of the duty cycle based on the load on the network. It can effectively reduce energy consumption, improve network throughput capacity, and improve sleep time-delay in a multi-hop network environment when the network load is large. The experimental results also prove that this protocol has significant improvement in energy consumption, time-delay and throughput capacity compared to SMAC protocol and RCMAC protocol.

Multi-Token Based MAC-Cum-Routing Protocol for WSN: A Distributed Approach

A wireless sensor network is a collection of batterypowered sensor nodes distributed in a geographical area. Inmany applications, such networks are left unattended for along period of time. These networks suffer from the problemslike high energy consumption, high latency time, and end- to-end low packet delivery ratio. To design a protocol that findsa trade-off between these problems is a challenging task. Inorder to mitigate energy consumption issue, different existingMedia Access Control (MAC) protocols such as S-MAC, RMAC,HEMAC, and Congestion-less Single Token MAC protocols havebeen proposed which ensure better packet delivery but fail toensure energy efficiency due to high end-to-end latency. Theproblem of high end-to-end latency is resolved with the existingrouting protocols such as Fault Tolerant Multilevel Routingprotocol (FMS)and Enhanced Tree Routing (ETR) protocol.AS2-MAC and Multi Token based MAC protocol are able toimprove the end-to-end packet delivery ratio. However, thehierarchical network structure used in these protocols increasestime and energy consumption during network reconstruction.This problem was further resolved in Distributed HierarchicalStructure Routing protocol by constructing the network structurein a distributed manner. In all these existing protocols, efficienttoken management and reliable data delivery ratio was notproperly addressed, which in turn consume more energy. So,it is clear that MAC and routing protocols both together cangive better results related to data transmission in WSN. Inorder to achieve the same, in this paper, we propose a reliabledata transmission algorithm that satisfies both routing and MACprotocol to improve the end-to-end data delivery. The proposedprotocol uses different control message exchange that ensures datapacket delivery in each individual levels and it ultimately uses oftokens to ensure reliable data transmission along with reducedtraffic congestion during end-to-end data delivery. The algorithmconsiderably improves the packet delivery ratio along with reduceenergy consumption of each sensor node. Simulation studies ofthe proposed approach have been carried out and its performancehas been compared with the Multi Token based MAC protocol,AS-MAC protocol and ETR routing protocol. The experimentalresults based on simulation confirms that the proposed approachhas a higher data packet delivery ratio.

ADMC-MAC: Energy efficient adaptive MAC protocol for mission critical applications in WSN

Energy efficient wireless sensor networks play a very important role in mission critical applications, as in these applications it is difficult to deploy and change the nodes frequently or to change their battery. Some of the mission critical applications are healthcare applications, environmental monitoring and control applications (Tsunami alert, earthquake alert, volcanic eruption prone areas) and surveillance applications. These applications require quick response time along with power management, so that the energy efficiency can be achieved without having latency beyond a critical threshold limit. Several MAC protocols have been proposed by researchers with a preview to enhance energy efficiency but hey failed to fulfill the need of mission critical applications. An in-depth survey analysis has helped in exploring several MAC protocols for their compatibility towards mission critical scenarios. In this paper we propose a novel energy efficient contention based ADMC-MAC protocol. This protocol is more adaptable to mission critical applications by improving the data delivery performance based on traffic conditions considering the queue size of the node and also have improved energy efficient performance. This protocol overcomes the lacunas of standard MAC protocols. Two algorithms have been proposed in this protocol. The first algorithm, which is priority based, select the node as cluster head with high number of packets in queue and having maximum energy among the neighboring nodes forming virtual cluster. The second algorithm uses regression technique for deciding the duty cycle of selected node based on traffic conditions and residual energy of the node. Only the selected nodes take part in transmission of packets. So the packets overloading at intermediate nodes is reduced. This helps in increasing the overall efficiency of the system by enhancing energy saving up to 71.452% as compare to S-MAC protocol in mission critical scenarios. The packet delivery ratio is enhanced by 15.198 percent in mission critical scenarios along with considerable improvement in throughput. S-MAC is found to be the most appropriate existing MAC protocol which can be enhanced for mission critical scenarios. So the proposed protocol is enhanced S-MAC protocol implemented in NS-2.35 and the results are compared with standard S-MAC protocol and latest MC-MAC mission critical MAC protocol. It is found that the proposed protocol ADMC-MAC outperforms the latest MC-MAC protocol in terms of energy saving and also provides efficient data delivery performance.

Improvement strategy of S-MAC protocol for wireless sensors in IoT based on data and energy priorities

ABSTRACTWireless sensors are widely used in the Internet of things. In this paper, the S-MAC protocol is enhanced by extending IEEE802.11 data frame and combining data and energy priority, so as to solve the portability problem of priority data. The improved strategy enables the wireless sensor nodes to transmit data and energy according to the priority and network load in the process of data transmission competition window to reduce unnecessary conflicts. The improved protocol simulation test using NS2 simulation platform shows that the improved S-MAC protocol reduces the data transmission delay of sending different levels of priority information, achieves balanced network load, and prolongs the network life time.

A Novel Approach for Comparative Analysis on Energy Effectiveness of H-MAC and S-MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

A Novel Approach for Comparative Analysis on Energy Effectiveness of H-MAC and S-MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

AMST-MAC: adaptive sleeping multi-frames selective data transmission control for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is a major issue in the designing of wireless sensor networks therefore designing the efficient MAC protocol is of paramount importance which intends to make them energy efficient. The proposed MAC protocol called adaptive sleeping multi frames selective data transmission MAC (AMST-MAC) is an energy saving mechanism whose objective is to remove the redundancy, reduce the number of packets sent for same amount of information by using SDT. It allows the node to sleep for the time when it is idle even in the data cycle using the concept of DDC. The aim of this simulation study was to evaluate the reliability of the proposed protocol in terms of energy efficiency, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio compared to SMAC protocol without degrading service quality. AMST-MAC decreases the delay by a factor of 10% thus overall mean delay will show a reasonable decrease.

Research and Improvement about SMAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

On the basis of the research and competitive MAC protocol, according to the defects of SMAC protocol, in order to adapt to the dynamic changes of the state of the channel, and to improve the fairness of the node to access the channel, this paper proposed an improved SMAC protocol, and used the NS2 platform to simulate. The simulation parameters set as follows: starting point of energy was 1000J, receive power consumption was 368.2 mw, idle listening on the power consumption was 344.2 mw, sleep was 50 uw, simulation of bandwidth was 20kbps, routing protocol was DSR, Duty ratio was 20%. Finally, from the network throughput, the network energy consumption, energy efficiency, transmission delay, etc. were simulated. The simulation results show that the throughput and energy consumption and energy utilization, the improved SMAC agreement improved compared with the SMAC agreement, in terms of transmission delay the improved protocol can be used for a wide portfolio of scene.

Energy Consumption Behaviors of 802.11 and S-MAC: Implementation on NS2.35

The Sensor technology has made encouraging trends in the field of wireless Networks by its innovative methods and adaptability. The fundamental issue for wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to minimize energy consumption at each node due to restricted energy source. The sensor nodes generally get random deployment and need cooperation to accomplish specific operation in the network like monitoring or tracking any target in the environment. Due to limited power source nodes need careful use of energy resources. This work targets on simulating the power consumption behavior and analyzing the performance of 802.11 and S-MAC protocol for medium access control layer in wireless networks. S-MAC improves energy consumption by allocating bandwidth in efficient manner and avoiding causes of energy waste. After simulation, it was found that S-MAC is Power-Efficient over 802.11 without losing on the performance using NS-2.35. The paper mainly emphasize on representing the plot for energy matrices along with throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio.

A Novel Energy Efficient Mobility Aware MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Dealing with mobility at the link layer in an efficient and effective way is a formidable challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks due to recent boom in mobile applications and complex network scenarios. Most of the current MAC protocols proposed for WSNs generally focus on stationary network and usually provide feeble network performance in situations where mobile nodes are involved. Many MAC protocols are proposed and techniques are developed to support mobility but they undergo massive energy consumption and latency problems due to frequent connection setup and breakup. In this paper, we propose a new energy efficient mobility aware based MAC protocol (EEMA-MAC), which work efficiently in both stationary and mobile scenarios with less energy consumption. In this protocol the member nodes have sleep and awake time same like existing S-MAC protocol but it expedite the connection setup and efficiency as Cluster Head (CH) has extended wake up time and less sleep time. Simulation results show that this mechanism is effective to avoid frequent disconnection of nodes and performs well in terms of energy consumption, throughput and packet loss as compared with existing protocols, such as S-MAC and MS-MAC.

MAC Protocol with Regression based Dynamic Duty Cycle Feature for Mission Critical Applications in WSN

Wireless sensor networks demand energy efficient and application specific medium access control protocol when deployed in critical areas which are not frequently accessible. In such areas, the residual energy of nodes also become important along with the efficient data delivery. Many techniques using adaptive duty cycle approach are suggested by researchers to improve the data delivery performance of protocols. As low duty cycle introduces delay and high duty cycle causes energy losses in the network so duty cycle adaptation according to the distribution of nodes near event occurring area, traffic behaviour and remaining energy of the nodes may be done for energy saving as well as efficient data delivery performance. After analysing the S-MAC protocol performance in critical scenarios for the residual energy, throughput and packet delivery ratio, this paper suggests an improved mission critical MAC protocol called MC-MAC which uses novel regression based adaptive duty cycle approach. The duty cycle is given by the regression pattern of traffic while considering the performance of SMAC protocol for residual energy, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The analytical model of MC-MAC protocol is given accordingly and the performance analysis shows that the proposed MC-MAC protocol saves 40% energy of whole network and also 20% energy of the critical nodes in the mission critical path till base station, as compared to SMAC protocol. Very few improved MAC protocols provide mechanism to save the residual energy of critical nodes and hence to improve the lifetime of critical path. As MC-MAC protocol considers the throughput and packets delivery ratio (also along with residual energy) for calculating the regression formula for duty cycle based on traffic, so it is better than other critical MAC protocols which does trade-off of energy with throughput and packet delivery ratio.

Improvement Research on S-MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Improvement Research on S-MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

SMAC: A Soft MAC to Reduce Control Overhead and Latency in CDMA-Based AMI Networks

The use of state-of-the-art 3G cellular CDMA technologies in a utility owned AMI network results in a large amount of control traffic relative to data traffic, increases the average packet delay and hence are not an appropriate choice for smart grid distribution applications. Like the CDG, we consider a utility owned cellular like CDMA network for smart grid distribution applications and classify the distribution smart grid data as scheduled data and random data. Also, we propose SMAC protocol, which changes its mode of operation based on the type of the data being collected to reduce the data collection latency and control overhead when compared to 3G cellular CDMA2000 MAC. The reduction in the data collection latency and control overhead aids in increasing the number of smart meters served by a base station within the periodic data collection interval, which further reduces the number of base stations needed by a utility or reduces the bandwidth needed to collect data from all the smart meters. The reduction in the number of base stations and/or the reduction in the data transmission bandwidth reduces the CAPital EXpenditure (CAPEX) and OPerational EXpenditure (OPEX) of the AMI network. The proposed SMAC protocol is analyzed using markov chain, analytical expressions for average throughput and average packet delay are derived, and simulation results are also provided to verify the analysis.